DOCSLIB.ORG

Rebuilding Syria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rebuilding Syria Eugenio Dacrema Over the last eight years the Syrian conflict has REBUILDING SYRIA is a research fellow for the MENA developed into one of the worst humanitarian tragedies Centre at ISPI and a PhD student REBUILDING SYRIA at the University of Trento. of modern times. More than half a million victims, 5 million refugees abroad and 6 million internally The Middle East’s Next Power Game? Founded in 1934, ISPI is displaced: the figures only capture part of Syria’s an independent think tank Valeria Talbot committed to the study of is a senior research fellow and joint catastrophe. In addition, there is the less quantifiable head in charge of Middle East international political and damage to the country’s social fabric. economic dynamics. Studies of ISPI’s Middle East Against this dramatic backdrop, this ISPI Report aims edited by Eugenio Dacrema and Valeria Talbot and North Africa Centre. It is the only Italian Institute to provide some answers to a few crucial questions: introduction by Paolo Magri – and one of the very few in how can a country whose society has gone through such Europe – to combine research traumas and destruction reimagine itself and its future? activities with a significant What conditions would allow those Syrians who were commitment to training, events, forced to leave their homes to return? And what are the and global risk analysis for regional and international dynamics and interests that will companies and institutions. shape Syria’s future? The Report provides the reader with ISPI favours an interdisciplinary key tools to understand where Syria is headed and what and policy-oriented approach made possible by a research can be done to avoid the worst scenarios. team of over 50 analysts and an international network of 70 universities, think tanks, and research centres. In the ranking issued by the University of Pennsylvania, ISPI placed first worldwide as the “Think Tank to Watch in 2019”. euro 12,00 Rebuilding Syria The Middle East’s Next Power Game? edited by Eugenio Dacrema and Valeria Talbot © 2019 Ledizioni LediPublishing Via Alamanni, 11 – 20141 Milano – Italy www.ledizioni.it [email protected] Rebuilding Syria: The Middle East’s Next Power Game? Edited by Eugenio Dacrema and Valeria Talbot First edition: September 2019 The opinions expressed herein are strictly personal and do not necessarily reflect the position of ISPI. Print ISBN 9788855260589 ePub ISBN 9788855260596 Pdf ISBN 9788855260602 DOI 10.14672/55260589 ISPI. Via Clerici, 5 20121, Milan www.ispionline.it Catalogue and reprints information: www.ledizioni.it Table of Contents Introduction....................................................................... 7 Paolo Magri 1. Syria in the New Middle East: The Fate of a War-Torn Country...................................... 13 Eugenio Dacrema 2. Beyond Physical Reconstruction: Planning a Stable and Prosperous Post-War Syria........................................ 35 Joseph Daher 3. Geo-Politics of Reconstruction: Who Will Rebuild Syria and Pay for It?........................... 59 Julien Barnes-Dacey 4. Turkey in Syria: Role, Interests and Challenges........................................ 75 Valeria Talbot 5. Syria’s Reconstruction: Risks and Benefits for Lebanon and Jordan..................................... 95 Bachar El-Halabi 6. Syrians Abroad: The Future of Refugees and Their Return Home................................................. 117 Kholoud Mansour Policy Recommendations for the EU.................................. 137 The Authors........................................................................ 145 Introduction Over the last eight years the Syrian conflict has developed into one of the worst humanitarian tragedies of modern times. More than half a million victims, 5 million refugees abroad and 6 million internally displaced: the figures only capture part of Syria’s catastrophe. In addition, there is all the less quantifiable damage to the country’s social fabric. For almost a decade entire generations have been partly or wholly deprived of good-qual- ity education, and many of the country’s more educated young people have moved away; those who remain have gone through the horrors of exacerbated polarisation and sectarianism, growing poverty and ruthless violence, while most Syrian ref- ugees abroad have had to endure dramatic living conditions for many years, along with growing intolerance from the host communities. Against this backdrop, the aim of this Report is not to de- scribe how the old Syria could be