DOCSLIB.ORG

Lighthouses in Antiquity: Case Studies of the Lighthouses At

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lighthouses in Antiquity: Case Studies of the Lighthouses At LIGHTHOUSES IN ANTIQUITY: CASE STUDIES OF THE LIGHTHOUSES AT DOVER, ENGLAND; PATARA, TURKEY; AND LEPTIS MAGNA, NORTH AFRICA A Thesis by REBECCA ELIZABETH MATTSON Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Chair of Committee, Deborah N. Carlson Committee Members, Cemalettin Pulak Nancy Klein Head of Department, Cynthia Werner December 2018 Major Subject: Maritime Archaeology and Conservation Copyright 2018 Rebecca Mattson ABSTRACT There may have been upwards of 100 lighthouses in the Mediterranean, along the northern Atlantic coast, and in England during the Roman Imperial period. Lighthouses were simultaneously a common structure and triumphs of Roman engineering. They were statements of power, prestige, and identity. After the construction of the Pharos of Alexandria in 280 BCE, lighthouses came to be a typical monument in Roman harbors, and a beneficial invention that continue to be built today. Architecture has adapted and evolved over time, but lighthouses have maintained the same basic shape, structure, and function. Lighthouses are represented in the three artistic media of ancient evidence: archaeological remains, iconography, and primary (contemporary) sources. The data is uneven, however, because no ancient lighthouse known today has all three. A study of ancient lighthouses requires a holistic approach that utilizes archaeological remains, iconography, contemporary sources, historical sources, and modern scholarship. The following thesis reviews the artistic media, the history of and possible precursors to ancient lighthouses such as Bronze Age temples and Classical signal towers; the function of ancient lighthouses, and their illumination. Three case studies of the ancient lighthouses at Dover, England; Patara, Turkey; and Leptis Magna, North Africa are examined in detail. These three lighthouses differ in their historical context, dates, shape, placement, and construction materials. This thesis examines these criteria through the use of case studies and the analysis of archaeological remains, iconography, contemporary sources, and historical sources to construct a more complete view of ii ancient lighthouses. An in-depth study of the three lighthouses and the available evidence revealed that, although there are inconsistencies, archaeology, iconography, and contemporary sources can often each fill in the gaps where the other evidences are lacking and provide information about ancient lighthouses that we otherwise would not have. For example, archaeological remains provide information about lighthouse construction and materials, iconography offers clues regarding illumination and external construction, and contemporary sources indicate lighthouse placement and historical context. While a holistic study of ancient lighthouses cannot account for all missing information, the evidences often support one another and work together to provide a more comprehensive view on the subject. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work could not have been completed without the support of the people who guided and followed me through this journey. My committee chair, Dr. Deborah Carlson, deserves the utmost thanks for introducing me to this topic and for her patience, invaluable support, and contribution. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Cemal Pulak and Dr. Nancy Klein for their guidance, support, and valued commentary throughout the course of this research. Thank you also to Allison Pennington for her edits and time, free of charge, and to Caroline Thirkhill for her help regarding Greek and Latin translations. Finally, I would like to thank my cohort in the Nautical Archaeology Program for making this journey a delight and truly priceless, my friends who followed me, supported me, and sometimes carried me through this process, and my parents, Scott and Caroline Mattson, for their never-ending support and faith in me. I owe you all everything and more. iv CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES This work was supervised by a thesis committee consisting of Professor Carlson and Professor Pulak of the Department of Anthropology and Professor Klein of the Department of Architecture. All other work conducted for the thesis was completed by the student independently. Funding Sources There are no outside funding contributors to acknowledge related to the research and compilation of this document. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... iv CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES .................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ....................................... 1 Challenges of the Data ............................................................... 1 Introduction to the Artistic Media of Evidence ......................... 3 Challenges of Contemporary Sources ....................................... 4 Iconography ............................................................................... 6 Seafaring at Night ...................................................................... 18 Function ..................................................................................... 21 Dual Function ............................................................................ 