1 UNIVERSITY OF I1L1NOIS LIBRAR" AT SSS5-CHAMPAWM BIOLOGY APR 91992 oology W SERIES, NO. 41 olecular Systematics of the Frog Genus Leptodaetylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) Linda R. Maxson I19BB W. Ronald Heyer biology i\mm 101 BURWLL HALl A Contribution in Celebration of the Distinguished Scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday 29, 1988 "'blication 1384 BLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Information for Contributors to Fieldiana General: Fieldiana is primarily a journal for Field Museum staff members and research associates, although manuscripts from nonaffiliated authors may be considered as space permits. The Journal carries a page charge of $65 research and invited authors will con- per printed page or fraction thereof. Contributions from staff, associates, be publication regardless of ability to pay page charges, but the full charge is mandatory for nonaffiliated I auth< cited manuscripts. 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Ronald Heyer Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC. 20560 A Contribution in Celebration of the Distinguished Scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday Accepted for publication February 10, 1986 February 29, 1988 Publication 1384 PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY © 1988 Field Museum of Natural History ISSN 0015-0754 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Table of Contents List of Tables Abstract 1 1. Matrix of reciprocal immunological dis- Introduction 1 tances among 1 species of Leptodactylus Materials and Methods 2 3 Results and Discussion 2 2. One-way immunological distances in the Reciprocal Reactions 3 Leptodactylus melanonotus group 5 Phylogenetic Considerations Based on Re- 3. One-way tests in the Leptodactylus ocel- ciprocal Data 4 latus group 5 One-Way Reactions 4 4. One-way tests in the Leptodactylus penta- Divergence Times in Leptodactylus 8 dactylus group 6 Conclusions 9 5. One-way tests in the Leptodactylus fuscus Acknowledgments 10 group 7 Literature Cited 10 6. One-way tests comparing Leptodactylus Appendix 12 riveroi and L. silvinambus to other species of Leptodactylus 7 List of Illustrations Phylogenetic relationships among mem- bers of the Leptodactylus pentadactylus group using L. labrosus as an outgroup Histograms showing frequency of pair- wise immunological distance compari- sons indicative of lineages diverging in the indicated geological epochs ui Molecular Systematics of the Frog Genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) Abstract More than three-quarters of the described species eastern Brazil and Amazonia are specifically dis- of the frog genus Leptodactylus were sampled and tinct from L. ocellatus from southeastern Brazil analyzed using the quantitative immunological and Uruguay. technique of micro-complement fixation. Eleven albumin antisera to representatives of the four de- scribed species groups in this genus were compared Introduction to one another and to albumins of all available species of Leptodactylus. The Neotropical frog genus Leptodactylus con- The results of this analysis indicated enormous sists of over 45 species. Comparative morpholog- albumin differentiation within the genus, suggest- ical and behavioral data (Heyer, 1969, 1979, and ing that most species of Leptodactylus have been other revisions cited therein) indicate that these established since the Paleocene with modest spe- species divide into four lineages. To test this hy- ciation occurring throughout the Eocene, Oligo- pothesis we have been gathering micro-comple- cene, and Miocene. No evidence for Pleistocene ment fixation (mc'f) data on albumin evolution speciation has been found. among Leptodactylus species since 1974. We ini- The four species groups of Leptodactylus defined tially anticipated that a few representative species on morphological and behavioral criteria are not samples would establish a molecular framework as clearly defined by this biochemical analysis. Al- to determine the relationships among the major bumins of species within each of the L. pentadac- lineages within the genus. Our early results indi- tylus, L. melanonotus, and L. ocellatus groups are cated that the problem of defining relationships more similar to one another than to members of within Leptodactylus was more complex than an- other groups. However, there is little evidence of ticipated. It is only now that we have sufficient close relationships among those members of the data from mc'f analyses to evaluate the utility of L. fuscus group available for study. Leptodactylus this approach for delineating relationships within riveroi is not genetically close to any of the refer- the genus. Because of Robert F. Inger's interest in ence species and appears to represent yet another frog systematics, we offer this summary, warts and lineage in this genus. Leptodactylus silvinambus all, as a token of our appreciation for his influence has its closest relatives among members of the L.