restored. Instead, it examines the country’s evolution since 2011 and explores the paths it might take in future when the conflict ends. The Report tries to answer a few crucial questions: How can a country whose so- ciety has gone through such trauma and destruction reimagine itself and its future? What conditions would allow the return of those Syrians who were forced to leave their homes? What are the regional and international dynamics that will shape Syria’s future? What are the roles and interests of external players? As Eugenio Dacrema explains in the Report’s first chapter, recognising the damage to Syria’s social fabric caused by this 8 Rebuilding Syria: The Middle East’s Next Power Game? conflict raises one essential question from the start: what does “reconstruction” mean in the Syrian context? The very word “reconstruction” makes us think about a process meant to bring a situation back to a previous, more desirable state. In the case of Syria, we are invited to consider a process aimed at bringing the country back to its pre-war situation. In fact, most of the cost estimates by international institutions such as the World Bank and the UN are predicated on this idea: how much would it cost to rebuild Syria as it was in 2010? However, such an approach can be misleading, especially for a country that has been going through a ferocious eight-year civil war, for civil wars of such ferocity and length have throughout history had profound effects on society. They trigger huge transformations that deeply affect the post-war situation; and the Syrian conflict is no exception. The very fact that the Syrian regime has man- aged to remain in power almost intact should be carefully pon- dered. Although the political structure of the Syrian state has not changed, everything else has. Dacrema describes the deep changes which have occurred throughout the region with the emergence of a new political rift between those governments (Turkey and Qatar) which supported the popular uprisings of the Arab Spring (especially their Islamist components), and others (Saudi Arabia and the UAE) that have been struggling to defend the status quo. This new political divide cuts across the older one between Iran and Saudi Arabia, creating new alliances and tensions across the Middle East. Furthermore, the partial eclipse of US influence in the region has opened a vacuum that has been occupied by new international actors such as Russia. These changes at regional and international level have had profound effects on the course of the Syrian conflict: by prolong- ing and exacerbating it, they have been key factors in determin- ing the level of human and physical destruction. Joseph Daher’s chapter provides a detailed description of the damage caused by conflict. It narrates the measures taken to date by the regime and its allies and explains the plans and estimates prepared by na- tional and international organisations for Syria’s reconstruction. Introduction 9 Daher also describes the changes in the Syrian domestic econo- my during the conflict, as new powerbrokers were thrown up by the war economy and powerful new businessmen and warlords came to the fore alongside the dominant tycoons of the pre-war period such as Assad’s cousin Rami Makhlouf. In this context, a crucial question should be raised: who is going to foot the bill for the country’s reconstruction? The World Bank has estimated the damage at $200bn, while the UN Economic and Social Commission for West Asia (ESCWA) forecasts that the total cost of restoring the country to its 2010 condition will be almost $400bn. These are huge figures, and it is hard to imagine such resources being found quickly or easi- ly; but developments on the ground are already raising urgent questions about how Syria is to be rebuilt, and who will pay. To tackle such questions Julien Barnes-Dacey explores the power politics that have developed around Syrian reconstruc- tion. For instance, while the Assad regime has shown consider- able resilience and seems likely to remain in power for the fore- seeable future it lacks the means to rebuild the country on its own. Its main allies, Russia and Iran, are not endowed with the kind of financial resources needed for a significant contribu- tion; and indeed, they have already started jockeying for posi- tion to profit as much as possible from reconstruction contracts and from exploiting the country’s limited natural resources. As for the West, the EU and US have imposed sanctions designed to hobble Assad’s war machine and obstruct any attempts at reconstruction without a political resolution involving some sort of