Persecution of Ahmadis
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Religious Freedom in the World Report 2021 ALGERIA ALGERIA RELIGIONS 1.4% 0.3% Agnostics Christians Population Area 43,333,255 281,741 Km2 98.3% GDP per capita GINI INDEX* Muslims 13,914 US$ 27.6 *Economic Inequality anyone “who incites, constrains, or utilizes means of se- LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON FREEDOM OF RELIGION duction tending to convert a Muslim to another religion; AND ACTUAL APPLICATION or by using to this end establishments of teaching, edu- cation, health, social, culture, training […] or any financial means.”8 The majority of the people of Algeria are Sunni Muslims.1 Fewer than 200 indigenous Jews are left.2 There are also The decree not only forbids attempts to convert a Muslim Catholic and Protestant communities in the country. Offi- to another religion but also to even “shake the faith of a cially, almost all Christians are foreigners with many com- Muslim”, although it does not ban conversion as such. Un- ing from Sub-Saharan Africa. The number of Muslims who der Article 11 (2) of the ordinance, people can be fined up have converted to Christianity is small, estimated to be be- to one million dinars and sentenced to five years in pris- tween 50,000 and 100,000; a majority of them have joined on for printing, storing or distributing materials intended Evangelical communities, especially in the Kabyle region.3 to convert Muslims.9 Consequently, Christian books and manuals are rare in the country, and Christians do not feel In November 2020, Algerians adopted a new constitution,4 free to carry Christian literature with them. -
Arab Nationalism and State Formation:The Maghrib Experiences
IDE Research Bulletin Research project summary based on papers for academic journals with the aim of contributing to the academic community Arab Nationalism and State Formation: The Maghrib Experiences Project Leader WATANABE Shoko March 2020 Copyright (C) JETRO. All rights reserved. https://www.ide.go.jp Research Bulletin for Arab Nationalism and State Formation: The Maghrib Experiences Objectives of the project The project analyzes the historical development of nationalism in the Maghrib countries (i.e., Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco) with a special focus on the local features of Maghribian nationalism which distinguishes the Maghrib region from other Arab countries. The reason for our choice of topic is that the academic discussion on Arab nationalism has conventionally centered on the Mashriq (East Arab) region, leaving aside the Maghrib (West Arab) region’s experiences. By studying cases of the Maghrib region, the project reconsiders some unquestioned premises and prejudices in the existing literature of Arab nationalism and thus contributes to a theoretical elaboration of studies of Arab nationalism. More concretely, we discuss the following topics: the relationship between nationalism and religion in the Maghrib; the validity of the concept of Waṭaniyya (the attachment to individual nation-states) as nested within Qawmiyya (the feeling of being part of a larger Arab people); the national historiography as a modern, invented tradition and the role of Arabism and Islam in it; and the role of regional supra-national identity (pan-Maghrib solidarity) as part of the formation of nationalism. One of the important premises of our project is that nationalism is a modern phenomenon. Built on theoretical studies of nationalism which have flourished since the 1980s, the project supposes that premodern communitarian identities (such as religious affiliations, belongingness to certain linguistic, cultural, or “ethnic” groups, and loyalty to particular polities or governments) have been transformed into modern national identities (Smith 1998). -
Nicola Dach.Pdf
RECLAIMING, NARRATING, AND REINTERPRETING ASPECTS OF RELIGION IN TAOS AMROUCHE, HÉLÈNE CIXOUS, AND ASSIA DJEBAR BY NICOLA CHARLOTTE DACH DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in French in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2012 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Laurence Mall, Chair Assistant Professor Jane Kuntz, Co-Director of Research Assistant Professor Alain Fresco Professor Waïl S. Hassan ii Abstract This dissertation investigates the ways in which three francophone Algerian women authors, Taos Amrouche, Hélène Cixous, and Assia Djebar, approach their respective religions and portray them in their works. Through textual evidence from their fictional works, I show how the problematic of religion in Algeria – where the three Abrahamic religions have been in tension at different times in recent history – has underpinned these authors’ sense of self and being in the world. I examine how they all redefine religion out of a feeling of exclusion and traumatization and add female and woman-centered voices to a larger conversation on the nature of religiosity. All three of these authors are feminists, yet they embrace religion, all the while defining their own understanding of it. In order to do this, they reread the original texts of their religions, as well as the cultural texts surrounding them. Taos Amrouche, caught between the European culture to which she is drawn because of her family’s Catholicism, and the Muslim-Berber culture of her ancestors, expresses a constant feeling of alienation, and portrays a trauma that she attempts to heal through the use of autobiographical writing. -
