Historic Store Context Burke, Caldwell, Cleveland, Mcdowell, and Rutherford Counties
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HISTORIC ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES sURVEY REPORT Historic Store Context Burke, Caldwell, Cleveland, McDowell, and Rutherford Counties Mitigation for the Widening of Enola Road (SR 1922/1924) in Morganton, Burke County North Carolina Department of Transportation TIP No. U-2551 WBS No. 34832 FA No. STP-1922 (1) Prepared for: Human Environment Section North Carolina Department of Transportation 1598 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1598 PrePared by: HeatHer FearnbacH • FearnbacH History services, inc. 3334 nottingHam road • Winston-salem, NC 27104 • aPril 2012 Cover photos taken by Heather Fearnbach, 2011 (top row, from left) H. D. Leonhardt Store, Morganton, Burke County; Okey B. Biggerstaff General Store, Bostic, Rutherford County; Littlejohn Rock Store, Lenoir vicinity, Caldwell County (bottom row, from left) W. P. Crow Store, Hollis vicinity, Rutherford County; Tilley Store, Drexel vicinity, Burke County; Mull Store, Morganton, Burke County Report © 2012 by Heather Fearnbach All rights reserved HISTORIC ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY REPORT Historic Store Context Burke, Caldwell, Cleveland, McDowell, and Rutherford Counties Mitigation for the Widening of Enola Road (SR 1922/1924) in Morganton, Burke County North Carolina Department of Transportation TIP No. U-2551 WBS No. 34832 FA No. STP-1922 (1) Prepared for: Human Environment Section North Carolina Department of Transportation 1598 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1598 Prepared by: Fearnbach History Services, Inc. 3334 Nottingham Road Winston-Salem, NC 27104 Acme Preservation Services, LLC 825C Merrimon Avenue, #345 Asheville, NC 28804 April 2012 _____________________________________________________________________________ Heather Fearnbach, Principal Investigator Date Fearnbach History Services, Inc. _____________________________________________________________________________ Mary Pope Furr, Supervisor Date Historic Architecture Group North Carolina Department of Transportation I-40/I-77 Interchange Improvements Mitigation for the Widening of Enola Road (SR 1922/1924) in Morganton Burke County North Carolina Department of Transportation TIP No. U-2551 WBS No. 34832 FA No. STP-1922 (1) MANAGEMENT SUMMARY The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) determined that the widening of Enola Road (SR 1922/SR 1924) in Burke County, North Carolina will have an effect upon the Broughton Hospital Historic District and U. S. B. Dale’s Market, properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1987. Three additional resources—the Broughton Hospital Historic District Expansion, the Dale’s home adjacent to the store, and Mull’s Grocery and the proprietor’s house— were determined eligible for listing in the NRHP based upon Mattson, Alexander and Associates, Inc.’s 2002 architectural survey report for the road widening project. These properties will also be impacted by the proposed undertaking. NCDOT contracted with Fearnbach History Services, Inc. (FHS) and Acme Preservation Services, LLC (APS) to carry out a three-part project. The first task entailed photographing the existing conditions of the Broughton Hospital Historic District, District Expansion, Dale’s Market and House, and Mull’s Grocery and House. Architectural historian Heather Fearnbach completed the photography in accordance with the Historic Structures and Landscape Recordation Plan provided by NCDOT and submitted the required photographs and maps in July 2011. The second assignment was to undertake reconnaissance-level architectural survey of historic stores in northern Rutherford County and the southeastern portions of Burke and McDowell counties (outside of the Pisgah National Forest). NCDOT selected the study area based upon similarities in topography, settlement history, and architectural patterns. The third charge entailed the creation of a historic and architectural context for rural general stores in the study area that provides guidance for evaluating similar resources throughout the region. This report summarizes the survey findings and provides the required general store context. Architectural historian Heather Fearnbach embarked on the fieldwork in July 2011, photographing comparable properties and interviewing property owners, knowledgeable local residents, and community historians who graciously shared background information and facilitated access to resources. This project would not have been possible without their assistance. The principal investigator conducted research at the Burke County Public Library in Morganton, the McDowell County Public Library in Marion, the Mooneyham Public Library in Forest City, the Rutherford County Library in Spindale, the Z. Smith