DOCSLIB.ORG

Molecular Systematics of the Frog Genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Molecular Systematics of the Frog Genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) Zoology NEW SERIES, NO. 41 Molecular Systematics of the Frog Genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) Linda R. Maxson Department of Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois 61801 W. Ronald Heyer Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20560 A Contribution in Celebration of the Distinguished Scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday Accepted for publication February 10, 1986 February 29, 1988 Publication 1384 PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY O 1988 Field Museum of Natural History ISSN 001 5-0754 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Table of Contents List of Tables ABSTRACT............................... 1 1. Matrix of reciprocal immunological dis- INTRODUCTION........................... 1 tances among 10 species of Leptodactylus MATERIALSAND METHODS................ 2 ...................................... 3 RESULTSAND DISCUSSION................. 2 2. One-way immunological distances in the Reciprocal Reactions ................... 3 Leptodactylus melanonotus group ....... 5 Phylogenetic Considerations Based on Re- 3. One-way tests in the Leptodactylus ocel- ........................... 1 ciprocal Data ...................... 4 latus group 5 I One-way Reactions .................... 4 4. One-way tests in the Leptodactylus penta- 1 Divergence Times in Leptodactylus ...... 8 dactylus group ........................ 6 1 CONCLUSIONS............................ 9 5. One-way tests in the Leptodactylus fuscus j ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................... 10 group ................................ 7 j LITERATURECITED ....................... 10 6. One-way tests comparing Leptodactylus i APPENDIX............................... 12 riveroi and L. silvinambus to other species of Leptodactylus ............... 7 I . List of Illustrations 1. Phylogenetic relationships among mem- bers of the Leptodactylus pentadactylus group using L. labrosus as an outgroup ... 4 2. Histograms showing frequency of pair- wise immunological distance compari- sons indicative of lineages diverging in the indicated geological epochs ......... 8 Molecular Systematics of the Frog Genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia: Lep todactylidae) Abstract 1 I More than three-quartersof the described species eastern Brazil and Amazonia are specifically dis- of the frog genus Leptodactylus were sampled and tinct from L. ocellatus from southeastern Brazil I analyzed using the quantitative immunological and Uruguay. I j technique of micro-complement fixation. Eleven albumin antisera to representatives of the four de- ! scribed species groups in this genus were compared Introduction i to one another and to albumins of all available species of Leptodactylus. The Neotropical frog genus Leptodactylus con- 1 The results of this analysis indicated enormous sists of over 45 species. Comparative morpholog- I albumin differentiation within the genus, suggest- ical and behavioral data (Heyer, 1969, 1979, and 1 ing that most species of Leptodactylus have been other revisions cited therein) indicate that these F established since the Paleocene with modest spe- species divide into four lineages. To test this hy- I ciation occurring throughout the Eocene, Oligo- pothesis we have been gathering micro-comple- cene, and Miocene. No evidence for Pleistocene ment fixation (MC'F)data on albumin evolution I speciation has been found. among Leptodactylus species since 1974. We ini- The four species groups of Leptodactylus defined tially anticipated that a few representative species on morphological and behavioral criteria are not samples would establish a molecular framework as clearly defined by this biochemical analysis. Al- to determine the relationships among the major bumins of species within each of the L. pentadac- lineages within the genus. Our early results indi- l tylus, L. melanonotus, and L. ocellatus groups are cated that the problem of defining relationships 1 more similar to one another than to members of within Leptodactylus was more complex than an- other groups. However, there is little evidence of ticipated. It is only now that we have sufficient close relationships among those members of the data from MC'F analyses to evaluate the utility of . L. fuscus group available for study. Leptodactylus this approach for delineating relationships within 1 riveroi is not genetically close to any of the refer- the genus. Because of Robert F. Inger's interest in i ence species and appears to represent yet another frog systematics, we offer