Zaheeruddin V. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan
Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality Volume 14 Issue 1 Article 5 June 1996 Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan M. Nadeem Ahmad Siddiq Follow this and additional works at: https://lawandinequality.org/ Recommended Citation M. N. Siddiq, Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Officialersecution P of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan, 14(1) LAW & INEQ. 275 (1996). Available at: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/lawineq/vol14/iss1/5 Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality is published by the University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan M. Nadeem Ahmad Siddiq* Table of Contents Introduction ............................................... 276 I. The Ahmadiyya Community in Islam .................. 278 II. History of Ahmadis in Pakistan ........................ 282 III. The Decision in Zaheerudin v. State ................... 291 A. The Pakistan Court Considers Ahmadis Non- M uslim s ........................................... 292 B. Company and Trademark Laws Do Not Prohibit Ahmadis From Muslim Practices ................... 295 C. The Pakistan Court Misused United States Freedom of Religion Precedent .............................. 299 D. Ordinance XX Should Have Been Found Void for Vagueness ......................................... 314 E. The Pakistan Court Attributed False Statements to Mirza Ghulam Almad ............................. 317 F. Ordinance XX Violates -
Annual Report 2018-2019
Seeking Harmony in Diversity Vivekananda International Foundation Annual Report | 2018-19 O Lord! Protect us together, nurture us together. May we work together. May our studies be illuminated. May we not have discord. May there be peace, peace and peace. (Katha Upanishad | Shanti Mantra) © Vivekananda International Foundation 2019 Published in June 2019 by Vivekananda International Foundation 3, San Martin Marg | Chanakyapuri | New Delhi - 110021 Tel: 011-24121764 | Fax: 011-66173415 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.vifindia.org Follow us on Twitter @vifindia | Facebook /vifindia Chairman’s Foreword ………………………………………………………………………………………...7 VIF Family ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………29-37 Trustees Advisory Council Executive Committee Team VIF Director’s Preface ……………………………………………………………………………………………….39 About the VIF ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..47 Outcomes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………...51 Publications ………………………………………………………………………………………………………...55 Activities ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………65 Seminars and Interactions ………………………………………………………………………………66-114 International Relations and Diplomacy National Security and Strategic Studies Neighbourhood Studies Historical and Civilisational Studies Governance and Political Studies Economic Studies Scientific and Technological Studies Outreach ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..115 Resource Research Centre and Library ……………………………………………………………..133 Our Exchanges Worldwide ………………….…………………………………………………………….135 Annual Report | 2018-19 | 5 Chairman’s Foreword -
Pakistan: Massacre of Minority Ahmadis | Human Rights Watch
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH http://www.hrw.org Pakistan: Massacre of Minority Ahmadis Attack on Hospital Treating Victims Shows How State Inaction Emboldens Extremists The mosque attacks and the June 1, 2010 subsequent attack on the hospital, amid rising sectarian violence, (New York) – Pakistan’s federal and provincial governments should take immediate legal action underscore the vulnerability of the against Islamist extremist groups responsible for threats and violence against the minority Ahmadiyya Ahmadi community. religious community, Human Rights Watch said today. Ali Dayan Hasan, senior South Asia researcher On May 28, 2010, extremist Islamist militants attacked two Ahmadiyya mosques in the central Pakistani city of Lahore with guns, grenades, and suicide bombs, killing 94 people and injuring well over a hundred. Twenty-seven people were killed at the Baitul Nur Mosque in the Model Town area of Lahore; 67 were killed at the Darul Zikr mosque in the suburb of Garhi Shahu. The Punjabi Taliban, a local affiliate of the Pakistani Taliban, called the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), claimed responsibility. On the night of May 31, unidentified gunmen attacked the Intensive Care Unit of Lahore’s Jinnah Hospital, where victims and one of the alleged attackers in Friday's attacks were under treatment, sparking a shootout in which at least a further 12 people, mostly police officers and hospital staff, were killed. The assailants succeeded in escaping. “The mosque attacks and the subsequent attack on the hospital, amid rising sectarian violence, underscore the vulnerability of the Ahmadi community,” said Ali Dayan Hasan, senior South Asia researcher at Human Rights Watch. -