power-sharing, together with guarantees for the opposi- tion and the refugees abroad. Until now, sanctions have proved effective in blocking attempts to involve European money or European companies in the reconstruction plans. They have also slowed the attempted rapprochement between the Syrian regime and the UAE/Saudi Arabian axis (which since the end of 2018 has significantly altered its approach towards Syria) and dissuaded those countries from offering more towards recon- struction. With Western powers and wealthy Arab states out 10 Rebuilding Syria: The Middle East’s Next Power Game? of the picture – at least for the moment – Damascus has been looking elsewhere for support, for example to friendly emerging powers such as China. Despite Assad’s efforts to court Beijing, though, the Chinese authorities have so far given only cautious and general undertakings. Besides, neighbouring countries such as Jordan and Lebanon have already begun to position themselves to benefit from the process.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SYRIAN W( a MONTHLY MAGAZINE in ENG with SYRIAN AFFAIRS and ARABU M
    ^ THE SYRIAN W( A MONTHLY MAGAZINE IN ENG WITH SYRIAN AFFAIRS AND ARABU m AT THE GATE OF ARABIA AMEEN RIHANI A DAY IN ABU-HAMED DR. NEJIB A. KATIBAH DISCOVERING THE SYRIANS JAMES MYERS EASTERN RELIGIONS IN THE WEST SALLOUM A. MOKARZEL POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN SYRIA THE COPY 50c. "'" '1 T i-.IE SYRIAN WORLD SALLOUM A. MOKARZEL, Editor. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE SYRIAN-AMERICAN PRESS 104 GREENWICH STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. By .ascription $5.00 a year. Singl, ^^ ^. Sntw-ed as second-class matter, June 25, 1928, at the post offic. at New York> N- Y., under tke act of March 3, 1879. VOL. III. No. 9 MARCH, 1929 CONTENTS PAGE At the Gate of Arabia 3 AMEEN RIHANI The Saint j 3, KAHLIL GIBRAN Children of A merica \ 4 Eastern Religions in the West lg SALLOUM A. MOKARZEL Snowdrops 20 PAUL DEAB A Day in A bu-Hanted 21 DR. NETIB A. KATIBAH W^BpWgpWtMiMlMIP .1— — I DM iwnw-y. .. ; .. l — CONTENTS (Continued) PAGE Verses To My Daughters 29 J. D. CARLYLE Discovering the Syrians 30 JAMES MYERS Arab Wisdom 32 Success of Federation Assured 33 Editorial Comment— Tours to Syria 37 Pride in Ancestry 38 Youth and Age 39 Spirit of the Syrian Press 41 Readers' Forum 45 About Syria and Syrians 50 Political Developments in Syria 56 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THIS ISSUE Ameen Rihani Testimonial Dinner to Ameen Rihani xs THE SYRIAN WORLD VOL. III. No. 9 MARCH, 1929 At the Gate of Arabia FIRST LEG OF THE EPIC JOURNEY OF THE NOTED AUTHOR AND TRAVELER, AMEEN RIHANI, TO FORBIDDEN ARABIA By AMEEN RIHANI "THEY were loading petroleum, stacking the surplus cargo on the promenade deck of the Dakhalieh, when we arrived.
    [Show full text]
  • Offensive Against the Syrian City of Manbij May Be the Beginning of a Campaign to Liberate the Area Near the Syrian-Turkish Border from ISIS
    June 23, 2016 Offensive against the Syrian City of Manbij May Be the Beginning of a Campaign to Liberate the Area near the Syrian-Turkish Border from ISIS Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) fighters at the western entrance to the city of Manbij (Fars, June 18, 2016). Overview 1. On May 31, 2016, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), a Kurdish-dominated military alliance supported by the United States, initiated a campaign to liberate the northern Syrian city of Manbij from ISIS. Manbij lies west of the Euphrates, about 35 kilometers (about 22 miles) south of the Syrian-Turkish border. In the three weeks since the offensive began, the SDF forces, which number several thousand, captured the rural regions around Manbij, encircled the city and invaded it. According to reports, on June 19, 2016, an SDF force entered Manbij and occupied one of the key squares at the western entrance to the city. 2. The declared objective of the ground offensive is to occupy Manbij. However, the objective of the entire campaign may be to liberate the cities of Manbij, Jarabulus, Al-Bab and Al-Rai, which lie to the west of the Euphrates and are ISIS strongholds near the Turkish border. For ISIS, the loss of the area is liable to be a severe blow to its logistic links between the outside world and the centers of its control in eastern Syria (Al-Raqqah), Iraq (Mosul). Moreover, the loss of the region will further 112-16 112-16 2 2 weaken ISIS's standing in northern Syria and strengthen the military-political position and image of the Kurdish forces leading the anti-ISIS ground offensive.