this summary, warts and 1 lineage in this genus. Leptodactylus silvinambus all, as a token of our appreciation for his influence 1 has its closest relatives among members of the L. on herpetology. pentadactylus species group. Our initial interest was to determine if MC'F There is considerable intraspecific albumin dif- analysis would indicate genetic groups that would ferentiation in Leptodactylus bolzvianus, L. fuscus, correlate with the species groupings determined L. pentadactylus, and L. podicipinus. Populations from other data sources. These species groups and sometimes referred to as L. ocellatus from north- their key diagnostic features are: MAXSON & HEYER: MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS OF LEPTODACTYLUS 1 1. The Leptodactylus melanonotus species group determining if albumin data would (3) shed light (5 species) on the relationships of L. riveroi and silvinambus a. Toes fringed to other members of the genus. b. Males with thumb spines, no chest spines c. No dorsolateral folds d. Eggs laid in foamy mass on top of water e. Larvae uniformly dark, labial toothrow anterior to beak entire Materials and Methods 2. The Leptodactylusocellatus species group (4- 6 species) The quantitative immunological technique of a. Toes fringed MC'F was used to compare albumins of the frogs b. Males with thumb spines, no chest spines of the genus Leptodactylus. Albumins were ob- c. Dorsolateral folds present tained from blood and phenoxyethanol extracts of d. Eggs laid in foamy mass on top of water muscle from most described species of Leptodac- e. Larvae uniformly dark, labial toothrow tylus. Antisera were prepared to purified albumins anterior to beak entire of 11 species, representing the four major de- 3. The Leptodactylus pentadactylus species scribed species groups: melanonotus group-L. group (1 1 species) podicipinus; ocellatus group-L. ocellatus, L. bo- a. Toes ridged in juveniles, free in adults livianus; pentadactylus group-L. pentadactylus, b. Males usually with thumb and chest spines L. fallax, L. jlavopictus, L. labyrinthicus, L. lati- c. Dorsolateral folds usually present ceps; fuscus group-L. fuscus, L. labrosus, L. no- d. Eggs laid in foamy mass on top of water toaktites. Collection and voucher information on e. Larvae mottled, labial toothrow anterior all specimens used in this study are indicated in to beak divided the Appendix. Some of the antisera used in this 4. The Leptodactylus fuscus species group (at study have been described earlier (Heyer & Max- least 23 species) son, 1982a,b; Maxson & Heyer, 1982). a. No fringes on toes All antisera were prepared and all MC'F analyses b. Males without thumb or chest spines were carried out according to established proce- c. Dorsolateral folds usually present dures (Maxson et al., 1979; Champion et al., 1974). d. Eggs laid in foamy mass in an under- Data are reported as immunological distance (ID) ground terrestrial incubating chamber units (IDW) which, for albumin, represent amino e. Larvae mottled, labial toothrow anterior acid differences in the two albumins being com- to beak divided. pared (Wilson et al., 1977; Benjamin et al., 1984). The mean rate of albumin evolution is such that Since these groups were initially defined (Heyer, 100 IDU accumulate for every 55-60 million years 1969), two species have been described that are that two lineages have been reproductively iso- intermediate. Leptodactylus riveroi is very similar lated from one another (Wilson et al., 1977). in overall appearance to L. wagneri, a L. mela- nonotus group member, but has a pair of dorso- lateral folds, as found in the L. ocellatus group. The call of L. riveroi is distinctive and unlike that of any other Leptodactylus species (Heyer & Py- Results and Discussion burn, 1983). Leptodactylus silvinambus, when de- scribed (McCranie et al., 1980), was associated The average titer (and slope) of the 11 antisera with the L. pentadactylus group by default, as it is 3600 (and 390). Although the averages are typ- was clearly distinct from members of the other ical of previous MC'F studies of albumin evolution three species groups. However, L. silvinambus is in vertebrates, three antisera had exceptionally low morphologically distinct from all other members titers of 1100 (L. fallax) and 1300 (L. laticeps, L. of the pentadactylus group. In addition to deter- pentadactylus). These low titers make it techni- mining whether MC'F analysis of Leptodactylus al- cally difficult to use these antisera, particularly at bumins would (1) substantiate the species groups IDS greater than 50 units. The remaining eight anti- summarized above, and (2) elucidate relationships sera had an average titer of 4500 and an average among the species groups, we were interested in slope of 390. FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Matrix of reciprocal immunological distances (ID) among 10 species of Leptodactylus. ID measured with antisera to albumins ok Antigens fallax (FA) Jlavopictus (FL) labyrinthicus (LB) pentadactylus (PT) bolivianus (BO) ocellatus