Religiously Friendly Democracy: Framing Political And
RELIGIOUSLY FRIENDLY DEMOCRACY: FRAMING POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS IDENTITIES IN CATHOLIC AND MUSLIM SOCIETIES A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Notre Dame in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Michael Daniel Driessen Frances Hagopian, Director Graduate Program in Political Science Notre Dame, Indiana April 2011 © Copyright 2011 Michael Daniel Driessen RELIGIOUSLY FRIENDLY DEMOCRACY: FRAMING POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS IDENTITIES IN CATHOLIC AND MUSLIM SOCIETIES Abstract by Michael Daniel Driessen This research project explores the relationship between faith and nation, and the institutional entanglements of religion, state and democracy in Catholic and Muslim societies. It is specifically animated by the following research question: What are the effects of bringing religion into the public sphere in new democracies, especially those whose theological values are considered to be hostile to democratic precepts? My analysis presents a theory for modeling the dynamics which are created when states allow hostile religions more access to the political and public spheres during moments of democratization (or lesser forms of political liberalization) by a) allowing religious political parties to contest elections and b) biasing religion-state arrangements in favor of religion. Drawing from more than eighteen months of field research in Italy and Algeria, I test the mechanisms of my theory through in-depth case studies in both a Catholic and Islamic setting and then use cross-national data on religion-state arrangements by Grim and Finke (2006) and Fox (2008) to statistically explore the theory‟s wider explanatory weight. To all of my teachers who told me to be patient with the wild within and to listen ii CONTENTS Figures............................................................................................................................... -
CPIN Pakistan Ahmadis
Country Policy and Information Note Pakistan: Ahmadis Version 4.0 March 2019 Preface Purpose This note provides country of origin information (COI) and analysis of COI for use by Home Office decision makers handling particular types of protection and human rights claims (as set out in the basis of claim section). It is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of a particular subject or theme. It is split into two main sections: (1) analysis of COI; and (2) COI. These are explained in more detail below. Assessment This section analyses the evidence relevant to this note – i.e. the COI section; refugee/human rights laws and policies; and applicable caselaw – by describing this and its inter-relationships, and provides an assessment on whether, in general: x A person is reasonably likely to face a real risk of persecution or serious harm x A person is able to obtain protection from the state (or quasi state bodies) x A person is reasonably able to relocate within a country or territory x Claims are likely to justify granting asylum, humanitarian protection or other form of leave, and x If a claim is refused, it is likely or unlikely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under section 94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must, however, still consider all claims on an individual basis, taking into account each case’s specific facts. Country of origin information The country information in this note has been carefully selected in accordance with the general principles of COI research as set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI), dated April 2008, and the Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation’s (ACCORD), Researching Country Origin Information – Training Manual, 2013. -
Pakistan – Ahmadis – Employment – Education – State Protection
Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: PAK17182 Country: Pakistan Date: 3 February 2005 Keywords: Pakistan – Ahmadis – Employment – Education – State Protection This response was prepared by the Country Research Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Questions 1. Please provide information on the treatment of Ahmadis in Pakistan. In particular: are Ahmadis in Pakistan subject to discrimination in terms of employment, education and practice of their religion? 2. Are Ahmadis subject to death threats by reason of their religion? If so, are the authorities of Pakistan willing and able to afford protection to Ahmadis whose lives are threatened? RESPONSE 1. Please provide information on the treatment of Ahmadis in Pakistan. In particular: are Ahmadis in Pakistan subject to discrimination in terms of employment, education and practice of their religion? A variety of sources provide information on the continuing mistreatment of the Ahmadiyya community in Pakistan. Reports from the US Department of State, the UK Home Office, international human rights agencies, and academics, amongst other sources, are attached, which note that the community has been subject to wide-ranging forms of discrimination affecting their rights to practice their religion, their access to -
Orthodox Mission Methods: a Comparative Study