22 Multiple Lighthouses ................................................................. 27 Early Lighthouse Precursors ...................................................... 28 Illumination ................................................................................ 39 Illumination Materials ................................................................ 42 Illumination and Internal Construction ...................................... 47 Conclusion ................................................................................. 49 CHAPTER II THE ROMAN LIGHTHOUSE AT DOVER, ENGLAND .............. 50 Historical Background ............................................................... 50 The Classis Britannica and the Harbor at Dover ....................... 53 Excavations at Dover ................................................................. 56 Dating of the lighthouses ........................................................... 56 Placement ................................................................................... 58 Shape .......................................................................................... 61 Materials ..................................................................................... 66 Contemporary Sources and Epigraphy ....................................... 74 Historical Sources ....................................................................... 76 Conclusion .................................................................................. 77 vi CHAPTER III THE ROMAN LIGHTHOUSE AT PATARA, TURKEY ............... 79 Historical Background ................................................................. 80 History of the Lycian League ...................................................... 84 Historical Background of Patara ................................................. 87 Constructing the Patara lighthouse ............................................. 91 Epigraphy .................................................................................... 95 Construction and Funding of the Lighthouse .............................. 96 Placement .................................................................................... 102 Shape ........................................................................................... 103 Construction and Materials ......................................................... 106 Contemporary and Historical Sources ........................................ 110 Conclusion .................................................................................. 112 CHAPTER IV THE ROMAN LIGHTHOUSE AT LEPTIS MAGNA, NORTH AFRICA ............................................... 114 Historical Background ............................................................... 115 Excavations at Leptis Magna ..................................................... 117 Trade Interests of Leptis Magna ................................................ 119 The Building Program and Harbor Expansion of Septimius Severus ................................................................ 121 Decline and Destruction ............................................................ 126 Contemporary and Historical Sources ....................................... 129 Iconography ............................................................................... 130 Archaeological Remains and Dating the Lighthouse ................ 133 Placement .................................................................................. 136 Construction and Materials ....................................................... 138 Illumination ............................................................................... 140 Harbor Symbolism .................................................................... 141 Conclusion ...............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Towncouncil Community Magazine
    Inside - all your local events, clubs & groups FolkestoQuarternly | 2020 e TownCouncil community magazine Photo: Pearl Sandilands 16th ISSUE Folkestone Town Council: 01303 257946 QUALITY GOLD The Town Hall, 1-2 Guildhall Street, Folkestone, CT20 1DY www.folkestonetc.kentparishes.gov.uk “Self storage made easy” • Grade A Security Open 7 Days Free Quotes • • Bu siness & Hou sehold BuTsel:in e01303ss & 850Hou 630sehold www.folkestone-storage.co.ukSelf Storage Self Storage “Self storageWindow made easy” cleaning“Self storage made easy” Local, friendly and reliable service Windows, frames, sills and doors with every clean. Call or text Jeremy 07709119996 Channel Cars Channel Cars We offer a full range of taxis from 4, 5, 6 7, 8 seats, black cabs, eastate cars, saloons and executive cars We now have a number of cars out every night from midnight to 6am We will get you to any destination in the UK, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week Call 01303 252 252 Welcome Happy New Year and welcome to our Spring edition of the Folkestone Town Council Plumbing, Heating, Gas & Building Services • Complete Bathroom Design, Installation & Repairs Community Magazine. Folkestone Town • Central Heating, Installation, Repairs & Upgrades • Unvented Hot Water Systems • Call Outs Council Officers and Councillors hope you had • WIAPS Approved for Mains Water Installation & Repairs a happy and healthy Christmas and New Year. • • Wall & Floor Tiling • Property Maintenance & Building Renovations Folkestone Town Council were once again very Fully insure Free estimates proud of the Christmas light switch on event T: 01303 278292 M: 07798 824538 and amazing fireworks which followed. The www.gsuttonplumbing.co.uk [email protected] crowds gathered from early in the day and • Minor Works enjoyed a variety of activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Seven Churches of Revelation Turkey
