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J. Vercruysse J. VERCRUYSSE Frans onthaal voor een Nederlandse apologeet: Bernard Nieuwentyt ri°2 c overdruk uit tijdschrift van de vrije universiteit van brussel 11 de jaargang 1968-1969 nr. 2 uitgeverij s.m. ontwikkeiing antwerpen FRANS ONTHAAL VOOR EEN NEDERLANDSE APOLOGEET : BERNARD NIEUWENTYT (1654-1718) Bernard Nieuwentyt werd als zoon van Emmanuel, pre- dikant, en Sara d'Imbleville te Westgraafdijk geboren op 10 augustus 1654. Alhoewel hij aanvankelijk voorbestemd was om pastorale studiën te doen kreeg hij later de vader­ lijke toelating om natuurwetenschappen te studeren. Op 28 februari 1675 werd hij ingeschreven op de genees­ kundige fakulteit te Leiden ; in het zelfde jaar behaalde hij de graad van dokter juris aan de Utrechtse universiteit en publiceerde hij zijn eerste werk, een Disputatio de obstructionibus (Utrecht 1676). Zijn broer, Eleazar, studeer­ de ook geneeskunde {Disputatio de sanguine, Leiden 1686). Eenmaal zijn studies voltooid vestigde de jonge medicus zich in Purmerend. Algauw werd hij gemeenteraadslid, en later zelfs burgemeester van de kleine stad. Op 12 november 1684 huwde hij er met Eva Moens, die weduwe was van een kapitein van de zeemacht. Op 12e maart 1699 huwde hij een tweede maal, met Elizabeth Lams. Hij stierf in Purmerend op 30 mei 1718 f). Nieuwentyt was een overtuigd aanhanger van het carté­ sianisme en publiceerde eerst boeken over wiskunde. Om te beginnen de Considerationes circa analysées ad quanti­ té) Bij de nota van C. de Waard, Nieuw nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek (Leiden 1924) vi. 1062-1063 kan men voegen : A.J.J. van de Velde ,,Bijdrage tôt de bio-bibliographie van Bernard Nieuwentijt" in Koninklijke vlaamse akademie voor taal- en letterkunde : Verslagen en Mededelingen (1926), pp. 709-718, en P.H. Van Laer ,.Bernard Niewentyt M.D. 1654-1718" in Streven (1954) viii. 138-143. 97 tates infinité parvas applicatae principia et calculi differen- tialis usum {Amsterdam 1694), die hem een repliek van Leibniz bezorgden in de Acta eruditorum (1695), pp. 310- 316, 369-372 ; cf. 272-273. Nieuwentyt antwoordde hem met Considérât! oncs secun- dae circa calculi differentialis principia è" responsio ad virum nobilissimum G.G. Leibnitium (Amsterdam 1696). Dit laatste werk lokte op zijn beurt antwoorden uit van Jean Bernouilli {Acta eruditorum, 1697, pp. 257-260 ; cf. 124-125) en van Jakob Hermann, Responsio ad v.u. Bernh. Nieuwentyt considerationes secundas (Bazel 1700). Tussen deze beide nogal korte werken liet Nieuwentyt een Analysis injinilorum seu curvilineorum proprietate, ex polygonorum natura deductae verschijnen (Amsterdam 1695) , die veel belangrijker was. „Son titre, zei Fontenelle, m'a donné la curiosité de le parcourir, mais j'ai trouvé qu'il était fort différent de celui- ci, car outre que cet auteur ne se sert point de la caractéris• tique de Leibniz, il rejette absolument les différences secon• des, troisièmes, etc." f ). Buffon herhaalde dat ook nog cens, en stelde het verwerpen van de tweede en derde verschillen vast Q). Wat Libniz er over dacht, schrijft hij in zijn brief van 21 juni / 1 juli 1695 aan Christiaan Huygens (*) : „Vous aurés vû. Monsieur, les deux livres de Monsieur Bernard Nieuwentiit, Géomètre Hollandois, qui me les a envoyés par un autre Mathématicien du pays qu'il cite dans son livre, nommé M.J. Makreel, qui a écrit sur le livre qu'il