The Colonial Impact in Christian-Muslim Relations in Ghana and Togo a Comparative Assessment

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Colonial Impact in Christian-Muslim Relations in Ghana and Togo a Comparative Assessment Margaret Makafui Tayviah The Colonial Impact in Christian-Muslim Relations in Ghana and Togo A comparative assessment STUDIEN ZU INTERKULTURELLER THEOLOGIE AN DER MISSIONSAKADEMIE16 1 DEDICATION This study is dedicated to God for his wisdom and guidance given to me throughout this work. I also dedicate this work to my late dad, Pharm. Harry Napoleon Tayviah, who did not live long to see the end of this work. This work is also dedi- cated to my dear mum, Mrs. Elizabeth Tayviah and my only Brother, Dan- iel Nana Mawuli Tayviah for their love, encouragement, patience, care and support. May God reward you. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar Missionshilfe Verlag, Hamburg 2019 Cover Design & Typesetting: Martin Keiper ISBN 978-3-946426-16-5 ISSN 2196-4696 2 Contents 8 Acknowledgement 9 Abstract 10 Terminology and Transliteration 15 CHAPTER ONE General Introduction 16 1.0 Background to the Study 17 1.0.2 Models of relations 17 1.0.1 Definitions of terms 18 1.1 Research Statement 21 1.2 Research Questions 21 1.3 Aims and Objectives 22 1.4 Scope of the Study 22 1.5 Conceptual Framework 24 1.6 Methodology 1.6.1 Data Collection Methods 24 1.6.2 Primary Data 25 1.6.3 Data Analysis 26 1.6.4 Secondary Data 26 26 1.7 Literature Review 35 1.8 Organisation of Chapters 3938 CHAPTER 1.9 Significance TWO of the Study Religion in the Gold Coast and Togo before 1900s 40 2.0 Introduction 40 2.1 ATR in the Gold Coast before 1900s 2.1.1 The Concept of the Supreme Being 41 2.1.2 Divinities 42 2.1.3 The belief in Ancestors 42 2.1.4 Religious Practices of ATR as basis for Interfaith relations 43 44 2.2 Islam in the Gold Coast before 1900s 2.2.1 Islam in the Northern Kingdoms of the Gold Coast 44 2.2.2 The Dyula and Hausa Approaches in the spread of Islam in the Gold Coast 46 2.2.3 Islam in the South (Asante and Coastal towns of the Gold Coast) 49 2.2.4 Muslims and Chiefs in the Gold Coast 51 2.2.5 The Principle of Enclavement (Zongos) 55 2.2.6 Islam and Interfaith Relations with Traditionalists 56 3 58 2.3 Christianity in the Gold Coast before the 1900s 2.3.1 Encounter between Christianity and African Traditional Religion 61 2.3.2 Comparisons between ATR’s reception to Islam and Christianity in the Gold Coast 66 69 2.4 ATR in Togo before 1900 2.4.1 The notion of God: Supreme Being 69 70 2.4.3 The belief in Ancestors 70 2.4.2 Deities or ‘Trↄwo’ 71 2.5 Islam in Pre-Colonial Togo (18th -19th Century) 2.5.1 Islam in Northern Togo 71 2.5.2 Islam in Southern Togo 74 75 2.6 African Traditional Religion and Islam in Togo before the 1900s 77 2.7 Christianity in Togo before 1900s 2.7.1 The Catholic Missions in Togo 77 2.7.2 The Protestant Missions in Togo 78 78 2.8 African Traditional Religion and Christianity in Togo before the 1900s 79 2.9 Conclusion 81 CHAPTER THREE Colonial Policy in Ghana and Togo toward Christianity and Islam 82 3.0 Introduction 85 3.1 The Colonial Administrative Systems 3.1.1 Direct Rule 85 3.1.2 Indirect Rule 85 3.1.3 French Policy of Assimilation 86 3.1.4 French Policy of Association 87 87 3.2 The German Policy on Religion in Africa 3.2.1 Islam under German Colonial Authorities in Togo 89 3.2.2 The Germans and the Christian missions in Togo 91 99 3.3 French Colonial rule in Togo 3.3.1 Islam and the French 99 3.3.2 Islam Noir and the French 105 3.3.3 Islam and French Colonial Administration in Togo 106 109 3.4 The French and Christian missions in Togo. 3.4.1 The French and the Bremen Evangelical Church in Togo 112 3.4.2 The French and the Catholic Mission in Togo 113 4 115 3.5 British Policy on Islam and Christianity 3.5.1 Islam and Indirect Rule 115 3.5.2 The Hausa and Colonialism in the Gold Coast during the 1900s. 121 3.5.3 Christianity in Asante after 1874 123 3.5.4 Indirect rule: Muslims and Christians in the Gold Coast 124 125 3.6 Conclusion 127 CHAPTER FOUR Christian-Muslim Relations in Ghana and Togo under Colonial Rule 128 4.0 Introduction 128 4.1 The Ghana Experience 4.1.1 Colonialism and the Zoning of Religion 128 4.1.2 Civilization/ Culture 136 156 4.2 Commerce and Trade 159 4.3 The Togo Experience 4.3.1 Colonial