    TRAVEL GUIDE SEVEN CHURCHES OF REVELATION TURKEY TURKEY Pergamum Lesbos Thyatira Sardis Izmir Chios Smyrna Philadelphia Samos Ephesus Laodicea Aegean Sea Patmos ASIA Kos 1 Rhodes ARCHEOLOGICAL MAP OF WESTERN TURKEY BULGARIA Sinanköy Manya Mt. NORTH EDİRNE KIRKLARELİ Selimiye Fatih Iron Foundry Mosque UNESCO B L A C K S E A MACEDONIA Yeni Saray Kırklareli Höyük İSTANBUL Herakleia Skotoussa (Byzantium) Krenides Linos (Constantinople) Sirra Philippi Beikos Palatianon Berge Karaevlialtı Menekşe Çatağı Prusias Tauriana Filippoi THRACE Bathonea Küçükyalı Ad hypium Morylos Dikaia Heraion teikhos Achaeology Edessa Neapolis park KOCAELİ Tragilos Antisara Abdera Perinthos Basilica UNESCO Maroneia TEKİRDAĞ (İZMİT) DÜZCE Europos Kavala Doriskos Nicomedia Pella Amphipolis Stryme Işıklar Mt. ALBANIA Allante Lete Bormiskos Thessalonica Argilos THE SEA OF MARMARA SAKARYA MACEDONIANaoussa Apollonia Thassos Ainos (ADAPAZARI) UNESCO Thermes Aegae YALOVA Ceramic Furnaces Selectum Chalastra Strepsa Berea Iznik Lake Nicea Methone Cyzicus Vergina Petralona Samothrace Parion Roman theater Acanthos Zeytinli Ada Apamela Aisa Ouranopolis Hisardere Dasaki Elimia Pydna Barçın Höyük BTHYNIA Galepsos Yenibademli Höyük BURSA UNESCO Antigonia Thyssus Apollonia (Prusa) ÇANAKKALE Manyas Zeytinlik Höyük Arisbe Lake Ulubat Phylace Dion Akrothooi Lake Sane Parthenopolis GÖKCEADA Aktopraklık O.Gazi Külliyesi BİLECİK Asprokampos Kremaste Daskyleion UNESCO Höyük Pythion Neopolis Astyra Sundiken Mts. Herakleum Paşalar Sarhöyük Mount Athos Achmilleion Troy Pessinus Potamia Mt.Olympos
    [Show full text]
  • Olympian Triad
    136 Olympian Triad J G R Harcling Plates 57-fJO Part I-Winter Olympus! The very name evokes imagery, divinity and soaring aspiration­ 'Altius' of the Olympic motto. Certainly, no other mountain in classical consciousness had a greater wealth of mythological and poetic association. And this was due in part to the religious conceptions of Ancient Greece in whose cosmography the world was created as a disc with Greece its centre and Mount Olympus-touching heaven and synonymous with it-the apex; in part to its poets and particularly Homer, the literary protagonist of the Olympians. Homer's Olympus was an imaginary paradise 'not shaken by winds, nor wet with rains, nor touched with snow'. The reality is a formidable mountain, snow-bound for six months of the year. But then, the Ancient Greeks had no real sympathy for mountains or mountain scenery. According to the Protago­ rean ethic, man was the measure of all things and humanism the dominant philosophy. The gods who inhabited Olympus were themselves a reflection of Man. For the Greeks the magic of the mountains was not scenic but rather their association with the spirits of nature and particularly the Oreads-nymphs whose task it was to guide the weary traveller through the dreary upland wastes. Although Homer's Olympus was more a concept than a reality, the mountain which is indisputably identified as the home of the Gods from which Zeus despatched his thunderbolts is the great massif rising almost 3000m from the shores of the Gulf of Thermae. From time immemorial it has been an obstacle to invaders moving down from Macedonia to the plains of Thessaly and on this high stage were enacted numberless mythological dramas.
    [Show full text]
  • Hadrian and the Greek East
    HADRIAN AND THE GREEK EAST: IMPERIAL POLICY AND COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Demetrios Kritsotakis, B.A, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fritz Graf, Adviser Professor Tom Hawkins ____________________________ Professor Anthony Kaldellis Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program Copyright by Demetrios Kritsotakis 2008 ABSTRACT The Roman Emperor Hadrian pursued a policy of unification of the vast Empire. After his accession, he abandoned the expansionist policy of his predecessor Trajan and focused on securing the frontiers of the empire and on maintaining its stability. Of the utmost importance was the further integration and participation in his program of the peoples of the Greek East, especially of the Greek mainland and Asia Minor. Hadrian now invited them to become active members of the empire. By his lengthy travels and benefactions to the people of the region and by the creation of the Panhellenion, Hadrian attempted to create a second center of the Empire. Rome, in the West, was the first center; now a second one, in the East, would draw together the Greek people on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Thus he could accelerate the unification of the empire by focusing on its two most important elements, Romans and Greeks. Hadrian channeled his intentions in a number of ways, including the use of specific iconographical types on the coinage of his reign and religious language and themes in his interactions with the Greeks. In both cases it becomes evident that the Greeks not only understood his messages, but they also reacted in a positive way.