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Water Diversion in Brazil Threatens Biodiversit
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332470352 Water diversion in Brazil threatens biodiversity Article in AMBIO A Journal of the Human Environment · April 2019 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01189-8 CITATIONS READS 0 992 12 authors, including: Vanessa Daga Valter Monteiro de Azevedo-Santos Universidade Federal do Paraná 34 PUBLICATIONS 374 CITATIONS 17 PUBLICATIONS 248 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Fernando Pelicice Philip Fearnside Universidade Federal de Tocantins Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia 68 PUBLICATIONS 2,890 CITATIONS 612 PUBLICATIONS 20,906 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Freshwater microscrustaceans from continental Ecuador and Galápagos Islands: Integrative taxonomy and ecology View project Conservation policy View project All content following this page was uploaded by Philip Fearnside on 11 May 2019. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. The text that follows is a PREPRINT. O texto que segue é um PREPRINT. Please cite as: Favor citar como: Daga, Vanessa S.; Valter M. Azevedo- Santos, Fernando M. Pelicice, Philip M. Fearnside, Gilmar Perbiche-Neves, Lucas R. P. Paschoal, Daniel C. Cavallari, José Erickson, Ana M. C. Ruocco, Igor Oliveira, André A. Padial & Jean R. S. Vitule. 2019. Water diversion in Brazil threatens biodiversity: Potential problems and alternatives. Ambio https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019- 01189-8 . (online version published 27 April 2019) ISSN: 0044-7447 (print version) ISSN: 1654-7209 (electronic version) Copyright: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences & Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of the Amphibians of Venezuela: Illustrated and Annotated Species List, Distribution, and Conservation 1,2César L
    Mannophryne vulcano, Male carrying tadpoles. El Ávila (Parque Nacional Guairarepano), Distrito Federal. Photo: Jose Vieira. We want to dedicate this work to some outstanding individuals who encouraged us, directly or indirectly, and are no longer with us. They were colleagues and close friends, and their friendship will remain for years to come. César Molina Rodríguez (1960–2015) Erik Arrieta Márquez (1978–2008) Jose Ayarzagüena Sanz (1952–2011) Saúl Gutiérrez Eljuri (1960–2012) Juan Rivero (1923–2014) Luis Scott (1948–2011) Marco Natera Mumaw (1972–2010) Official journal website: Amphibian & Reptile Conservation amphibian-reptile-conservation.org 13(1) [Special Section]: 1–198 (e180). Catalogue of the amphibians of Venezuela: Illustrated and annotated species list, distribution, and conservation 1,2César L. Barrio-Amorós, 3,4Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic, and 5J. Celsa Señaris 1Fundación AndígenA, Apartado Postal 210, Mérida, VENEZUELA 2Current address: Doc Frog Expeditions, Uvita de Osa, COSTA RICA 3Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, Apartado Postal 1930, Caracas 1010-A, VENEZUELA 4Current address: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Río Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619–900, BRAZIL 5Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Altos de Pipe, apartado 20632, Caracas 1020, VENEZUELA Abstract.—Presented is an annotated checklist of the amphibians of Venezuela, current as of December 2018. The last comprehensive list (Barrio-Amorós 2009c) included a total of 333 species, while the current catalogue lists 387 species (370 anurans, 10 caecilians, and seven salamanders), including 28 species not yet described or properly identified. Fifty species and four genera are added to the previous list, 25 species are deleted, and 47 experienced nomenclatural changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Diversity and Conservation Status of Amphibians in Madre De Dios, Southern Peru