me l'envoie jussu autoris. Pour ce qui est des objections de Monsieur Nieuwentiit, j'y repondray dans les Actes de Leipzig [Leibniz resumeert dan zijn objekties]. Je repondray dans les Actes de Leipzig d'une manière que j'espere luy pouvoir satisfaire et comme ses objections sont proposées d'une manière fort honneste, j'en useray de même. J'espere de trouver un jour le loisir d'expliquer distinctement mon (2) Marquis de L'Hôpital, Analyse des infiniment petits (Paris 1696) , préface, in Œuvres de Fontenelle (Paris 1825) i. 27. (3) La méthode des fluxions et des suites infinies (Paris 1740), préface. Zie ook hel verslag der Acta eruditorum (1696) pp. 80-82. Voor een wetenschappelijke studie, zie M. Cantor, Vorlesungen ûber Geschichle der Mathematik (Leipzig 1898) iii. 244-247, 264. (*) Œuvres complètes de Christiaan Huygens ('s Gravenhage 1905) X. 717-718. 98 calcul, pour prévenir certaines beveues semblables à celles que Mons. Nieuwentiit a faites en le voulant employer à dessein de monstrer qu'il est peu seur". Toen in 1745 de briefwisseling tussen Leibniz en Ber- nouilli werd gepubliceerd, liet de journalist van de Biblio• thèque raisonnée des ouvrages des savans de l'Europe (1745 xxxvii. 178-193) opmerken : „Pour Mr. Nieuwentit, ses intentions paroissent avoir été bonnes & droites, mais il ignoroit le calcul ; il auroit voulu pouvoir s'en passer ; il y cherchoit quelque défaut, qui le dispensât d'apprendre ; de la tant de petites Dissertations, qu'il a publiées contre Mr. de Leibnitz. C'étoit un combat bien inégal, vu les armes avec lesquelles Mr. de Leibnitz combattoit". Wat later noemde J.E. Montucla in zijn Histoire des mathématiques (Paris 1758, ii. 361) deze werken een „tissu d'absurdités". Als andere wetenschappelijke werken van Nieuwentyt kunnen geciteerd worden : „Nouvel usage des tables des sinus : ou moyen de s'en servir sans qu'il soit nécessaire de multiplier ou de diviser" in het Journal litéraire van 's Gra- venhage (1714, v. 166-174) ; een antwoord op het verslag van J.F. Bernard van Het regt gebruik in de Maendelyke uitreksels of boekzaal der geleerde werelt (juni 1716, pp. 673-690) en tenslotte een antispinoza-brief aan Bothnia de Burmania in de Nouvelles littéraires (1719). Laat ons daar nog een posthume refutatie van Spinoza bijvoegen : Gronden van zekerheid, of de régie betoogwyse der wiskundigen so in het denkbeeldige, als in het zakelijke ; ter wederlegging van Spinosaas denkbeeldig samenstel ; en ter aanleiding van eene sekere sakelijke wijsbegeerte, aan- getoont (Amsterdam 1720, pp. Ivi. 458. Derde druk : 1739). Het voorbericht van Jakob van Ostade, predikant in Gouda en vriend van de auteur, leert ons dat „Het werk, dat hier onder de oogen van het Publyk word gebragt, is de laatste arbeit, die de Vermarde Schryver ten dienst van het Gemeen had gereet gemaakt ; en kort voor zyn schielyk Overlyden dus had ten einde gebragt, soo als het nu volgens het eigenhandig geschrift des Autheurs gedruckt, word in 't licht gebragt". Zijn bekendheid kreeg Nieuwentyt nochtans eerder door een apologetica-traktaat, Het regt gebruik der werelt be- schouwingen, ter overtuiginge van ongodisten en ongelo- 99 vigen aangetoont (Amsterdam 1715, pp. xii. 916. xviii). Het werk heeft zeven uitgaven in het Nederlands gekend (van 1715 tôt 1759), twee Duitse (door Bauman te Frankfurt in 1722 en Seguer te Jena in 1747), en een Engelse (door Cham- berlayne te Londen in 1718) vertaling. In 1745 verscheen een vijfde uitgave van de Engelse tekst. Een Franse dokter, Pierre Noguez, vertaalde de Engelse versie onder de titel L'existence de Dieu démontrée par les merveilles de la nature (Paris 1725, pp. xxviii. 