Fisheries and Wildlife Management Plan

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Fisheries and Wildlife Management Plan FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT PLAN for the CATAWBA RIVER BASIN Douglas A. Besler Lawrence G. Dorsey Kinnon B. Hodges Kevin J. Hining Winthrop E. Taylor Robert J. Brown Mallory G. Martin Fisheries Biologists North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission July 2004 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………... 4 I. SCOPE OF PLAN………………………………………………………………………….. 5 II. RESOURCE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES………………………………………………. 5 A. AQUATIC HABITATS……………………………………………………………………… 5 1. Habitat Fragmentation…………………………………………………………………… 5 2. Diadromous Fish Passage ……………………………………………………………….. 5 3. Coldwater Streams………………………………………………………………………. 6 4. Brook Trout Management……………………………………………………………….. 6 5. Upper Catawba River……………………………………………………………………. 7 6. Linville River……………………………………………………………………………. 7 7. North Fork Catawba River………………………………………………………………. 7 8. Cool- and Warmwater Streams………………………………………………………….. 7 9. Lake James Reservoir…………………………………………………………………… 8 10. Lake James Tailwater and Catawba River Bypass……………………………………… 8 11. Johns River………………………………………………………………………………. 9 12. Lake Rhodhiss……………………………………………………………………………. 9 13. Lake Hickory…………………………………………………………………………….. 10 14. Oxford Tailwater…………………………………………………………………………. 10 15. Lookout Shoals Reservoir………………………………………………………………... 10 16. Lake Norman…………………………………………………………………………….. 11 17. South Fork Catawba River……………………………………………………………….. 12 18. Mountain Island Lake……………………………………………………………………. 12 19. Lake Wylie……………………………………………………………………………….. 12 20. Nonnative Aquatic Vegetation…………………………………………………………… 13 21. Reservoir Shoreline Management………………………………………………………... 13 22. Exotic Species Management……………………………………………………………... 13 23. Stream Water Quality Ratings……………………………………………………………. 13 24. Aquatic Habitat Protection……………………………………………………………….. 14 25. Stream Restoration Activities……………………………………………………………. 14 B. TERRESTRIAL HABITATS………………………………………………………………... 14 III. DESCRIPTION OF AREA………………………………………………………………… 18 A. GEOMORPHOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY……………………………………………….. 18 B. LIMNOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………….. 19 C. HABITAT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 21 D. BIOTA………………………………………………………………………………………... 22 E. HUMAN USE………………………………………………………………………………… 23 IV. PAST AND PRESENT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT……………… 34 A. SAMPLING RESULTS………………………………………………………………………. 34 B. REGULATIONS……………………………………………………………………………… 37 C. FISH STOCKING AND WILDLIFE RESTORATION……………………………………... 37 D. HABITAT MANAGEMENT………………………………………………………………… 39 E. INFORMATION GAPS……………………………………………………………………… 39 V. LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………………… 42 3 Table of Contents continued. Page APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………………… 45 A-1. Bibliography of Noncited Published Reports……………………………………………... 45 A-2. Bibliography of Noncited Unpublished Data Summaries…………………………………. 51 B-1. List of Data Collection Surveys on Streams……………………………………………….. 55 B-2. List of Brook Trout Populations…………………………………………………………… 60 B-3. List of Data Collection Surveys on Reservoirs…………………………………………….. 61 C-1. Fishing Regulations for Trout Waters……………………………………………………… 64 C-2. Fishing Regulations for Nontrout Waters………………………………………………….. 66 D-1. Summary of Fish Stocked in Streams……………………………………………………… 67 D-2. Summary of Fish Stocked in Reservoirs…………………………………………………… 74 D-3. Habitat Improvements in Reservoirs……………………………………………………….. 76 E-1. Comments received on draft fish and wildlife management plan………………………….. 78 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This management plan presents our goals for management of fish and wildlife populations in the Catawba River basin and summarizes information about those resources. The scope of the plan includes all lands and waters in the basin from the headwaters to the South Carolina state line. Resource goals and objectives are outlined for aquatic habitats within the basin. These include the following: • Manage the Catawba River basin for habitats that will support diverse aquatic communities and provide angling opportunities. • Cold-, cool-, and warmwater streams in the basin will continue to be managed for naturally reproducing populations of game and nongame fish communities. • Reservoirs within the basin will continue to be managed for reproduction of cool- and warmwater fish populations. • Maintain catchable trout stocking programs at identified mountain streams and expand this program to appropriate sites. • Maintain striped bass and threadfin shad reservoir stocking programs. • Improve angler access to