    Herpetological Conservation and Biology 4(1):14-29 Submitted: 18 December 2007; Accepted: 4 August 2008 SPECIES DIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF AMPHIBIANS IN MADRE DE DIOS, SOUTHERN PERU 1,2 3 4,5 RUDOLF VON MAY , KAREN SIU-TING , JENNIFER M. JACOBS , MARGARITA MEDINA- 3 6 3,7 1 MÜLLER , GIUSEPPE GAGLIARDI , LILY O. RODRÍGUEZ , AND MAUREEN A. DONNELLY 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE-167, Miami, Florida 33199, USA 2 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 3 Departamento de Herpetología, Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Avenida Arenales 1256, Lima 11, Perú 4 Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California 94132, USA 5 Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118, USA 6 Departamento de Herpetología, Museo de Zoología de la Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Pebas 5ta cuadra, Iquitos, Perú 7 Programa de Desarrollo Rural Sostenible, Cooperación Técnica Alemana – GTZ, Calle Diecisiete 355, Lima 27, Perú ABSTRACT.—This study focuses on amphibian species diversity in the lowland Amazonian rainforest of southern Peru, and on the importance of protected and non-protected areas for maintaining amphibian assemblages in this region. We compared species lists from nine sites in the Madre de Dios region, five of which are in nationally recognized protected areas and four are outside the country’s protected area system. Los Amigos, occurring outside the protected area system, is the most species-rich locality included in our comparison.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Adaptation of Amphibians in Tropical Mountains
    Thermal adaptation of amphibians in tropical mountains. Consequences of global warming Adaptaciones térmicas de anfibios en montañas tropicales: consecuencias del calentamiento global Adaptacions tèrmiques d'amfibis en muntanyes tropicals: conseqüències de l'escalfament global Pol Pintanel Costa ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) y a través del Repositorio Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia.
    [Show full text]
  • Etar a Área De Distribuição Geográfica De Anfíbios Na Amazônia
    Universidade Federal do Amapá Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical Mestrado e Doutorado UNIFAP / EMBRAPA-AP / IEPA / CI-Brasil YURI BRENO DA SILVA E SILVA COMO A EXPANSÃO DE HIDRELÉTRICAS, PERDA FLORESTAL E MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS AMEAÇAM A ÁREA DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ANFÍBIOS NA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA MACAPÁ, AP 2017 YURI BRENO DA SILVA E SILVA COMO A EXPANSÃO DE HIDRE LÉTRICAS, PERDA FLORESTAL E MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS AMEAÇAM A ÁREA DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ANFÍBIOS NA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical (PPGBIO) da Universidade Federal do Amapá, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Biodiversidade Tropical. Orientador: Dra. Fernanda Michalski Co-Orientador: Dr. Rafael Loyola MACAPÁ, AP 2017 YURI BRENO DA SILVA E SILVA COMO A EXPANSÃO DE HIDRELÉTRICAS, PERDA FLORESTAL E MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS AMEAÇAM A ÁREA DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ANFÍBIOS NA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA _________________________________________ Dra. Fernanda Michalski Universidade Federal do Amapá (UNIFAP) _________________________________________ Dr. Rafael Loyola Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) ____________________________________________ Alexandro Cezar Florentino Universidade Federal do Amapá (UNIFAP) ____________________________________________ Admilson Moreira Torres Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá (IEPA) Aprovada em de de , Macapá, AP, Brasil À minha família, meus amigos, meu amor e ao meu pequeno Sebastião. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a CAPES pela conceção de uma bolsa durante os dois anos de mestrado, ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical (PPGBio) pelo apoio logístico durante a pesquisa realizada. Obrigado aos professores do PPGBio por todo o conhecimento compartilhado. Agradeço aos Doutores, membros da banca avaliadora, pelas críticas e contribuições construtivas ao trabalho.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Assessment of Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis in Amphibian Populations in the Kanuku Mountains Protected Area of Guyana AMBER H
    RESEARCH ARTICLE The Herpetological Bulletin 146, 2018: 18-24 The first assessment of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibian populations in the Kanuku Mountains Protected Area of Guyana AMBER H. MATHIE1, CRINAN JARRETT1, LEO JHAVERI1, PAUL A. HOSKISSON2 & J. ROGER DOWNIE1 1Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK 2Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow Scotland, UK Corresponding author Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT - Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a fungal pathogen threatening hundreds of amphibian species with extinction across the globe, especially in Latin America. Extensive investigations have revealed the presence of Bd in many South