684 ; deze vertaling werd tweemaal herdrukt : Amsterdam 1727 en Amsterdam-Leipzig 1760). Het voorwoord van Het regt gebruik bevat enkele inté• ressante beschouwingen : „Het ooghmerk, waar mede dese Beschouwingen geschreven sijn, is om Ongodisten van de Wysheit, Magt en Goedheit van haar Godt, den aanbidde- lijken Maker en Bestierder van het Geheel-Al, en Ongelovi- gen, die wel eenen Godt, dogh geensinsts het gesagh der H. Schriften erkennen, van den Bovenmenschelyke afkomst der Schrifture te overtuigen : en dus aan haar beide het regt gebruik der Werelt-Beschouwingen aan te toonen. De Wyse, die wy om dit te betogen gebruikt hebben, is enkel uyt de hedensdaagsche Natuurkundige waarnemingen en blykelyke ondervindingen genomen ; sonder dat wy ons van eenige bloote onderstellingen tôt dien einde bedient hebben. Dewyl men dogh in Natuur-kundige saken geen meerder grond om wel te redeneeren heeft, als men onder- vindelijk betoonen kan. Men sie daar over de schriften en het voorbeelt van de Koninklyke Academien en Societeiten, en der voornaamste wis-kundigen na... Ik hebbe in het Nederduits geschreven om ook aan myne Vaderlanders dienstigh te kunnen syn : insonderheit dewyl der selver Taie ook tôt het schryven van veel Atheistische boeken misbruikt werd". Het thema was nochtans niet nieuw. In Engeland b.v. werd het geïUustreerd door de werken van Thomas Burnet, John Ray en vooral William Derham. Zijn Physicotheology : or a démonstration of the being and attributes of God, from his Works of création (London 1713) werd in 't Nederlands vertaald onder de veelbetekenende titel God-leerende na- tuurkunde, of eene betoging van Gods wezen en eigenschap- pen. Dienende tôt opheldering van B. Niewentyt Wereld- beschouwing (Leiden 1728). 100 Het nieuwe ligt hem in het feit dat de auteur een finalis- tische interpretatie van het universum geeft met een onmis- kenbaar christene bedœling (=), een interpretatie die hij fundeert op de experimentele méthode, indertijd gloednieuw en door hem toegepast op aile fenomenen (*). Ook maar een deel der auteurs citeren die dergelijke argumenten hebben gebruikt, rechtstreeks of onrechtstreeks geïnspireerd door dit soort onderzoek ('), zou reeds ver- velend worden. De meeste Franstalige reakties op het werk waren gunstig, alhoewel erg genuanceerd. De tegenstanders waren het onderling niet eens en ze waren ook niet talrijk. De dagbladen, de eerste die over Nieuwentyt spraken, hadden de meeste lof. Dadelijk na het verschijnn van Het regt gebruik, in het Journal litéraire liet J.F. Bernard, professor in Leiden, opmerken dat de argumenten nieuw waren. Na lof op de verdienste, de vroomheid, de kennis van de wiskunde en de filosofie van de auteur, en na de weergave van lange citaten, konkludeert de criticus : „rEtude de la Physique, selon la méthode de M. Nieuwen• tyt ne tend pas seulement à satisfaire une curiosité raison• nable, on peut l'appeler un exercice continuel de piété" ('). Zelfde toon in de Nouvelles de la république des lettres, waar Bernard eveneens de apologetische waarde van het werk erkent : Nieuwentyt is een „habile Philosophe & grand Géomètre" en zijn werk „un excellent Ouvrage".
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