North-South Divide 160 4.3.2 Civilization and Culture 161 166 4.4 Commerce and Trade 167 4.5 Christian-Muslims relations in Togo 4.5.1 German colonial authorities (1884-1919) and Interreligious dialogue 167 4.5.2 The French colonial authorities (1920-1959) and Interreligious dialogue in Togo. 168 169 4.6 Conclusion: A Comparative Assessment 171 CHAPTER FIVE Christian-Muslim Relationships in Post-Colonial Ghana and Togo 172 5.0 Introduction 172 5.1 Muslim Organisations and Christian Relations in Ghana 5.1.1 Muslim Organisations in Togo 178 180 5.2 Christian Organisations and Muslim Relationships 5.2.1 Christian Organisations and Interfaith Relations in Ghana 181 191 5.3 The Protestant churches and Christian-Muslim relations in Togo 5.3.1 Comparative summary 192 193 5.4 Post-Colonial Governments and Interfaith Relations 5.4.1 Governments and Christian-Muslim relations in Ghana 193 5 201 5.5 Direct or Indirect promotion of Christian-Muslim Relations in Ghana 5.5.1 Interreligious Prayers at State Functions 201 5.1.2 National Day of Prayer/Thanksgiving 202 5.1.3 Eid celebrations as National Holidays 204 5.1.4 Hajj/Jerusalem Pilgrimage 204 5.1.5 Education (Religious and Moral Education) 205 207 5.1.7 National Peace Council of Ghana 208 5.1.6 The Appointment of Government officials 5.1.8 Ministry of Chieftaincy and Religious Affairs 209 5.1.9 Dialogue of Life 210 212 5.6 Post-Independence governments and Christian-Muslim Relations in Togo 5.6.1 The Comité de l’Unité (CUT) and Sylvanus Epiphanio Olympio 212 5.6.2 The R.P.T. Regime of Gnassingbé Eyadéma 213 217 5.6.4 National Holidays 217 5.6.3 The Appointment of Government officials 5.6.5 Traditional Festivals and Cultural Authenticity 217 5.6.6 Dialogue of Life 218 219 5.7 Conclusion 223 CHAPTER SIX Concluding Remarks and future possibilities 224 6.0 Introduction 224 6.1 Summary of Chapters 228 6.2 Colonial Authorities, Colonial policies and Religion in Ghana and Togo 229 6.3 Christians and Muslims and the acceptance or rejection of colonial policies 230 6.4 Christian-Muslim relations before and during colonial rule 231 6.5 Colonial Legacies and Christian-Muslim relations 232 6.6 Comparison and Models of relations 234 6.7 Future Possibilities: Avoiding Extremism 6.7.1 Religion and Politics 237 238 6.8 Future possibilities 6 241 BIBLIOGRAPHY 241 Primary Sources Conference Papers and Brochures 241 Reports 242 Constitutions 242 Print and Electronic Newspapers 242 Declarations 243 Archives 243 Oral Sources 245 247 Secondary Sources Books 247 Chapters in Book 257 E-Journal Articles 260 Journals 261 Theses 269 7 Acknowledgement I am grateful to God for His care, strength, protection and guidance because had it not been Him I would not have reached this far. ‘Ebenezer’ this is how far you have brought me. To The Rt. Rev. Dr. Nathan I. Samwini, you were not only my supervisor but you were a father to me. You were aware of my struggles but your words of criticism and encouragement has brought me this far. Thank you, and may you continue to be a blessing to all. My other supervisor, the late Rev. Prof. Elom Dovlo, was a blessing in my life. He was not just a father but a mentor who guided, prayed for me and inspired me. I will always make you proud. I also appreciate all the Lecturers of the Department of Religious Stud- ies, KNUST, Kumasi, especially Rev. Fr. Dr. Peter Addai Mensah ‘my Proof reader’, Rev. Fr. Dr. John K. Opoku, Rev. Fr. Dr. Francis Appiah-Kubi for their time, patience and scholarly advice which has shaped me into what I am today. They will be forever remembered. Rev. Dr. Johnson Mbillah you are a great inspirer and supporter. You believe in me. To PROCMURA and Joy Wandaba, thank you so much for my sponsor- ship package. I am highly grateful. To all the staff and students of the Acad- emy of Mission, University of Hamburg, Germany, I appreciate all your sup- port and encouragement during my stay. Thank you Prof. Dr. Werner Kahl and Prof. Dr. Klaus Hock for all you did for me during my stay in Hamburg. To my mum and brother, who inspired and encouraged me throughout this research. Thanks for being there for me. I will be always and forever grate- ful to you. Auntie Sarah Ahwireng, thank you for everything you have done for me. Auntie Esther Bosompemaa Osei Tutu and family, thanks for being a wonderful family to me.