American countries, but there has been a lack of such research conducted in Guyana. We assessed the presence of Bd in the amphibian populations of the Kanuku Mountains Protected Area, in the south-west of the country. We swabbed two hundred and fifty anurans and processed the samples using standard Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis to identify cutaneous presence of Bd, making this the most comprehensive investigation into the existence of Bd in Guyana. All samples were negative for the presence of Bd DNA. Given the presence of Bd in countries neighbouring Guyana, and the severe declines it has caused in amphibian populations, we consider Guyana to be under severe threat. We advocate further surveillance in Guyana to fully determine the presence or absence of Bd, and we emphasise the importance of biosecurity and monitoring in mitigating a potential outbreak of this fungal pathogen. INTRODUCTION across the continent.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009-2012 Version Available for Download From
    Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009-2012 version Available for download from http://www.ramsar.org/ris/key_ris_index.htm. Categories approved by Recommendation 4.7 (1990), as amended by Resolution VIII.13 of the 8th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2002) and Resolutions IX.1 Annex B, IX.6, IX.21 and IX. 22 of the 9th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2005). Notes for compilers: 1. The RIS should be completed in accordance with the attached Explanatory Notes and Guidelines for completing the Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands. Compilers are strongly advised to read this guidance before filling in the RIS. 2. Further information and guidance in support of Ramsar site designations are provided in the Strategic Framework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Wise Use Handbook 14, 3rd edition). A 4th edition of the Handbook is in preparation and will be available in 2009. 3. Once completed, the RIS (and accompanying map(s)) should be submitted to the Ramsar Secretariat. Compilers should provide an electronic (MS Word) copy of the RIS and, where possible, digital copies of all maps. 1. Name and address of the compiler of this form: FOR OFFICE USE ONLY. DD MM YY Beatriz de Aquino Ribeiro - Bióloga - Analista Ambiental / [email protected], (95) Designation date Site Reference Number 99136-0940. Antonio Lisboa - Geógrafo - MSc. Biogeografia - Analista Ambiental / [email protected], (95) 99137-1192. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade - ICMBio Rua Alfredo Cruz, 283, Centro, Boa Vista -RR. CEP: 69.301-140 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Functions of Neotropical Amphibians and Reptiles: a Review
    Univ. Sci. 2015, Vol. 20 (2): 229-245 doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.SC20-2.efna Freely available on line REVIEW ARTICLE Ecological functions of neotropical amphibians and reptiles: a review Cortés-Gomez AM1, Ruiz-Agudelo CA2 , Valencia-Aguilar A3, Ladle RJ4 Abstract Amphibians and reptiles (herps) are the most abundant and diverse vertebrate taxa in tropical ecosystems. Nevertheless, little is known about their role in maintaining and regulating ecosystem functions and, by extension, their potential value for supporting ecosystem services. Here, we review research on the ecological functions of Neotropical herps, in different sources (the bibliographic databases, book chapters, etc.). A total of 167 Neotropical herpetology studies published over the last four decades (1970 to 2014) were reviewed, providing information on more than 100 species that contribute to at least five categories of ecological functions: i) nutrient cycling; ii) bioturbation; iii) pollination; iv) seed dispersal, and; v) energy flow through ecosystems. We emphasize the need to expand the knowledge about ecological functions in Neotropical ecosystems and the mechanisms behind these, through the study of functional traits and analysis of ecological processes. Many of these functions provide key ecosystem services, such as biological pest control, seed dispersal and water quality. By knowing and understanding the functions that perform the herps in ecosystems, management plans for cultural landscapes, restoration or recovery projects of landscapes that involve aquatic and terrestrial systems, development of comprehensive plans and detailed conservation of species and ecosystems may be structured in a more appropriate way. Besides information gaps identified in this review, this contribution explores these issues in terms of better understanding of key questions in the study of ecosystem services and biodiversity and, also, of how these services are generated.
