Acerca Del Problema De Bernoulli Y La Determinación Del Verdadero Valor De Una Probabilidad

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Acerca Del Problema De Bernoulli Y La Determinación Del Verdadero Valor De Una Probabilidad Acerca del problema de Bernoulli y la determinación del verdadero valor de una probabilidad De los mismos autores Acerca de la probabilidad Parte I: la interpretación del concepto de azar y la definición de probabilidad Elementos de econometría de los fenómenos dinámicos Los procesos estocásticos lineales unidimensionales Acerca del problema de Bernoulli y la determinación del verdadero valor de una probabilidad Alberto H. Landro Mirta L. González Ninguna parte de esta publicación, incluido el diseño de cubierta puede ser reproducida, almacenada o transmitida en manera alguna ni por ningún medio, ya sea electrónico, mecánico, óptico de grabación o de fotocopia sin permiso previo del Editor. Su infracción está penada por las leyes 11723 y 25446. Landro, Alberto Acerca del problema de Bernoulli y la determinación del verdadero valor de una probabilidad / Alberto Landro ; Mirta L. González. - 1a ed . - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : Ediciones Cooperativas, 2016. 246 p. ; 23 x 16 cm. ISBN 978-987-652-180-2 1. Probabilidades. I. González, Mirta L. II. Título CDD 519.2 2016 Alberto H Landro – Mirta L. González 1º edición, Noviembre 2016 Derechos exclusivos 2016 Ediciones Cooperativas Tucumán 3227 (1189) Buenos Aires – Argentina (54 011) 3528-0466 / (15) 4937 6915 http://www.edicionescoop.org.ar [email protected] Colección: El número de oro Director: Act. Alberto H. Landro Imagen de tapa: El jugador hindú – Víctor Chab, 2005 Hecho el depósito que establece la ley 11.723 Impreso y encuadernado por: Imprenta Dorrego. Dorrego 1102, C.A.B.A. 1ª. ed. se terminó de imprimir en Noviembre 2016. Editorial asociada a: IMPRESO EN ARGENTINA – PRINTED IN ARGENTINA a la Pepa, el Pepo y el Pipo Invocación previa “Sè con tu autor (ò Libro) agradecido; Pues para darte vida en la memoria En tu cuerpo su alma ha introducido” Gerónimo Monforte y Vera (Introducción a las “Reglas generales de acompañar en órgano, clavicordio y harpa, con solo saber cantar la parte, ò un baxo en canto figurado” de José de Torres y Martínez Bravo (1702)) Prólogo “Bisogna che il nostro dir sia inteso: dirlo chiarozzo chiarozzo, acciò che chi ode ne vada contento e illuminato” (San Bernardino da Siena) La contribución fundamental de Jakob Bernoulli a la teoría del azar consistió en proporcionar una definición estricta de probabilidad, basada en el supuesto que se podía “aprender” a partir de la experiencia y demostrar que este aprendizaje era cuantificable a través de un proceso de inversión que vincula a las probabilidades “a priori” –definidas a partir de un razonamiento que va de las causas a los efectos- con las probabilidades “a posteriori” –definidas a partir de un razonamiento que va de los efectos a las causas, de las frecuencias observadas de un resultado de naturaleza eventual al supuesto “verdadero valor” de la probabilidad de su ocurrencia. La consecuencia de esta revolucionaria propuesta fue la primera ley de los grandes números. Este teorema fue objeto de innumerables extensiones, ampliaciones y generalizaciones que dieron origen a una sucesión aún no concluida de intentos de solución del problema de Bernoulli discutidos fervientemente durante los últimos 300 años. Una trayectoria que comenzó con las propuestas clásicas del sobrino Niklaus, de Moivre, Laplace y Poisson, continuó con la convergencia en-medida de Borel, la axiomática frecuencista de von Mises, la interpretación subjetivista de deFinetti, su teorema de representación y su vinculación con la teoría ergódica, la aproximación axiomática de Kolmogorov y su reivindicación del frecuencismo a partir de una deducción empírica de dichos axiomas y derivó en una aproximación metodológica basada en la teoría de la martingala. La exposición realizada aquí no pretende ser una antología detallada y exhaustiva de estas propuestas de identificación de una probabilidad, sino una interpretación dirigida a procurar una revisión racional de los supuestos metafísicos en los que se basaron las numerosas propuestas a partir de las cuales se desarrolló la teoría. Su espíritu está inspirado en la recomendación que el Profesor de Finetti incluyó en su “Filosofiadellaprobabilità”, en la cual expresa la necesidad de resolver “…los problemas conceptuales y las controversias existentes en temas de probabilidad (…) de modo que el desarrollo de los razonamientos no se reduzca a un mero juego formal sobre expresiones matemáticas o a enunciados pseudo-filosóficos pretendidamente prácticos, pero vacíos y simplistas”. El resultado fue este intento de tratamiento unitario sobre la teoría de la probabilidad, más desde un punto de vista conceptual que matemático, tendiente a lograr un balance adecuado entre un análisis que