    [Show full text]
  • Country of Origin Information Report Syria June 2021
    Country of origin information report Syria June 2021 Page 1 of 102 Country of origin information report Syria | June 2021 Publication details City The Hague Assembled by Country of Origin Information Reports Section (DAF/AB) Disclaimer: The Dutch version of this report is leading. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands cannot be held accountable for misinterpretations based on the English version of the report. Page 2 of 102 Country of origin information report Syria | June 2021 Table of contents Publication details ............................................................................................2 Table of contents ..........................................................................................3 Introduction ....................................................................................................5 1 Political and security situation .................................................................... 6 1.1 Political and administrative developments ...........................................................6 1.1.1 Government-held areas ....................................................................................6 1.1.2 Areas not under government control. ............................................................... 11 1.1.3 COVID-19 ..................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Armed groups ............................................................................................... 13 1.2.1 Government forces .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Examples of Iraq and Syria
    BearWorks MSU Graduate Theses Fall 2017 The Unraveling of the Nation-State in the Middle East: Examples of Iraq and Syria Zachary Kielp Missouri State University, [email protected] As with any intellectual project, the content and views expressed in this thesis may be considered objectionable by some readers. However, this student-scholar’s work has been judged to have academic value by the student’s thesis committee members trained in the discipline. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons Recommended Citation Kielp, Zachary, "The Unraveling of the Nation-State in the Middle East: Examples of Iraq and Syria" (2017). MSU Graduate Theses. 3225. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3225 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE UNRAVELING OF THE NATION-STATE IN THE MIDDLE EAST: EXAMPLES OF IRAQ AND SYRIA A Masters Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University TEMPLATE In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science, Defense and Strategic Studies By Zachary Kielp December 2017 Copyright 2017 by Zachary Kielp ii THE UNRAVELING OF THE NATION-STATE IN THE MIDDLE EAST: EXAMPLES OF IRAQ AND SYRIA Defense and Strategic Studies Missouri State University, December 2017 Master of Science Zachary Kielp ABSTRACT After the carnage of World War One and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire a new form of political organization was brought to the Middle East, the Nation-State.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Notes for the Trump Notes Administration the Washington Institute for Near East Policy ■ 2018 ■ Pn55
    TRANSITION 2017 POLICYPOLICY NOTES FOR THE TRUMP NOTES ADMINISTRATION THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ 2018 ■ PN55 TUNISIAN FOREIGN FIGHTERS IN IRAQ AND SYRIA AARON Y. ZELIN Tunisia should really open its embassy in Raqqa, not Damascus. That’s where its people are. —ABU KHALED, AN ISLAMIC STATE SPY1 THE PAST FEW YEARS have seen rising interest in foreign fighting as a general phenomenon and in fighters joining jihadist groups in particular. Tunisians figure disproportionately among the foreign jihadist cohort, yet their ubiquity is somewhat confounding. Why Tunisians? This study aims to bring clarity to this question by examining Tunisia’s foreign fighter networks mobilized to Syria and Iraq since 2011, when insurgencies shook those two countries amid the broader Arab Spring uprisings. ©2018 THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ NO. 30 ■ JANUARY 2017 AARON Y. ZELIN Along with seeking to determine what motivated Evolution