Recommended publications
  • Download Country Report
    Religious Freedom in the World Report 2021 ALGERIA ALGERIA RELIGIONS 1.4% 0.3% Agnostics Christians Population Area 43,333,255 281,741 Km2 98.3% GDP per capita GINI INDEX* Muslims 13,914 US$ 27.6 *Economic Inequality anyone “who incites, constrains, or utilizes means of se- LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON FREEDOM OF RELIGION duction tending to convert a Muslim to another religion; AND ACTUAL APPLICATION or by using to this end establishments of teaching, edu- cation, health, social, culture, training […] or any financial means.”8 The majority of the people of Algeria are Sunni Muslims.1 Fewer than 200 indigenous Jews are left.2 There are also The decree not only forbids attempts to convert a Muslim Catholic and Protestant communities in the country. Offi- to another religion but also to even “shake the faith of a cially, almost all Christians are foreigners with many com- Muslim”, although it does not ban conversion as such. Un- ing from Sub-Saharan Africa. The number of Muslims who der Article 11 (2) of the ordinance, people can be fined up have converted to Christianity is small, estimated to be be- to one million dinars and sentenced to five years in pris- tween 50,000 and 100,000; a majority of them have joined on for printing, storing or distributing materials intended Evangelical communities, especially in the Kabyle region.3 to convert Muslims.9 Consequently, Christian books and manuals are rare in the country, and Christians do not feel In November 2020, Algerians adopted a new constitution,4 free to carry Christian literature with them.
    [Show full text]
  • Disaster Risk Reduction in the Sub-Saharan Africa Region JANUARY 2008
    10701-C1-C4.qxd 5/2/08 3:09 PM Page C1 REPORT ON THE STATUS OF Disaster Risk Reduction in the Sub-Saharan Africa Region JANUARY 2008 Commission of the African Union 10701-C1-C4.qxd 5/2/08 3:09 PM Page C2 Contact: Foday Bojang Head of Division National Resources and Environment Commission of the African Union Tel: (+251 11) 551 7484 Email: [email protected] Contact: Seth D. Vordzorgbe Senior Regional Advisor UN/ISDR Secretariat, Africa P. O. Box 47074, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: (+254 20) 762 4101 Fax: (+254 20) 762 4726 www.unisdr.org/africa E-mail: [email protected] Addis Ababa Cell: (+251) 915 744 549 Contact: Ian Bannon Sector Manager Fragile States, Conflict and Social Development Unit Regional Coordinator for Disaster Risk Management The World Bank, Africa Region 701 18th Street, N.W., Washington D.C. 20433 USA (MSN J11-1102) Tel: (+202) 473 9042 E-mail: [email protected] Report prepared by Rakhi Bhavnani Martin Owor Seth Vordzorgbe Franck Bousquet 10701-C1-C4.qxd 5/2/08 3:09 PM Page C3 STATUS OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN THE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REGION January 2008 The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication, and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... v 1. BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Impact of African Traditional Religious
    The Impact of African Traditional Religious Beliefs and Cultural Values on Christian- Muslim Relations in Ghana from 1920 through the Present: A Case Study of Nkusukum-Ekumfi-Enyan area of the Central Region. Submitted by Francis Acquah to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology in December 2011 This thesis is available for library use on the understanding that it is copy right material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any university. Signature………………………………………………………. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My first and foremost gratitude goes to my academic advisors Prof. Emeritus Mahmoud Ayoub (Hartford Seminary, US) and Prof. Robert Gleave (IAIS, University of Exeter) for their untiring efforts and patience that guided me through this study. In this respect I, also, wish to thank my brother and friend, Prof. John D. K. Ekem, who as a Ghanaian and someone familiar with the background of this study, read through the work and offered helpful suggestions. Studying as a foreign student in the US and the UK could not have been possible without the generous financial support from the Scholarship Office of the Global Ministries, United Methodist Church, USA and some churches in the US, notably, the First Presbyterian Church, Geneseo, NY and the First Presbyterian Church, Fairfield, CT. In this regard, Lisa Katzenstein, the administrator of the Scholarship Office of the Global Ministries (UMC) and Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Photographies
