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Issues Regarding the Use of Sedatives in Fisheries and the Need for Immediate-Release Options J This article was downloaded by: [Southern Illinois University] On: 12 December 2012, At: 06:46 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Transactions of the American Fisheries Society Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/utaf20 Issues Regarding the Use of Sedatives in Fisheries and the Need for Immediate-Release Options J. T. Trushenski a , J. D. Bowker b , S. J. Cooke c , D. Erdahl b , T. Bell b , J. R. MacMillan d , R. P. Yanong e , J. E. Hill e , M. C. Fabrizio f , J. E. Garvey a & S. Sharon g a Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University–Carbondale, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Life Science II, Room 173, Carbondale, Illinois, 62901-6511, USA b U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Aquatic Animal Drug Approval Partnership Program, 4050 Bridger Canyon Road, Bozeman, Montana, 59715, USA c Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada d Clear Springs Foods, Inc., Post Office Box 712, Buhl, Idaho, 83316, USA e Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1408 24th Street Southeast, Ruskin, Florida, 33570, USA f Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA g Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Casper Regional Office, 3030 Energy Lane, Suite 100, Casper, Wyoming, 82604, USA Version of record first published: 12 Dec 2012. To cite this article: J. T. Trushenski , J. D. Bowker , S. J. Cooke , D. Erdahl , T. Bell , J. R. MacMillan , R. P. Yanong , J. E. Hill , M. C. Fabrizio , J. E. Garvey & S. Sharon (2013): Issues Regarding the Use of Sedatives in Fisheries and the Need for Immediate-Release Options, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 142:1, 156-170 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2012.732651 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 142:156–170, 2013 C American Fisheries Society 2013 ISSN: 0002-8487 print / 1548-8659 online DOI: 10.1080/00028487.2012.732651 FORUM Issues Regarding the Use of Sedatives in Fisheries and the Need for Immediate-Release Options J. T. Trushenski* Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University–Carbondale, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Life Science II, Room 173, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6511, USA J. D. Bowker U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Aquatic Animal Drug Approval Partnership Program, 4050 Bridger Canyon Road, Bozeman, Montana 59715, USA S. J. Cooke Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada D. Erdahl and T. Bell U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Aquatic Animal Drug Approval Partnership Program, 4050 Bridger Canyon Road, Bozeman, Montana 59715, USA J. R. MacMillan Clear Springs Foods, Inc., Post Office Box 712, Buhl, Idaho 83316, USA R. P. Yanong and J. E. Hill Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1408 24th Street Southeast, Ruskin, Florida 33570, USA M. C. Fabrizio Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA J. E. Garvey Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University–Carbondale, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Downloaded by [Southern Illinois University] at 06:46 12 December 2012 Life Science II, Room 173, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6511, USA S. Sharon Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Casper Regional Office, 3030 Energy Lane, Suite 100, Casper, Wyoming 82604, USA Abstract The lack of an immediate-release sedative (i.e., one for which no postsedation holding or withdrawal period is required) jeopardizes fish and fisheries research and poses considerable risk to those involved in aquatic resource *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received March 29, 2012; accepted September 14, 2012 156 SEDATIVE OPTIONS IN FISHERIES 157 management and the operation of public hatcheries and commercial fish farms. Carbon dioxide may be used as an immediate-release sedative, but it is slow-acting and difficult to apply uniformly and effectively. Tricaine methanesul- fonate (MS-222) is easier to apply but requires a 21-d withdrawal period. The lack of an immediate-release sedative approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a consequence of numerous factors, including the complexities of the approval process, the substantial human and monetary resources involved, and the specialized nature of the work. Efforts are currently underway to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of benzocaine- and eugenol-based products as immediate-release sedatives. However, pursuing approvals within the current framework will consume an exorbitant amount of public and private resources and will take years to complete, even though both compounds are “generally recognized as safe” for certain applications by the FDA. We recommend using risk management–based approaches to increase the efficiency of the drug approval process and the availability of safe and effective drugs, including immediate-release sedatives, for use in the fisheries and aquaculture disciplines. Access to safe and effective fish sedatives is a critical need the area of aquatic animal drug approvals as they pertain to of fisheries researchers, managers, and culturists. Federal, state, fish sedatives. Specifically, we recommend a risk management– private, tribal, and academic fisheries professionals routinely based approach to regulating the candidate immediate-release sedate1 fish for transport (e.g., moving them to a captive hold- sedatives and outline a semiquantitative risk assessment which ing facility, stocking site, or to market), the collection of tissue indicates that the proposed uses of these compounds have neg- samples (e.g., scales, spines, gametes, and fin clips) or morpho- ligible risk. metric data (e.g., length and weight), and the surgical implanta- tion of tags or tracking devices (e.g., for monitoring movement, spawning behavior, or survival). Ideally, a fish sedative will be GENERAL NEED FOR SEDATION WHEN HANDLING easy to administer, safe to use, and effective at low doses; pro- FISH vide quick and predictable sedation; offer some analgesia; elicit Unlike most terrestrial vertebrates, which can be handled a state of sedation that is easily managed; have a reasonable without causing significant mechanical damage, fish are partic- margin of safety with respect to oversedation; be usable over ularly vulnerable to external and internal injury during physi- a broad range of water chemistries; allow for rapid recovery cal restraint. Compared with the epithelium of terrestrial ver- from sedation and the physiological responses to the sedative; tebrates, that of most fishes is delicate and prone to damage. and be inexpensive. Additionally, it is often desirable that the The epithelium can be damaged by simply disrupting the pro- sedative have no withdrawal period, meaning that sedated fish tective mucus layer, potentially compromising osmoregulation can be immediately released into the wild or taken to market and predisposing the fish to infection or infestation (Shephard upon recovery (typically referred to as “zero withdrawal” or 1994). Fish are innately difficult to handle, and when they ac- “immediate release”). Unfortunately, there are few fish seda- tively resist restraint, epithelial damage or other physical injury tives that possess all of these qualities, and at this time there to the fish or the handler is more likely. If fish are sedated are none that can be legally used in North America without a prior to handling, the risk to both fish and handler is greatly lengthy withdrawal period. Our objectives were to review the minimized. need for immediate-release sedatives, describe the current regu- In addition to suffering mechanical damage, fish handled latory process for making such compounds available to fisheries without proper sedation may be physiologically compromised professionals in North America, assess the relative risks associ- as a result of stress. Stress may be defined as a natural reaction to a negative stimulus culminating in the mobilization and Downloaded by [Southern Illinois University] at 06:46 12 December 2012
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