Reynolds Library at Wake Forest University, the Forsyth County Public Library in Winston-Salem, and the State Library of North Carolina in Raleigh. The Burke, Rutherford, and Cleveland County architectural survey publications and the associated files at the Western Office of Archives and History in Asheville supplied architectural context. TIP No. U-2551, Mitigation for the Widening of Enola Road in Morganton, Burke County 1 Fearnbach History Services, Inc. and Acme Preservation Services, LLC / April 2012 Ms. Fearnbach completed North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office (HPO) database forms for each surveyed store and authored the report. Michael T. Southern, Senior Architectural Historian and GIS Coordinator at the HPO, created the map that illustrates the relative locations of the surveyed stores and provided assistance with database manipulation. FHS and APS conducted the survey and prepared this report in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Technical Advisory T 6640.8A (Guidance for Preparing and Processing Environmental and Section 4(f) Documents); the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archaeological and Historic Preservation (48 FR 44716); 36 CFR Part 60; 36 CFR Part 800; and the NCDOT document entitled Historic Architectural Resources: Survey Procedures and Report Guidelines (2003). The report meets FHWA, NCDOT, and National Park Service guidelines. TIP No. U-2551, Mitigation for the Widening of Enola Road in Morganton, Burke County 2 Fearnbach History Services, Inc. and Acme Preservation Services, LLC / April 2012 Map illustrating the relative locations of surveyed stores created by Michael T. Southern, Senior Architectural Historian and GIS Coordinator, North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office, February 2012 TIP No. U-2551, Mitigation for the Widening of Enola Road in Morganton, Burke County 3 Fearnbach History Services, Inc. and Acme Preservation Services, LLC / April 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Methodology: Reconnaissance-level Historic Store Survey 5 II. Rural General Stores: Historical Background 6 III. Surveyed Rural General Store Inventory Burke County 11 Caldwell County 48 Cleveland County 49 McDowell County 51 Rutherford County 57 IV. Rural General Stores: Architectural Context 71 Security 78 Signage 81 V. National Register of Historic Places Eligibility Guidelines 84 VI. Bibliography 86 Appendix A. Surveyed General Store List by County and Survey Site Number A-1 Appendix B. Professional Qualifications B-1 TIP No. U-2551, Mitigation for the Widening of Enola Road in Morganton, Burke County 4 Fearnbach History Services, Inc. and Acme Preservation Services, LLC / April 2012 I. Methodology: Reconnaissance-level Historic Store Survey NCDOT contracted with Fearnbach History Services, Inc. (FHS) and Acme Preservation Services, LLC (APS) to undertake a reconnaissance-level architectural survey of historic stores in northern Rutherford County and the southeastern portions of Burke and McDowell counties (outside of the Pisgah National Forest). The principal investigator also documented one newly-identified Caldwell County store and two previously-surveyed Cleveland County commercial buildings as she encountered them in the process of traveling to the study area and they serve as excellent examples of the property type. The survey’s goal was to identify a representative sample of rural general stores erected from the late-nineteenth through the mid-twentieth centuries in order to provide historical and architectural context for the two such properties that will be impacted by the Enola Road widening. As with all architectural surveys, it was not possible to document every historic rural commercial building, but the principal investigator included fifty-four resources that possess architectural or historical significance. Principal investigator Heather Fearnbach conducted the fieldwork from July to December 2011, traveling secondary roads and highways to locate stores outside of town limits that merited investigation. She used USGS maps illustrating historic property distribution on file at the HPO to guide the survey. These maps and queries of the HPO’s historic resource database revealed that only a few rural general stores within the study area had been previously documented in county-wide architectural surveys. Haynes Store #1, erected to serve Cliffside Cotton Mill employees in southeastern Rutherford County, is the only rural store in the three-county region included on North Carolina Study List. The building is not addressed in this report as it is outside of the study area and was constructed as part of a mill village. Mull’s Grocery, located a few miles south of Dale’s Market, was determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) based upon Mattson, Alexander and Associates, Inc.’s 2002 architectural