of Tunisian Participation these individuals, it endeavors to reconcile estimated in the Iraq Jihad numbers of Tunisians who actually traveled, who were killed in theater, and who returned home. The find- Although the involvement of Tunisians in foreign jihad ings are based on a wide range of sources in multiple campaigns predates the 2003 Iraq war, that conflict languages as well as data sets created by the author inspired a new generation of recruits whose effects since 2011. Another way of framing the discussion will lasted into the aftermath of the Tunisian revolution. center on Tunisians who participated in the jihad fol- These individuals fought in groups such as Abu Musab lowing the 2003 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Protest and State–Society Relations in the Middle East and North Africa
    SIPRI Policy Paper PROTEST AND STATE– 56 SOCIETY RELATIONS IN October 2020 THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA dylan o’driscoll, amal bourhrous, meray maddah and shivan fazil STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE SIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. GOVERNING BOARD Ambassador Jan Eliasson, Chair (Sweden) Dr Vladimir Baranovsky (Russia) Espen Barth Eide (Norway) Jean-Marie Guéhenno (France) Dr Radha Kumar (India) Ambassador Ramtane Lamamra (Algeria) Dr Patricia Lewis (Ireland/United Kingdom) Dr Jessica Tuchman Mathews (United States) DIRECTOR Dan Smith (United Kingdom) Signalistgatan 9 SE-169 72 Solna, Sweden Telephone: + 46 8 655 9700 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.sipri.org Protest and State– Society Relations in the Middle East and North Africa SIPRI Policy Paper No. 56 dylan o’driscoll, amal bourhrous, meray maddah and shivan fazil October 2020 © SIPRI 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of SIPRI or as expressly permitted by law. Contents Preface v Acknowledgements vi Summary vii Abbreviations ix 1. Introduction 1 Figure 1.1. Classification of countries in the Middle East and North Africa by 2 protest intensity 2. State–society relations in the Middle East and North Africa 5 Mass protests 5 Sporadic protests 16 Scarce protests 31 Highly suppressed protests 37 Figure 2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscapes of NE-Africa and W-Asia—Landscape Archaeology As a Tool for Socio-Economic History in Arid Landscapes
    land Article ‘Un-Central’ Landscapes of NE-Africa and W-Asia—Landscape Archaeology as a Tool for Socio-Economic History in Arid Landscapes Anna-Katharina Rieger Institute of Ancient History and Classical Antiquities, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria; [email protected]; Tel.: +43-316-380-2391 Received: 6 November 2018; Accepted: 17 December 2018; Published: 22 December 2018 Abstract: Arid regions in the Old World Dry Belt are assumed to be marginal regions, not only in ecological terms, but also economically and socially. Such views in geography, archaeology, and sociology are—despite the real limits of living in arid landscapes—partly influenced by derivates of Central Place Theory as developed for European medieval city-based economies. For other historical time periods and regions, this narrative inhibited socio-economic research with data-based and non-biased approaches. This paper aims, in two arid Graeco-Roman landscapes, to show how far approaches from landscape archaeology and social network analysis combined with the “small world phenomenon” can help to overcome a dichotomic view on core places and their areas, and understand settlement patterns and economic practices in a nuanced way. With Hauran in Southern Syria and Marmarica in NW-Egypt, I revise the concept of marginality, and look for qualitatively and spatially defined relationships between settlements, for both resource management and social organization. This ‘un-central’ perspective on arid landscapes provides insights on how arid regions functioned economically and socially due to a particular spatial concept and connection with their (scarce) resources, mainly water. Keywords: aridity; marginality; landscape archaeology; Marmarica (NW-Egypt); Hauran (Syria/ Jordan); Graeco-Roman period; spatial scales in networks; network relationship qualities; interaction; resource management 1.