    Sissy Helff, Stefanie Michels (eds.) Global Photographies Image | Volume 76 Sissy Helff, Stefanie Michels (eds.) Global Photographies Memory – History – Archives An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. The Open Access ISBN for this book is 978-3-8394-3006-4. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommer- cial-NoDerivs 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) which means that the text may be used for non- commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. To create an adaptation, translation, or derivative of the original work and for commercial use, further permission is required and can be obtained by contac- ting [email protected] © 2018 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Na- tionalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de Cover concept: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Cover illustration: Sally Waterman, PastPresent No. 6, 2005, courtesy of the artist Proofread and typeset by Yagmur Karakis Printed by docupoint GmbH, Magdeburg Print-ISBN 978-3-8376-3006-0 PDF-ISBN
    [Show full text]
  • Arab Nationalism and State Formation:The Maghrib Experiences
    IDE Research Bulletin Research project summary based on papers for academic journals with the aim of contributing to the academic community Arab Nationalism and State Formation: The Maghrib Experiences Project Leader WATANABE Shoko March 2020 Copyright (C) JETRO. All rights reserved. https://www.ide.go.jp Research Bulletin for Arab Nationalism and State Formation: The Maghrib Experiences Objectives of the project The project analyzes the historical development of nationalism in the Maghrib countries (i.e., Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco) with a special focus on the local features of Maghribian nationalism which distinguishes the Maghrib region from other Arab countries. The reason for our choice of topic is that the academic discussion on Arab nationalism has conventionally centered on the Mashriq (East Arab) region, leaving aside the Maghrib (West Arab) region’s experiences. By studying cases of the Maghrib region, the project reconsiders some unquestioned premises and prejudices in the existing literature of Arab nationalism and thus contributes to a theoretical elaboration of studies of Arab nationalism. More concretely, we discuss the following topics: the relationship between nationalism and religion in the Maghrib; the validity of the concept of Waṭaniyya (the attachment to individual nation-states) as nested within Qawmiyya (the feeling of being part of a larger Arab people); the national historiography as a modern, invented tradition and the role of Arabism and Islam in it; and the role of regional supra-national identity (pan-Maghrib solidarity) as part of the formation of nationalism. One of the important premises of our project is that nationalism is a modern phenomenon. Built on theoretical studies of nationalism which have flourished since the 1980s, the project supposes that premodern communitarian identities (such as religious affiliations, belongingness to certain linguistic, cultural, or “ethnic” groups, and loyalty to particular polities or governments) have been transformed into modern national identities (Smith 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Title Al-Hajj Afa Sulemana Senior Lecturer of Religious Studies at University of Ghana and Head of the Alliance of Muslim Associations
    Title Al-Hajj Afa Sulemana Senior Lecturer of Religious Studies at University of Ghana and Head of the Alliance of Muslim Associations Creator Owusu-Ansah, David Sulemana, Al-Hajj Afa Mumuni Description This was a general conversation about the Muslim community in Ghana and its internal structures; the nature of traditional leadership and how it is evaluated by the western educated Muslims. We also touched on the issue of inter-religious tolerance in Ghana and the reasons for such a high degree of accommodation. Recorder ID: 001-A-002-OADavid.....2005-07-20. Length of interview 55:12 July 20 2005 University of Ghana, Mr. Mumuni Sulimana, Senior Lecturer of Religious Studies--teaching courses Quran, Hadith, Contemporary Islam in Ghana and Africa. His research interests are in Islam and Politics, Islamic education, and Muslim Non- Governmental organization (NGOs) Topic: Islam and Tolerance in Ghana. Interview following the introduction of the interviewee. Q. Do you perceive the Muslims and the Muslim Community of Ghana as tolerable (Muslim-Muslim relations and Muslim-non-Muslim relations)? A. Generally our followers share the view that Muslims are not tolerant among themselves. What I mean is that we have different doctrinal groups as far as Islamic in Ghana is concerned. In more cases we realize that each group takes its views to be absolute and finds it difficult to listen to the other side and this manifested in intra- Islamic conflict as it was the case in the late 1990s --the case of conflict between the Ahl- Sunni (radical vs. conservative Sufi oriented Tijanniya) on minor issues that could have been resolved.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicola Dach.Pdf
