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1St-Baghdad-International-Water-Conference-Modern-Technologies-CA Lebanon-WO-Videos th 13th -14 March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Modern Methods of Remote Data collection in Transboundary Rivers Yarmouk River study case Dr. Chadi Abdallah CNRS-L Lebanon Introduction WATER is a precious natural resource and at the same time complex to manage. 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE 24Font width Times New Roman Font type Take in consider the transparency of the color 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE • Difficulty to acquire in-situ data • Sensitivity in data exchange • Contradiction and gaps in data o Area of the watershed (varies from 6,700 Km2 to 8,378 Km2) o Length of the river (varies from 40 Km to 143 Km) o Flow data (variable, not always clear) • Unavailable major datasets o Long-term accurate precipitation o Flow gauging stations o Springs discharge o Wells extraction o Dams actual retention o Detailed LUC 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Digital Globe-ESRI- GeoEye (0.5m/2011& CORONA (2m/1966) SPOT (10m/2009) 2019) LUC 1966 CWR estimation LUC 2011& 2020 Landsat 5 to 8 (30m/1982- 2020) MODIS-MOD16 CHIRPS (5Km/1980-2015) 150 images (1Km/2000-2020) 493 images Dams actual retention 255 images Precipitation CWR estimation Evapotranspiration LST, NDVI, ET, SMI 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Jabal Al Qaly'a Yarmouk River Ash Shaykh .! Raqqad Area: 7,386 Km2 • Quneitra .! Jbab .! Length of Main Tributary from • Sanameyn Allan .! Highest to Lowest: 144Km Jasem Main tributaries: Raqqad, • .! Hareer/ Allan, Hareer/Arram, Thahab, Nawa .! Izra' Arram Zeidi, Shallala .! Taseel Shaykh Maskyn Jamlah .! .! .! 3 countries: Syria (80%), • 1,114 m Hayt Da'el .! Tafas .! Harak Qanawat Jordan (19.7%), OSoI (0.3%) Zayzoun .! .! .! Mukhaiba .! Tha'lah .! .! Sweida Gharyeh Sharqyeh .! Borders: • Mzeirib Uthman .! .! Al Shajarah .! Um Walad .! Dera'a .! Thahab .! Syria/Jordan: 31.2 Km - Um El Mayadyn Jabal -247 m Ramtha .! .! Al Mjemir al Arab\Druz Jordan/Golan: 19.4 Km - Jaber Al Sarhan Busra.! .! .! Al BouwaydaZeidiSama Al Sarhan Jordan/OSoI: 11.1 Km - .! .! Shallala Al Ghadeer Al Abyad Sakhra .! .! Al Mafraq 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD.! INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community From the literature and data review • The historical flow was 450-480 MCM/yr (before 1960s) • The flow declined to 200-260 MCM/yr in recent years • The decrease of flow could be attributed to intensification of irrigated agriculture, and the increase of drought • ~5,000 wells, pumping ~190 MCM/yr in both Syria and Jordan • 3 main aquifer systems: o Basalt aquifer, mainly exploited in Syria o Limestones aquifers, mainly exploited in Jordan o Deeper aquifer, not exploited in the Yarmouk area 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE From the Remote Sensing analysis • Climatic properties (coupled with ground gauging data when available) o Rainfall: ~ 273 mm/yr between 1981-2008 (CHIRPS) o Maximum Land Temperature: increase from ~28°C in 1980s to ~33 °C in 2010s (Landsat) o Drought: different periods were identified • Dams: 40 dams (~328 MCM) inside the watershed o Never totally filled, estimation of volume (Landsat): maximum of 196 MCM (67%) in 2013 o After the crisis, decrease of volume in Syrian dams, and increase in Al Wehdeh 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE From the Remote Sensing analysis • LUC: for 1966 and 2011 o Increase in urban areas (6%) and permanent cultivations (trees) o Decrease in field crops (10%) and bare lands (9.5%) • Vegetation water requirements (1980s and 2010s): o Crops: increase in demand from ~190 MCM/yr in 1980s to ~281 MCM/yr in 2010s o Trees: ~72 MCM/yr 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Tributaries Raqqad • 7 main tributaries: o Syria: Raqqad, Allan, Hareer/Arram, Thahab Allan Hareer/ o Jordan: Shallala Arram o Common: Zeidi, Mainstream • The tributaries (except Raqqad) meet at the Thahab Maqarin site, before the Mainstream Wehdeh dam Shallala Zeidi 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community Hadar Nab' AssakherQuneitra