    [Show full text]
  • ASOR Cultural Heritage Initiatives (CHI): Planning for Safeguarding Heritage Sites in Syria and Iraq1
    ASOR Cultural Heritage Initiatives (CHI): Planning for Safeguarding Heritage Sites in Syria and Iraq1 S-JO-100-18-CA-004 Weekly Report 209-212 — October 1–31, 2018 Michael D. Danti, Marina Gabriel, Susan Penacho, Darren Ashby, Kyra Kaercher, Gwendolyn Kristy Table of Contents: Other Key Points 2 Military and Political Context 3 Incident Reports: Syria 5 Heritage Timeline 72 1 This report is based on research conducted by the “Cultural Preservation Initiative: Planning for Safeguarding Heritage Sites in Syria and Iraq.” Weekly reports reflect reporting from a variety of sources and may contain unverified material. As such, they should be treated as preliminary and subject to change. 1 Other Key Points ● Aleppo Governorate ○ Cleaning efforts have begun at the National Museum of Aleppo in Aleppo, Aleppo Governorate. ASOR CHI Heritage Response Report SHI 18-0130 ○ Illegal excavations were reported at Shash Hamdan, a Roman tomb in Manbij, Aleppo Governorate. ASOR CHI Incident Report SHI 18-0124 ○ Illegal excavation continues at the archaeological site of Cyrrhus in Aleppo Governorate. ASOR CHI Incident Report SHI 18-0090 UPDATE ● Deir ez-Zor Governorate ○ Artillery bombardment damaged al-Sayyidat Aisha Mosque in Hajin, Deir ez-Zor Governorate. ASOR CHI Incident Report SHI 18-0118 ○ Artillery bombardment damaged al-Sultan Mosque in Hajin, Deir ez-Zor Governorate. ASOR CHI Incident Report SHI 18-0119 ○ A US-led Coalition airstrike destroyed Ammar bin Yasser Mosque in Albu-Badran Neighborhood, al-Susah, Deir ez-Zor Governorate. ASOR CHI Incident Report SHI 18-0121 ○ A US-led Coalition airstrike damaged al-Aziz Mosque in al-Susah, Deir ez-Zor Governorate.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Economy Report English F
    P a g e | 1 P a g e | 2 P a g e | 3 THE POLITICAL ECONOMY And ITS SOCIAL RAMIFICATIONS IN THREE SYRIAN CITIES: TARTOUS, Qamishli and Azaz Economic developments and humanitarian aid throughout the years of the conflict, and their effect on the value chains of different products and their interrelation with economic, political and administrative factors. January 2021 P a g e | 4 KEY MESSAGES • The three studied cities are located in different areas of control: Tartous is under the existing Syrian authority, Azaz is within the “Euphrates Shield” areas controlled by Turkey and the armed “opposition” factions loyal to it, and most of Qamishli is under the authority of the “Syrian Democratic Forces” and the “Self-Administration” emanating from it. Each of these regions has its own characteristics in terms of the "political war economy". • After ten years of conflict, the political economy in Syria today differs significantly from its pre-conflict conditions due to specific mechanisms that resulted from the war, the actual division of the country, and unilateral measures (sanctions). • An economic and financial crisis had hit all regions of Syria in 2020, in line with the Lebanese crisis. This led to a significant collapse in the exchange rate of the Syrian pound and a significant increase in inflation. This crisis destabilized the networks of production and marketing of goods and services, within each area of control and between these areas, and then the crisis of the Covid-19 pandemic exacerbated this deterioration. • This crisis affected the living conditions of the population. The monthly minimum survival expenditure basket (SMEB) defined by aid agencies for an individual amounted to 45 working days of salaries for an unskilled worker in Azaz, 37 days in Tartous and 22 days in Qamishli.