    RECLAIMING, NARRATING, AND REINTERPRETING ASPECTS OF RELIGION IN TAOS AMROUCHE, HÉLÈNE CIXOUS, AND ASSIA DJEBAR BY NICOLA CHARLOTTE DACH DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in French in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2012 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Laurence Mall, Chair Assistant Professor Jane Kuntz, Co-Director of Research Assistant Professor Alain Fresco Professor Waïl S. Hassan ii Abstract This dissertation investigates the ways in which three francophone Algerian women authors, Taos Amrouche, Hélène Cixous, and Assia Djebar, approach their respective religions and portray them in their works. Through textual evidence from their fictional works, I show how the problematic of religion in Algeria – where the three Abrahamic religions have been in tension at different times in recent history – has underpinned these authors’ sense of self and being in the world. I examine how they all redefine religion out of a feeling of exclusion and traumatization and add female and woman-centered voices to a larger conversation on the nature of religiosity. All three of these authors are feminists, yet they embrace religion, all the while defining their own understanding of it. In order to do this, they reread the original texts of their religions, as well as the cultural texts surrounding them. Taos Amrouche, caught between the European culture to which she is drawn because of her family’s Catholicism, and the Muslim-Berber culture of her ancestors, expresses a constant feeling of alienation, and portrays a trauma that she attempts to heal through the use of autobiographical writing.
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 Human Rights Report: Senegal Page 1 of 21
    2010 Human Rights Report: Senegal Page 1 of 21 Home » Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs » Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor » Releases » Human Rights Reports » 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices » Africa » Senegal 2010 Human Rights Report: Senegal BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices April 8, 2011 Senegal, with an estimated population of 12.8 million, is a moderately decentralized republic dominated by a strong executive branch. In 2007 Abdoulaye Wade was reelected president in an election generally viewed as free and fair despite sporadic incidents of violence and intimidation. In 2007 the ruling Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS) won the majority of seats in National Assembly elections that were boycotted by the leading opposition parties. During the March 2009 local elections (municipal, regional, and rural communities), a multiparty opposition coalition scored significant victories, especially in the country's major cities. International observers characterized the March 2009 elections as generally free and transparent. Security forces reported to civilian authorities. Major human rights problems included the following: inhuman and degrading treatment of detainees and prisoners, including reports of physical abuse and torture; overcrowded prisons; questionable investigative detention and long pretrial detention; lack of an independent judiciary; limits on freedoms of speech, press, and assembly; corruption and impunity; rape, domestic violence, sexual harassment of and discrimination against women; female genital mutilation (FGM); child abuse; child marriage; infanticide; trafficking in persons; and child labor. Rebels associated with the Movement of Democratic Forces of the Casamance (MFDC) killed civilians and military personnel, committed robberies, fought with the army, and harassed local populations while fighting each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2018-2019
    Seeking Harmony in Diversity Vivekananda International Foundation Annual Report | 2018-19 O Lord! Protect us together, nurture us together. May we work together. May our studies be illuminated. May we not have discord. May there be peace, peace and peace. (Katha Upanishad | Shanti Mantra) © Vivekananda International Foundation 2019 Published in June 2019 by Vivekananda International Foundation 3, San Martin Marg | Chanakyapuri | New Delhi - 110021 Tel: 011-24121764 | Fax: 011-66173415 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.vifindia.org Follow us on Twitter @vifindia | Facebook /vifindia Chairman’s Foreword ………………………………………………………………………………………...7 VIF Family ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………29-37 Trustees Advisory Council Executive Committee Team VIF Director’s Preface ……………………………………………………………………………………………….39 About the VIF ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..47 Outcomes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………...51 Publications ………………………………………………………………………………………………………...55 Activities ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………65 Seminars and Interactions ………………………………………………………………………………66-114 International Relations and Diplomacy National Security and Strategic Studies Neighbourhood Studies Historical and Civilisational Studies Governance and Political Studies Economic Studies Scientific and Technological Studies Outreach ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..115 Resource Research Centre and Library ……………………………………………………………..133 Our Exchanges Worldwide ………………….…………………………………………………………….135 Annual Report | 2018-19 | 5 Chairman’s Foreword
    [Show full text]