    [Show full text]
  • The Herodotos Project (OSU-Ugent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography
    Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid.
    [Show full text]
  • ARKEOLOJİK BULGULAR IŞIĞINDA MİLYAS Fahri IŞIK*
    Anadolu 41, 2015 F. Işık ARKEOLOJİK BULGULAR IŞIĞINDA MİLYAS “kardeşim” Selahattin Erdemgil’e Fahri IŞIK* Anahtar Kelimeler: Milyas • Lykia • Teke Yarımadası • Lukka • Luwi Özet: Çağdaş eskiçağ biliminde genellikle “Dağlık Lykia” ya da “Kuzey Lykia” olarak tanımlanır Milyas. Aslında Teke Yarımadası, Demir Çağı’nda da -Lukka Ülkesi’nin mirasçısı ya da Roma Eyaleti gibi- bütünüyle Lykia olarak algılanır; güney ve batı kıyıda Lykia, doğuda Solymos, Elmalı Yaylası’nda Milyas, Seki ve Dirmil yaylalarında Kabalis’in ortak yurt toprağı olarak algılanmaz. Bu karmaşık resim içerisinde Milyas’ın -yazılı kay- naklarda da değişken çizilen- sınırlarını belirlemek tam mümkün değildir; hatta Phrygia sınırını Milyas içlerine dek genişletenler bile olmuştur. Herodotos’tan okunan mitolojik gelenekte Milyas, halkına “Solym”ler denen bir vatandır. Sarpedon gelince Girit’ten, “Trmmis” olur toprak; Atinalı Lykos yerleşince de Lykia’ya değişir. Milyas- Lykia “özdeşliği”, Lykia-B olarak adlandırılan edebi dilin “Milyasca” tanımıyla eskiçağ bilimine girer; kaya mezarı ve semerdamlı lahitlerin Milyas’ta da varlığı, bu görüşü güçlendirir, çünkü tümülüsler de iki bölgeye ortak mezar tiplerindendir. Kabalis’te de arkeolojik doku bu bağlamda Milyas’tan farklı değildir; Solymos’ta farklıdır. Kragos dağ sırasıyla ayrılan Milyas ve Kabalis, Lydia özellikli çömleklerin yaygınlığında da benzer kültürü yaşar. Konuya derinliğine yoğunlaşıldığında, yukarıdaki bilimsel verilerin Milyas/Lykia eşitliğini belgelemede ye- terli olmadığı sonucu çıkar. Lykçe-B, Ksanthos ve Antiphellos’tan iki mezar yazıtında okunmuştur salt; içeriğin- de de Milyas yoktur. Ahşap mimariden uyarlama ev-kaya mezarları da, semerdamlı lahitler de Lykia’ya göre çok az sayıdadırlar ve güneyde Milyas’ın Lykia’ya yakın olan kesimlerinde bulunurlar. Tümülüsler de iki bölgede farklı etkiler altında biçimlenmişlerdir; Lykia’da Karia etkilidir, Milyas’takiler Lydia etkili; Milyas’ta Lykia etkisi de vardır; “çağıl” denen küçük tarla taşlarıyla örtülmesinde gözlemlenir.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ionian Islands COPY
    ∆ΩΡΕΑΝ ΑΝΤΙΤΥΠΟ FREE COPY PUBLICATION GRATUITE FRA OPUSCOLO GRATUITO ITA The Ionian Islands EJEMPLAR ESP GRATUITO GRATIS- www.visitgreece.gr AUSGABE Распространяется бесплатно GREEK NATIONAL TOURISM ORGANISATION THE IONIAN ISLANDS GREEK NATIONAL TOURISM ORGANISATION 04Corfu (Kerkyra) 22Diapontia Islands 26Paxoi (Paxi) 32Lefkada 50Kefalonia 68Ithaca (Ithaki) 74Zakynthos (Zante) CONTENTS 1. Cover page: Zakynthos, Navagio beach. Its white sand and turquoise waters attract thousands of visitors each year. Ionian Islands The Ionian Islands have a temperate climate, seawaters as deep as they are refreshing, in the area, reaching 4,406 m., registered as the greatest in the Mediterranean. verdant mountains, a rich cultural heritage and a carefree spirit; the ideal combination for Their mild, temperate climate makes them the ideal choice for vacation or permanent stay. your holidays during which you will enjoy a well-developed tourism infrastructure, hotels, In the wintertime, the mainland’s mountains buffer the bitter northern winds blowing to the restaurants, water sports centres, cultural events and numerous sights, historic monuments, direction of the islands while the hot summer weather is tempered by the mild northwestern and museums. meltemia winds and the sea breeze. The area’s air currents have turned many of the Ionian Scattered along the mainland’s western coastline, the Ionian Islands are a cluster of 12 Islands’ beaches into worldwide known destinations for windsurfing. large and small islands covering an area of 2,200 sq. km. There are six large ones: Zakynthos The Ionian Islands have been inhabited since the Paleolithic times. Since then, numerous (Zante), Ithaki (Ithaca), Kerkyra (Corfu), Kefalonia (Cephallonia), Lefkada (Leucas), and invaders and cultural influences have left their stamp on the islands.