    [Show full text]
  • ISSUE 4 ® the Newsletter Designed for Nexis.Com Power Users FOURTH QUARTER
    LexisNexis® Corporate Information Professional Update ISSUE 4 ® The newsletter designed for nexis.com power users FOURTH QUARTER What’s new at nexis.com®, plus searching strategies to help “power users” solve the information issues their businesses face. Full-text features: New biographical group sources on executives trim The new current-awareness tool developed your research time and compile results specifically for small to midsize organizations … LexisNexis now offers four new group sources at nexis.com® and lexis.com® LexisNexis® Publisher … 12:62 that provide detailed biographical information on company executives, New biographical group sources on executives employees and government leaders. trim your research time and compile results … 12:65 One search covers 20+ executive biographical sources The Executive Directories provides biographical information on directors and executives of major corporations in the United States and Europe. Search by executive name, company, city/state or a variety of other sections. Find summaries and/or links to full-text PDFs of: Review the sources available through The Executive Directories. One million phone numbers added to Search results are presented in standard nexis.com group source format, LexisNexis® Public Records sources … 12:56 with a left navigation pane that allows you to focus in on specific publications within the results. Trademark prosecution history now included with registration documents … 12:56 Get people news plus biographical stories in one source Biographies Plus News adds people-related news sources and selected ® LexisNexis Company Dossier: Search by biographical stories, obituaries and business-related stories covering ® radius or Fortune designation … 12:56 company executives from the News, All (English, Full Text) source.
    [Show full text]
  • 1St-Baghdad-International-Water-Conference-Modern-Technologies-CA Lebanon-WO-Videos
    th 13th -14 March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Modern Methods of Remote Data collection in Transboundary Rivers Yarmouk River study case Dr. Chadi Abdallah CNRS-L Lebanon Introduction WATER is a precious natural resource and at the same time complex to manage. 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE 24Font width Times New Roman Font type Take in consider the transparency of the color 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE • Difficulty to acquire in-situ data • Sensitivity in data exchange • Contradiction and gaps in data o Area of the watershed (varies from 6,700 Km2 to 8,378 Km2) o Length of the river (varies from 40 Km to 143 Km) o Flow data (variable, not always clear) • Unavailable major datasets o Long-term accurate precipitation o Flow gauging stations o Springs discharge o Wells extraction o Dams actual retention o Detailed LUC 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Digital Globe-ESRI- GeoEye (0.5m/2011& CORONA (2m/1966) SPOT (10m/2009) 2019) LUC 1966 CWR estimation LUC 2011& 2020 Landsat 5 to 8 (30m/1982- 2020) MODIS-MOD16 CHIRPS (5Km/1980-2015) 150 images (1Km/2000-2020) 493 images Dams actual retention 255 images Precipitation CWR estimation Evapotranspiration LST, NDVI, ET, SMI 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Jabal Al Qaly'a Yarmouk River Ash Shaykh .! Raqqad Area: 7,386 Km2 • Quneitra .! Jbab .! Length of Main Tributary from • Sanameyn
    [Show full text]
  • Energy in Jordan a Youth Perspective Position Paper
    Energy in Jordan A Youth Perspective Position Paper A joint project between Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Germanwatch and the Written by: Green Generation Foundation Amjad Khashman Kareem Shukri Qusai Al-Abbassi Mohammad Aliwat Ehab Al-Amleh Sewar Taweel Safa Al-Momani Sarah Haddadin Leen Baddar Yousef Awawdeh “Young people are not just the leaders of tomorrow; they are the leaders of today […] Young men and women like you are bringing new energy, creativity and dynamism to labor markets, to schools, to universities like this one [University of Jordan], to government, and – I hope – to diplomacy and international relations.” - UN Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon in Amman 2016 - [LW1] The impacts of climate change can already be felt across the world and are becoming more severe as the global average temperature rises. Countries all over the world are engaged in a race against time to tackle the global climate crisis. Limiting global warming implies reconsidering almost all elements of our daily life, most of which are connected to the energy sector: water, food, buildings, transportation, global trade, etc. The energy sector is the largest source of global greenhouse gas emissions through its burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity, produce heat or power engines, which directly causes climate change. However, as technologies rapidly improve and prices drop, many renewable energy options have emerged as an alternative to fossil fuels. Promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency is now an important part of the international climate debate and national energy policy in many countries, both of which are aimed at slowing down climate change.
    [Show full text]