    [Show full text]
  • Lizard Diversity in Response to Human-Induced Disturbance in Andean Ecuador
    Lizard diversity in response to human-induced disturbance in Andean Ecuador BRYONY A. TOLHURST1, , VANESSA AGUIRRE PEÑAFIEL2, PAOLA MAFLA-ENDARA2, MAUREEN J. BERG¹ , MIKA R. PECK³, AND SIMON T. MADDOCK 4 5 1 Behaviour Biodiversity Ecology and Conservation (BBEC) Research Group, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Lewes Road, Brighton, Sussex, BN2 4GJ, UK. Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ² Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador. ³ School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. 4 Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, UK. 5 Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK. Abstract. The cloud-forests of the Western Ecuadorean Andes are highly diverse and under threat from anthropogenic habitat disturbance. Reptiles are sensitive to habitat change and are therefore useful indicators of ecosystem state, although effects vary. Overall diversity has been shown to be highest in old-growth (primary) forest however recent studies suggest that older secondary forests can recover to near pre-disturbance levels. We systematically surveyed leaf-litter lizard diversity along a gradient of disturbance in a montane cloud-forest fragment whilst controlling for the potentially confounding effect of elevation. We deployed 21 pitfall trap-lines equally between primary forest, secondary forest of mid-age (18-30 years), and agroforestry, between three altitudinal bands, for ten days each, over a period of three years. 1 We investigated diversity patterns using Chao 1 and 2 indices (estimated richness), effective species number (ESN), relative abundance of individual species, relative abundance of pooled species, and observed species richness. We also conducted an opportunistic inventory of reptile species.
    [Show full text]
  • Or Exotrophic): a Larva That Feeds on Various Materials Not Parentally Derived, Or Trophic Eggs Provided by the Mother
    Exotroph (or exotrophic): a larva that feeds on various materials not parentally derived, or trophic eggs provided by the mother. Explosive breeder: a species that breeds in a very short period (see explosive breeding). Explosive breeding: when all animals of a population congregate and breed in a very short period. Family: a taxonomic category of related organisms ranking below an order and above a genus. Fibulare: the bone or cartilage of the tarsus that articulates with the fibula, which is the outer of the two bones of the hindlimb. Filament: a slender tip of the tail in some tadpoles. Firmisternal pectoral girdle: an anuran pectoral girdle in which the epicoracoid cartilages are fused along the midline. Fossorial: adapted to live underground. Also an ecomorphological guild that includes lotic, fusiform tadpoles that inhabit leaf mats in slow water areas. Frontal bones: cranial bones lying between the orbits and the parietal bones. Usually paired, but may fuse to form a single frontal bone, or fuse with the parietal bones to form a single frontoparietal bone. Frontoparietal bones: cranial bones consisting of the fused frontal and parietal bones. May be paired or fused in a single frontoparietal bone. Ganglion (pl. ganglia): an encapsulated neural structure consisting of a collection of cell bodies or neurons. Gastromyzophorous: an ecomorphological guild that includes lotic tadpoles that have the belly modified in a ventral sucker. Genus (pl. genera): a taxonomic category of related organisms ranking below a family and above a species. Gill: respiratory organ of aquatic organisms that breathe oxygen dissolved in water. Gill slit: one of a series of slitlike openings by which the water from the gill is discharged.