    [Show full text]
  • ANTIOCH: CROSSROADS of FAITH Studies Date It Between the Third and Sixth Centuries
    ANTIOCH: CROSSROADS OF FAITH studies date it between the third and sixth centuries. insisted on unity with the bishop by faith in and obedi- Still, the intricacy of the design housing the chalice ence to his authority. He also upheld the Virgin birth n the first century, cities such as Jerusalem, suggests how the faith of the Christian community and called the Eucharist “the flesh of Christ” and the Antioch, and Ephesus held faith-filled com- grabbed hold among artisans such as this skillful silver- “medicine of immortality.” Issues he raised would be ar- munities bound together in one rapidly smith. gued for centuries by theologians in Antioch and those I growing Church. Unknown to them, they Jewish and Greek converts to Antioch's Christian who followed, leading to the discord he warned were only the first steps on the road which community looked to the Mother Church in Jerusalem. against. would take Christianity around the world. Antioch was Church leaders such as Barnabas followed Peter to a vital crossroad in the journey. Directions chosen strengthen the unity of their faith. As Saint Luke, a city ANTIOCH IN THE CHRISTIAN EMPIRE there have guided the spread of faith down to our day. native, recorded, “Antioch was the first place in which Its location destined Antioch to be a mixture of ntioch remained the most prominent city in the disciples were called Christians” (Acts 11:26). By the diverse cultures. Caravans from Asia Minor, Persia, In- the Middle East throughout the Roman era. time Saint Paul, born in Tarsus only a day's ride away, dia, and even China traveled through this natural meet- In 297 AD the Emperor Diocletian made it visited Antioch, the Christian community was flourish- A the capitol of Anatolia (“the East”), a civil ing place for East and West.
    [Show full text]
  • Presenter Title Date Keyword PEARL, M L Cobbett & the Last Labourer's Revolt 23/04/1954 Agriculture TYNAN, Miss a Sussex
    Presenter Title Date Keyword PEARL, M L Cobbett & the Last Labourer’s Revolt 23/04/1954 Agriculture TYNAN, Miss A Sussex in the 18th Century – Agriculture & Farming 19/11/1954 Agriculture POWELL, Miss M J Shepherd’s Bells, Crooks & Round Smocks 25/01/1957 Agriculture MASTERS, Mrs E G C The Countryside and Its Problems 29/11/1957 Agriculture BLACKMAN, Mrs Elizabeth Captain Swing & Mr Cobbett – Agrarian Disturbances (no notes) 01/01/1981 Agriculture JONES, Mrs Gwen History of Oast Houses 09/12/1983 Agriculture WOODHAM, Laurence Agriculture in the Weald – Past & Present 20/03/1987 Agriculture HOWKINS, Dr Alun William Cobbett & Rural England 03/11/1989 Agriculture ELDERTON, John The