ORTHODOX MISSION METHODS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY by STEPHEN TROMP WYNN HAYES submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject of MISSIOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA Promoter: Professor W.A. Saayman JUNE 1998 Page 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the University of South Africa, who awarded the Chancellor's Scholarship, which enabled me to travel to Russia, the USA and Kenya to do research. I would also like to thank the Orthodox Christian Mission Center, of St Augustine, Florida, for their financial help in attending the International Orthodox Christian Mission Conference at Holy Cross Seminary, Brookline, MA, in August 1996. To Fr Thomas Hopko, and the staff of St Vladimir's Seminary in New York, for allowing me to stay at the seminary and use the library facilities. The St Tikhon's Institute in Moscow, and its Rector, Fr Vladimir Vorobiev and the staff, for their help with visa applications, and for their patience in giving me information in interviews. To the Danilov Monastery, for their help with accom modation while I was in Moscow, and to Fr Anatoly Frolov and all the parishioners of St Tikhon's Church in Klin, for giving me an insight into Orthodox life and mission in a small town parish. To Metropolitan Makarios of Zimbabwe, and the staff and students of the Makarios III Orthodox Seminary at Riruta, Kenya, for their hospitality and their readiness to help me get the information I needed. To the Pokrov Foundation in Bulgaria, for their hospitality and help, and to the Monastery of St John the Forerunner in Karea, Athens, and many others in that city who helped me with my research in Greece. -
Algerian Government Campaign to Close Churches and Prosecute
Table of Contents Algerian government campaign to close churches and prosecute Christians continues Algeria closes another Protestant church Christian family accused of ‘proselytism’ – hearing postponed Algeria: Two Christian cemeteries vandalized UN tells Algeria to ‘guarantee freedom of religion to all’ after church closures Algerian government allows three churches to re-open in June, but now closes another Algerian ‘happy to be free at last’ after jail sentence and fine for carrying Christian items Algerian pastor ‘amazed’ as three churches reopened Three Algerian churches allowed to reopen after protest campaign Two more Protestant churches closed down by government Protestant churches in Algeria call on government to treat them fairly Conviction, sentencing of Christian in Algeria ‘ridiculous,’ attorney says Church-run nursery ordered to close Algeria closes fourth church in four months Algeria government criticised over heavy fines for transporting Bibles Sentencing of pastor adds to uptick in persecution in Algeria Algerian pastor decries church closure Two more churches closed, others threatened ‘Intensified campaign’ against Algeria’s churches _____________________________________________________________________ Algerian government campaign to close churches and prosecute Christians continues Middle East Concern (10.12.2018) – (internal correspondence) - Latest updates since previous advocacy communications: On the 16th October 2018, the Algerian authorities closed another church - in the village of Azaghar, in the Kabilye area near Akbou, about 180km south-east of Algiers. On the 14th November, the church of Aït Djemaa, 35 km south of Tizi Ouzou in the district of Ait Bouadou was ordered to close by the court (a new precedent). In addition, during the third week of October, four Pastors from the province of Tizi Ouzou were summoned by the authorities. -
People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Mostéfa Benboulaïd Batna 2 University Faculty of Letters and Foreign Languages Department of English The Use of Critical Discourse Analysis to Inquire into Cross-Cultural Perceptions and Attitudes of LMD Students of English as a Foreign Language at Batna 2 University, Algeria. BA, MA Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of LMD Doctorate in Applied Linguistics Submitted by: Supervised by: Djelloul NEDJAI Prof. Amor GHOUAR Board of Examiners Chairman Pr. Hachemi ABOUBOU MostéfaBenboulaïd Batna 2 University Supervisor Pr. Amor GHOUAR MostéfaBenboulaïd Batna 2 University Examiner Pr. Amel BAHLOUL MostéfaBenboulaïd Batna 2 University Examiner Pr. Abdelhak NEMOUCHI Larbi Ben M’Hidi O.E.B University Examiner Dr. Ahmed Chaouki HOADJLI Mohamed Khider Biskra University 2018 -2019 DEDICACY To all those who strive for knowledge i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This humble work is a unique opportunity to pay tribute to: My supervisor Prof. Amor Ghouar for his invaluable guidance and support, My father, Prof. Med-Salah NEDJAI whom I admire silently, My mother for her permanent care and understanding, and my family, Dr. Radia GUERZA who refined my perception of academic work, and All the teachers who contributed to my education and instruction ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICACY .................................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........................................................................................