pretende ser riguroso y un detalle innecesario y a cuestionar toda axiomática dirigida más a redimir las conciencias matemáticas que a atender los alcances de su aplicabilidad. Como expresión final de este mensaje introductorio, sólo queda darle la bienvenida al lector a este universo aleatorio dominado por el principio de la incertidumbre. Una incertidumbre que procuramos interpretar como libre de la servidumbre dogmática del determinismo. AHL - MLG PD: Cabe señalar que la aparente sobreabundancia de notas de pie de página se justifica por la necesidad de incluir resultados considerados de interés para ubicar los conceptos en su contexto y de evitar molestas interrupciones en la lectura del texto. In perpetuam rei memoriam de Fausto Ismael Toranzos y José Barral Souto, Inolvidables maestros. Índice 1.- Una introducción al “Ars conjectandi”…………………………….. 1 2.- Jakob Bernoulli y el teorema de la inversión de la probabilidad……………..................................................................... 4 3.- Nlkolaus Bernoulli y el problema de los sexos…………………… 14 4.- Abraham de Moivre y el teorema central del límite……................. 17 5.- John Locke, George Butler, David Hume, George Leclerc-Buffon y las posiciones monista y pluralista en la interpretación de la probabilidad…………………………………. 26 6.- Thomas Simpson y la distribución triangular de los errores de observación……………………………………….. 32 7.- Pierre Simon Laplace y la generalización del……………………. 38 teorema de de Moivre 8.- Aleksand’r Mijailovich Lyapunov y una nueva generalización del teorema central del límite…………………………………….. 39 9.- Villibald Spečko (William) Feller y las distribuciones infinitamente divisibles………………………………………….... 41 10.- Thomas Bayes, Richard Price y el teorema de la probabilidad de las causas……………………………………… 44 11.- Nuevamente Laplace y la culminación de los trabajos de Bayes y Simpson………………………………......... 56 12.- Siméon Denis Poisson y el problema de los juicios…………….. 67 13.- Antoine Augustin Cournot y los eventos ciertos en-probabilidad…………………………………………………. 73 14.- Augustus de Morgan y la corrección de los teoremas inversos de Laplace y Poisson……………………. 78 15.- PafnutyLvovichChebychev y la extensión de la ley de los grandes números a variables distintas de la binomial…………… 81 16.- Andrei Andreevich Markov y la condición de independencia...... 82 17.- Félix Edouard Justin Émile Borel y la probabilidad numerable……………………………………............................ 83 18.- Georg Faber y la demostración rigurosa de la propuesta de Borel……………………………………………… 92 19.- FelixHausdorff y el refinamiento de la ley fuerte de los grandes números de Borel……………………....... 93 20.- Richard Martin Elder von Mises y el “Kollektiv” Fechneriano……………………………………… 96 21.- Hans Reichenbach y las modificaciones a la interpretación de von Mises………………………………........ 114 22.- Frank Plumpton Ramsey, Bruno de Finetti, el teorema de representación y la teoría ergódica……………………………. 117 23.- Jules Henri Poincaré, Marian Wilhelm Theofil von Smoluchovski, Frederich Ferdinand Hopf y el método de las funciones arbitrarias……………………….. 145 24.- Alexander Iacolevich Khinchin y la ley del logaritmo iterado…………………………………………......... 148 25.- Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov y la reivindicación de von Mises……………………………………………………… 152 26.- Joseph Leo Doob y la teoría de la martingala………………….. 164 27.- Donald L. McLeish, Donald Wilfrid Kao Andrews y la teoría de la mixingala…........................................................ 173 28.- Conclusiones: A modo de resumen……………………………. 175 Bibliografía ………………………………………………............... 185 Landro, A., González, M. 1.- Una introducción al “Ars conjectandi” En 1713 -en forma póstuma-, como recopilación de sus trabajos inéditos sobre teoría de la probabilidad de los 20 años anteriores -y por obra de su sobrino Nicklaus-, se publicó el "Ars conjectandi" de Jakob Bernoulli1. Una obra que, por su tratamiento absolutamente novedoso de la evidencia empírica, modificó los fundamentos de la probabilidad en tal forma que debería ser considerada como el verdadero punto de partida de la teoría de la probabilidad y la culminación del proceso de formación del concepto de probabilidad. Un proceso que tuvo su origen en el siglo XVII, en la obra de un grupo de pensadores (entre los que cabe mencionar a Joseph Glanvill, John Wilkins, Marin Mersenne, Pierre Gassendi, Hugo Grotius, John Tillotson, Robert Boyle y John Locke) quienes, a partir del deterioro del criterio de "creencia" en la religión, la filosofía y la ciencia, provocado fundamentalmente por las polémicas de la Reforma y la Contra-Reforma, generaron el movimiento filosófico conocido como “escepticismo constructivo”. Esta corriente coincidió con los escépticos en que la “certeza absoluta” se encontraba fuera del alcance de cualquier “observador”, pero admitió, sin embargo, que este observador poseía la habilidad
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