Farmstead 02/12/1994 Agriculture JONES, Mrs Gwen The History & Development of Oast Houses 25/02/2000 Agriculture GRAY, Christine The First Farmers in Sussex 11/01/2002 Agriculture FILMER, Richard Hops & Hop Picking 29/01/2010 Agriculture RICHARDSON, Ruth The Making of Gray's Anatomy 20/09/2018 Anatomy WILSON, Dr A E The Early Saxon Period in Sussex 09/03/1956 Anglo-Saxon HUTTON, D Graham Anglo Saxon Influences with Us Yet 12/10/1956 Anglo-Saxon WILSON, Dr A E The Late Saxon Period in Sussex 13/12/1957 Anglo-Saxon WILSON, Dr A E The Late Saxon Period in Sussex – Part 2 07/03/1958 Anglo-Saxon LEMMON, Lt.Col. C H Town Creep 01/01/1966 Anglo-Saxon WEBSTER, Mrs Leslie Anglo Saxon Jewellery 27/02/1998 Anglo-Saxon DUMVILLE, Prof. David Anglo-Saxon Territories 14/10/2005 Anglo-Saxon HUSCROFT, Dr Richard The Reality of Royal Power in late Anglo-Saxon England 13/10/2006
    [Show full text]
  • ACTE CHALLENGE BOOK.Indb 3 17/08/12 17:48 S No Ges LES AVANTAGES Nta Ava ACTE-CHALLENGE
    2012-2013 VOYAGES SCOLAIRES ÉDUCATIFS www.actechallenge.fr AC CATAL COUV 2012-2013.indd 1 20/08/12 12:57 SOMMAIRE LA GARANTIE D’UN SÉJOUR RÉUSSI Angleterre et Irlande du Sud 12 contrat Pays de galle 30 QUALITÉ séjours et stages linguistiques loffice.org Ecosse 34 L’OFFICE NATIONAL DE GARANTIE DES SÉJOURS ET STAGES LINGUISTIQUES avec le soutien de Fédérations de parents d’élèves (APEL et FCPE) et la participation d’associations de consommateurs agréées à la commission de médiation Irlande 35 Le Contrat Qualité s'applique aux : séjours linguistiques de courte durée, voyages scolaires éducatifs, séjours de longue durée, séjours au pair, écoles de langue, jobs et stages en entreprise à l’étranger, séjours éducatifs et culturels de vacances à l’étranger. Allemagne 48 L’OFFICE CONTRÔLE ET GARANTIT les critères de qualité concernant : SLZ]V`HNLZ S»LUJHKYLTLU[ SLJOVP_KLZMHTPSSLZK»HJJ\LPSL[KLZSPL\_K»OtILYNLTLU[ Autriche 57 S»LUZLPNULTLU[SHZtSLJ[PVUKLZWYVMLZZL\YZ SLJVUMVY[SHZtJ\YP[tL[StX\PWLTLU[KLZSVJH\_ S»VYNHUPZH[PVUL[SLIVUKtYV\SLTLU[KLZZtQV\YZ SLYLZWLJ[KLZWYLZ[H[PVUZHUUVUJtLZ Espagne 58 L’OFFICE EST UN MÉDIATEUR : 3»6MMPJL H TPZ LU WSHJL \UL JVTTPZZPVU KL TtKPH[PVU WHYP[HPYL LU JOHYNL K\ Z\P]P KL SH satisfaction des participants ou des clients. Cette commission est composée de WYVMLZZPVUULSZKLYLWYtZLU[HU[ZKLKL\_NYHUKLZ-tKtYH[PVUZKLWHYLU[ZK»tSu]LZAPEL et Italie 68 FCPE) et d’associations de consommateurs agréées. Le présent contrat est signé entre L'Office et ses membres actifs, organismes de séjours et stages linguistiques. 3»6MMPJLY\L*tZHY-YHUJR7HYPZ;tS!-H_! PUMVZ'SVMMPJLVYN(ZZVJPH[PVUSVP ^^^SVMMPJLVYN Pays-Bas 76 Acte Challenge est membre de l’Offi ce national de garantie des Belgique 78 séjours et stages linguistiques (www.loffi ce.org).