    [Show full text]
  • The. Cailò of IS Òpec-Uò O{ Amazonian Foacit Fnogò Meae
    VOCALIZATIONS OF PRIMARY FOREST FROG SPECIES IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON. Barbara L. Zimmerman (*) James P. Bogart (*) SUMMARY The. cailò of IS òpec-Uò o{ Amazonian foAcit fnogò meAe AecoAded in 3 (oca&itiu • the Tapa jo* national Ycuik nea'i ttaituba, the ReseAva Vuclze ne.aA Manam, and the IWPA- WWF AeAeAve,* neon. Manaai. StA.uctiLA.ai and time paA.ame,teAJ> and òonogAaphò of theòe caí ti including pAe,vl.ouòlif uyideòctúbe.d ν υ catiza.ti.on bij 10 *>pecÁeò ane presented. Untike. open habitat t>peci,ei>, òeveAaí foAeòt f/iog òpecicí ckahactzbÁÁ catty demo nitrated one on mole of the following temporal paran\eteAi, ·. veAij tow call AateA, òpo/iadic interval&, infre­ quent nigtitò ôf calling and Mtnchhonlze.á chohuAing. ít: i.t> hupotheòized that p-'izdaxlon kcu> influenced the. evolution of vocal behaviour in Amazonian foACit foogò. INTRODUCTION Frogs have been collected in the Amazon by naturalists for more than a century . In recent times, Lutz & Kloss (1952), Heyer (1976; 1977), Crombie (1979) and Hodl & Zimmerman (in preparation) have collected frogs extensively in the Brazilian Amazon The taxonomy of many species of Amazonian frogs is known, although the geoqraph í ca 1 dis_ tribution of several species is less well known. Also, the calls of only a few Central Amazonian species have been completely described. Calls of some Amazonian frogs speci• es were analyzed spectrographica 11γ by Duellman (1970; 1978) (mainly hy1 ids); Schlu - ter (1979; )980) (hylids and microhy1 ids); Heyer (1978; 1979) and Straughan & Heyer (1976) (leptodactylids). Hodl (1977) analysed the calls of 17 species of Central Ama• zonian floating meadow frogs (mostly hylids).
    [Show full text]
  • AMPHIBIA: ANURA: LEPTODACTYLIDAE Leptodactylus Cunicularius
    845.1 AMPHIBIA: ANURA: LEPTODACTYLIDAE Leptodactylus cunicularius Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Heyer, W.R., M.M. Heyer, and R.O. de Sá. 2008. Leptodactylus cunicularius. Leptodactylus cunicularius Sazima and Bokermann Rabbit-burrow Frog Leptodactylus cunicularius Sazima and Bokermann 1978:904. Type-locality, “Km 114/115 da Estrada de Vespasiano a Conceição do Mato Dentro, Serra do Cipó, Jaboticatubas, Minas Gerais, Brasil.” Holotype, Museu de Zoologia da Univer- sidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) 73685, formerly WCAB 48000, adult male, collected by W.C.A. FIGURE 1. Adult female Leptodactylus cunicularius from Bokermann and I. Sazima on 13 December 1973 Minas Gerais; Poços de Caldas, Brazil. Photograph by Adão (examined by WRH). J. Cardoso. Leptodactylus cunucularius: Glaw et al. 2000:225. Lapsus. Leptodactylus curicularius: Diniz-Filho et al. 2004:50. Lapsus • CONTENT. The species is monotypic. • DEFINITION. Adult Leptodactylus cunicularius are FIGURE 2. Tadpole of Leptodactylus cunicularius (MZUSP moderately small. The head is longer than wide and 80212), Gosner stage 37. Bar = 1 cm. the hind limbs are long (Table 1; Heyer and Thomp- son 2000 provided definitions of adult size and leg length categories for Leptodactylus). Male vocal sacs are internal, not externally expanded. The snout is protruding, not sexually dimorphic. Male forearms are not hypertrophied and males lack asperities on the thumbs and chest. The dorsum is variegated with small, often confluent, spots and blotches. There is a very thin interrupted mid-dorsal light stripe (pinstripe). Usually, there is a noticeable light, irregular, elongate, FIGURE 3. Oral disk of Leptodactylus cunicularius (MZUSP mid-dorsal blotch in the scapular region.
    [Show full text]