As_Sanayman Nawa Izra' Shahba Sweida Baqura Dar'a Legend IrbidIrbed Ramtha Rainfall gauge stations Country Salkhad " Jordan Syria Ras Muneif Watershed Mafraq 0 2.75 th5.5 th 11 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE 13 -14 MarchKm 2021 Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community Station Code Station Name Source Country Time coverage Frequency Irbid Irbid Daily_temp-rain_JVA Jordan 1969-2006 Daily Mafraq Mafraq Daily_temp-rain_JVA Jordan 1969-2006 Daily Ramtha Ramtha Daily_temp-rain_JVA Jordan 1976-2005 Daily XXXXXX Baqura Jordan_rain-temp Jordan 1967-1990 Monthly XXXXXXX Irbed Jordan_rain-temp Jordan 1967-1990 Monthly SYNP0011 Ras Muneif Jordan_rain-temp Jordan 1961-1990 Monthly As_Sanayman As_Sanayman MOAAR website Syria 1982-2014 Yearly Hadar Hadar MOAAR website Syria 2005-2014 Yearly Izra' Izra' MOAAR website Syria 1982-2014 Yearly Nab' Assakher Nab' Assakher MOAAR website Syria 2005-2014 Yearly Nawa Nawa MOAAR website Syria 1982-2014 Yearly Salkhad Salkhad MOAAR website Syria 1982-2014 Yearly Shahba Shahba MOAAR website Syria 1982-2014 Yearly Dar'a Syria rain Syria 1928-2011 Monthly Quneitra Quneitra Syria rain Syria 1985-2008 Monthly Sweida Sweida Syria rain Syria 1928-2014 Monthly Rainfall amount within Yarmouk based on Chirps satellite data 5 km resolution 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Rainfall GM station VS Chirps satellite data Correlation for the best 5 stations 400 350 300 250 CHIRPS - 200 81.3x + 0.66y = 150 0.7041 =² R AnnualRainfall 100 50 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Annual Rainfall - Ground Gauge Stations N RMSE MAE ME BIAS Fitting Equation R2 Top 5 107 40.48902 33.91979 12.19003 6.354543 y = 0.66x + 81.3 0.7041 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Evapotranspiration was retrieved from MODIS 16 @ 1 km 2001 - 2015 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Average Rainfall (1981 – 2008) • Ground data from 13 stations (Good and Moderate fit) • Average 273 mm/yr Kufr Saum (2016.51 MCM/yr) Max= 429 mm/yr • After BIAS correction of CHIRPS data (BIAS = 11%, RMSE error = 57mm) Mafraq Airport Min= 151 mm/yr 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Surface Water – Literature • Flows are subject to significant inter- and intra-annual variability • Early studies agreed on average flow in Adassiyeh between 450 – 480 MCM/yr (Ionides 1939, Burdon 1954, Baker et Harza 1955, Energoprojekt 1964) • Recent studies estimate the surface water average at 90 – 180 MCM/yr in Syria alone (Agha and Deeb 2005, Kout 2008, Tawil (PC) 2017); and between 200 – 260 MCM/yr when including both Syria and Jordan (Hadadin 2015, AlHusban 2016) • Reduction of flows caused by the intensification of agriculture irrigated from surface or groundwater, and the increase of drought attributed to climate change 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Surface Water – Gauges Jisr Al Hamidiye Jisr Zbayde Jisr Al Raqqad • Stations acquired from JVA, HSI Jisr al Faqee' and literature review in Syria Jisr Al Rafeed Al Allan tTarik Jisr Al Rafeed Jisr Sayda • Syria: approximations for sub- Jisr Taseel Kafer Alma Nijran watershed Jisr Sahem Ash Sajara Al Yarmouk B. Raqqad Jalleen • Jordan: 4 stations with baseflow Hayt Al Hareer Al Qusayr and flood flow data Gate 121 Maqareen Al Yadouda Naharayim Madkhal Sadd Al Ghariyah • OSoI: 2 stations with only total Adassiyeh Shummar Shallala Dera'a flow Umm Al Mayatheen Ghosem Al Dayr 13th -14th March 2021 1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community Jordan – Adassiyeh Endpoint of the Yarmouk River, location of the Adassiyeh weir. Input from all sub-watersheds 700 600 229 MCM/yr (1979-88) 500 400 300 40 MCM/yr 200 Flow (MCM/yr) Flow (2008-15) 100 0 2011 1980 1993 1998 2003 1979 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 13th -14th March 2021 Baseflow Flood Flow Discharge1ST BAGHDAD INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE Jordan – Maqarin Near the site of the Wehdeh Dam. Input from all sub-watersheds except Al Raqqad 231 MCM/yr 400 (1979-88) 60 MCM/yr (1999-07) 300 200 100 Flow (MCM/yr) 0 1983 1994 2005 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
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