    [Show full text]
  • Leykas-Teliko ANATYPOSH POLONIKA Art:Leykas-Teliko ANATYPOSH ENG.Qxp 28/1/2009 12:52 Ìì Page 1
    leykas-teliko ANATYPOSH_POLONIKA art:leykas-teliko ANATYPOSH_ENG.qxp 28/1/2009 12:52 ìì Page 1 01 Lefkada Doskonały punkt docelowy dla tych, którzy szukają: • Zachwycających piaszczystych plaży.* Morza o turkusowym odcieniu. Cudownych zachodów słońca. • Niewiarygodnie bogatej przyrody. Ekologicznego raju. • Zalet wyspy, bez jej wad (Wyspa jest połączona z lądem pły- wającym mostem zwodzonym o długości 50 metrów) • Łatwego dostępu do pozostałych Wysp Jońskich oraz do znaczących miejsc archeologicznych i innych zabytków konty- nentalnej Grecji. • Bogatych tradycji kulturalnych. Cyklu imprez poświęconych Słowu i Sztuce. • Gościnnych i skorych do zabawy mieszkańców z niesamow- itym poczuciem humoru. • Dobrego wina i smacznego jedzenia za bardzo przystępną cenę. Mnóstwo osób odwiedza wyspę Lefkada przez wiele lat z rzędu. Miejsce to przyciąga ich nieodparcie i nie potrafią się mu oprzeć. Odwiedźcie wyspę Lefkada i poddajcie się jej metafizycznej sile. Lefkada wynagrodzi Was! *Najładniejsze plaże Morza Sródziemnego, zgodnie z wynikami internetowego plebiscytu. leykas-teliko ANATYPOSH_POLONIKA art:leykas-teliko ANATYPOSH_ENG.qxp 28/1/2009 12:52 ìì Page 2 02 kilka słów o wyspie Zdjęcie satelitarne wyspy Lefkada, sąsiadujących z nią wysp oraz części regionu Akarnania Czwarta pod względem wielkości wyspa Morza Jońskiego jest N położona pomiędzy wyspami Korfu i Kefalonia. Wąski przesmyk, który został pogłębiony przez Koryncjan w połowie VII wieku p.n.e., oddziela wyspę od Akarnanii. Dostęp do niej jest jednak bardzo łatwy dzięki pływającemu mostowi łączącemu obydwa krańce przesmyku. Lefkada zawdzięcza swoją nazwę przylądkowi o nazwie Lefkatas położonemu na południowym krańcu wyspy. Cypel ten w starożytności nosił nazwę Biała Skała albo Biały Kraniec. LEFKADA Dwadzieścia cztery większe i mniejsze wyspy rozsiane są na morzu w niewielkiej odległości od siebie i składają się na prefekturę Lefkada.
    [Show full text]
  • Ionian Islands
    ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Ionian Islands Why Go? Corfu ............................. 479 The Ionian Islands (Τα Ιόνια Νησιά) stand apart from main- Paxi ...............................492 stream Greek life. With their cooler climate, abundant olive Antipaxi ........................495 groves, cypress trees and beautifully forested mountains, the Meganisi .......................500 Ionians are a lighter, greener version of Greece. The Vene- tians, French and British have shaped the architecture, cul- Kefallonia ...................... 501 ture and (excellent) cuisine, and the unique feel of Ionian Ithaki .............................509 life has been evoked from Homer to Durrell. Zakynthos......................512 Though the islands appear linked in a chain down the Kythira .......................... 518 west coast of mainlaind Greece (with the exception of Antikythira ....................523 Kythira, which sits at the southern tip of the Peloponnese), each has a distinct landscape and cultural history. Corfu Town combines Parisian-style arcades, Venetian alleyways and Italian-inspired delicacies. Kefallonia, Paxi and Ithaki Best Places to Eat preserve wild terrain and a relaxed feel. Lefkada has some » Vasilis (p 494 ) of the best beaches in Greece, if not the world. The Ionians » Casa Grec (p 505 ) off er something for adventure seekers, food lovers, culture vultures and beach bums alike. » Klimataria (p 490 ) » Tassia (p 509 ) » Paradise Beach (p 508 ) When to Go Corfu Town Best Places to °C/°F Temp Rainfall inches/mm Stay 40/104 0.79/20 30/86 » Emelisse Hotel (p 509 ) 0.39/15 » Niforos (p 506 ) 20/68 » Siorra Vittoria (p 484 ) 0.2/5 10/50 » Boschetto Hotel (p 497 ) 0/32 0 J FDNOSAJJMAM May Life is still Jul Escape the Sep Leaves quiet and the heat in the rest of change and the wildflowers are Greece and head harvest of robola abloom every- to its coolest grapes is happen- where.
    [Show full text]