  • Persecution of Ahmadis
    Table of Contents Persecution of Ahmadis Protestant church shut down in Algeria: 'They came bearing truncheons' Muslims reopen a Tizi-Ouzou church, closed by the authorities Algiers closes another two churches: the reasons are still unknown Christians in Algeria hit with more church closures A young Christian fined in Akbou Ramadan: Violence against those who do not fast Upcoming hearing of the owner of the land of a Protestant church in Kabylia Persecution of Ahmadis HRWF (31.10.2019) - “Ahmadis are particularly persecuted in Algeria as ‘heretics’ and ‘apostates’, and dozens of them have been sentenced to prison terms in the last few years.” This is a statement that Willy Fautré, director of Human Rights Without Frontiers (HRWF) made at an academic conference titled “Ahmaddiya in a scholarly perspective” organized by the Faculty for Comparative Study of Religions and Humanism in Antwerp-Wilrijk (Belgium) on 24-25 October. Here is the excerpt of the paper concerning Algeria that HRWF presented at that conference: There are an estimated 2,000 Ahmadis in Algeria, according to the Ahmadi community. In 2015, they applied for registration, but they received a negative answer from the Algerian authorities the following year. Their refusal was based mainly on articles which give the authorities broad leeway to refuse authorization if they deem the content and objectives of a group’s activities to violate Algeria’s “‘fundamental principles’ (constantes nationales) and values, public order, public morals, and the applicable laws and regulations.”[1]
    [Show full text]
  • TOGOLESE REPUBLIC Work-Liberty-Fatherland 6Th, 7Th and 8Th PERIODIC REPORTS of the STATE of TOGO on the IMPLEMENTATION of the A
    TOGOLESE REPUBLIC Work-Liberty-Fatherland 6th, 7th and 8th PERIODIC REPORTS OF THE STATE OF TOGO ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES’ RIGHTS (Article 62 of the Charter) August 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 14 PART ONE ........................................................................................................................................ 15 OVERALL LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION . .............................. 15 PART TWO ...................................................................................................................................... 17 NATIONAL MEASURES ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CHARTER . ........................ 17 Articles 2 and 3 : The right to the enjoyment of rights and freedoms recognised and guaranteed by the Charter without distinction of any kind and equality before the law .......................................... 17 Article 4 : The protection of the right to life ..................................................................................... 17 The Death Penalty .............................................................................................................................. 17 Articles 6 : The right to liberty and to the security of the person, prohibition from arrests or arbitrary detentions .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS on the FRONT LINE Debut A5.Qxp 04/04/2005 12:04 Page 2 Debut A5.Qxp 04/04/2005 12:04 Page 3
    debut_a5.qxp 04/04/2005 12:04 Page 1 HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS ON THE FRONT LINE debut_a5.qxp 04/04/2005 12:04 Page 2 debut_a5.qxp 04/04/2005 12:04 Page 3 Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders / FIDH and OMCT Human Rights Defenders on the Front Line Annual Report 2004 Foreword by Lida Yusupova debut_a5.qxp 04/04/2005 12:04 Page 4 Drafting, editing and co-ordination : Catherine François, Julia Littmann, Juliane Falloux and Antoine Bernard (FIDH) Delphine Reculeau, Mariana Duarte, Anne-Laurence Lacroix and Eric Sottas (OMCT) The Observatory thanks Marjane Satrapi, comic strip author and illustrator of the annual report cover, for her constant and precious support. The Observatory thanks all partner organisations of FIDH and OMCT, as well as the teams of these organisations. Distribution : this report is published in English, Spanish and French versions. The World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT) and the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) authorise the free reproduction of extracts of this text on condition that the source is credited and that a copy of the publication containing the text is sent to the respective International Secretariats. FIDH – International Federation for Human Rights 17, passage de la Main d'Or – 75 011 Paris – France Tel.: + 33 (0) 1 43 55 25 18 – Fax: + 33 (0) 1 43 55 18 80 [email protected] / www.fidh.org OMCT – World Organisation Against Torture 8, rue du Vieux-Billard – Case postale 21 – 1211 Geneva 8 – Switzerland Tel.: + 41 22 809 49 39 – Fax: + 41 22 809 49 29 [email protected] / www.omct.org debut_a5.qxp 04/04/2005 12:04 Page 5 FOREWORD UNITED AGAINST HORROR by Lida Yusupova Human rights defenders in Chechnya have to work in an extremely difficult environment.
    [Show full text]