Margaret Makafui Tayviah The Colonial Impact in Christian-Muslim Relations in and A comparative assessment

STUDIEN ZU INTERKULTURELLER THEOLOGIE AN DER MISSIONSAKADEMIE16 1 DEDICATION This study is dedicated to God for his wisdom and guidance given to me throughout this work.

I also dedicate this work to my late dad, Pharm. Harry Napoleon Tayviah, who did not live long to see the end of this work. This work is also dedi- cated to my dear mum, Mrs. Elizabeth Tayviah and my only Brother, Dan- iel Nana Mawuli Tayviah for their love, encouragement, patience, care and support. May God reward you.

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Missionshilfe Verlag, Hamburg 2019 Cover Design & Typesetting: Martin Keiper ISBN 978-3-946426-16-5 ISSN 2196-4696

2 Contents 8 Acknowledgement 9 Abstract 10 Terminology and Transliteration

15 CHAPTER ONE General Introduction 16 1.0 Background to the Study 17 1.0.2 Models of relations 17 1.0.1 Definitions of terms 18 1.1 Research Statement 21 1.2 Research Questions 21 1.3 Aims and Objectives 22 1.4 Scope of the Study 22 1.5 Conceptual Framework 24 1.6 Methodology 1.6.1 Data Collection Methods 24 1.6.2 Primary Data 25 1.6.3 Data Analysis 26 1.6.4 Secondary Data 26 26 1.7 Literature Review 35 1.8 Organisation of Chapters

3938 CHAPTER 1.9 Significance TWO of the Study in the Gold Coast and Togo before 1900s 40 2.0 Introduction 40 2.1 ATR in the Gold Coast before 1900s 2.1.1 The Concept of the Supreme Being 41 2.1.2 Divinities 42 2.1.3 The belief in Ancestors 42 2.1.4 Religious Practices of ATR as basis for Interfaith relations 43 44 2.2 in the Gold Coast before 1900s 2.2.1 Islam in the Northern Kingdoms of the Gold Coast 44 2.2.2 The Dyula and Hausa Approaches in the spread of Islam in the Gold Coast 46 2.2.3 Islam in the South (Asante and Coastal towns of the Gold Coast) 49 2.2.4 and Chiefs in the Gold Coast 51 2.2.5 The Principle of Enclavement (Zongos) 55 2.2.6 Islam and Interfaith Relations with Traditionalists 56

3 58 2.3 Christianity in the Gold Coast before the 1900s 2.3.1 Encounter between Christianity and African Traditional Religion 61 2.3.2 Comparisons between ATR’s reception to Islam and Christianity in the Gold Coast 66 69 2.4 ATR in Togo before 1900 2.4.1 The notion of God: Supreme Being 69 70 2.4.3 The belief in Ancestors 70 2.4.2 Deities or ‘Trↄwo’ 71 2.5 Islam in Pre-Colonial Togo (18th -19th Century) 2.5.1 Islam in Northern Togo 71 2.5.2 Islam in Southern Togo 74 75 2.6 African Traditional Religion and Islam in Togo before the 1900s 77 2.7 Christianity in Togo before 1900s 2.7.1 The Catholic Missions in Togo 77 2.7.2 The Protestant Missions in Togo 78 78 2.8 African Traditional Religion and Christianity in Togo before the 1900s 79 2.9 Conclusion

81 CHAPTER THREE Colonial Policy in Ghana and Togo toward 82 3.0 Introduction 85 3.1 The Colonial Administrative Systems 3.1.1 Direct Rule 85 3.1.2 Indirect Rule 85 3.1.3 French Policy of Assimilation 86 3.1.4 French Policy of Association 87 87 3.2 The German Policy on 3.2.1 Islam under German Colonial Authorities in Togo 89 3.2.2 The Germans and the Christian missions in Togo 91 99 3.3 French Colonial rule in Togo 3.3.1 Islam and the French 99 3.3.2 Islam Noir and the French 105 3.3.3 Islam and French Colonial Administration in Togo 106 109 3.4 The French and Christian missions in Togo. 3.4.1 The French and the Bremen Evangelical Church in Togo 112 3.4.2 The French and the Catholic Mission in Togo 113