streams, rivers, and reservoirs throughout the basin. • Reduce the spread of exotic aquatic plant and animal species throughout the basin. • Protect undisturbed reservoir shoreline from development. • Continue habitat management programs on all reservoirs. Resource goals for terrestrial habitats are also discussed, including the following. • Maintaining mature hardwood stands for hard mast production and den sites. • Maintaining some areas of early-successional habitat for soft mast production. • Bear populations will continue to be monitored using harvest data, biological samples and bait line surveys. • Wild turkey and deer populations will be monitored through harvest data. • Information will be gathered on nongame and endangered species, their distribution, and habitat requirements. Watershed characteristics discussed include geomorphology, hydrology, limnology, aquatic and terrestrial habitats, biota, and human use of land and water resources. Past and present fisheries and wildlife management issues are detailed, including sampling efforts and results, fish and wildlife harvest regulations, fish stocking and wildlife restoration, and habitat management. Needs for additional resource information are detailed, including the following: • The effect of reservoir shoreline development on the entire wildlife community. • Information on instream flows below the seven impoundments. • Current data on public use at the Duke Power Company (DPC) Catawba-Wateree projects and projected increases in use. • Impacts of exotic aquatic macrophytes, methods used for control, and the success of reestablishing native plant communities after control has been achieved. • Impacts of reservoir filling on fish reproduction and impacts on the littoral fish community. • Angler use data for streams and reservoirs within the Catawba River basin. • Genetic typing of brook trout populations in the basin. • Information for rare, threatened, and endangered species whose habitats have been impacted by the construction, operation, and indirect impacts from the DPC Catawba-Wateree projects. 5 I. SCOPE OF PLAN The purpose of this management plan is to present the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission’s (NCWRC) goals for the management of fish and wildlife populations in the Catawba River basin and summarize information about those resources. The geographical scope of the plan includes the entire Catawba River basin within North Carolina (Figure 1), a watershed of 3,285 mi2 (8,508 km2). The basin is located in parts of the following 13 counties: Alexander, Avery, Burke, Caldwell, Catawba, Cleveland, Gaston, Iredell, Lincoln, McDowell, Mecklenburg, Union, and Watauga. The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) owns a significant amount of land [≈400,000 acres (162,000 ha)] within the upper watershed as part of the Pisgah National Forest. Duke Power Company (DPC) operates the Lake James (completed in 1919), Lake Rhodhiss (completed in 1925), Lake Hickory (Completed in 1928), Lookout Shoals (Completed in 1915), Lake Norman (completed in 1963), Mountain Island (completed in 1923) and Lake Wylie (completed in 1925) hydroelectric projects in North Carolina jointly as the Catawaba-Wateree project under FERC license No. P-2232-NC. The Catawba-Wateree license expires in 2008. This license also includes the Fishing Creek, Great Falls-Dearborn, Rocky Creek-Cedar Creek, and Wateree hydroelectric projects in South Carolina. This plan will focus on areas within North Carolina. A bibliography of literature not cited in this document, but of relevance to the Catawba River basin is included in Appendix A-1 and Appendix A-2. II. RESOURCE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES A. AQUATIC HABITATS The NCWRC is charged with the management of all species of fish, mollusks, and crayfish in the project area. Fisheries management activities within the project area include monitoring fish populations, establishing harvest and size limit regulations, stocking fish, and manipulating habitat. Many streams in the upper watershed contain wild trout populations; those managed for public fishing by the NCWRC are listed as Designated Public Mountain Trout Waters. The seven DPC reservoirs in the plan area are managed for cool- and warmwater species. The goal of the NCWRC is to manage the Catawba River basin for habitats that will support diverse aquatic communities and provide angling opportunities. The NCWRC generally advocates a management philosophy of working within the existing landscape of the basin. At this time there are no goals to seek removal of any of the major dams on the Catawba River. Although the NCWRC does not have near-term plans to re-establish historic natural plant and animal communities, we are interested in recovering threatened and endangered species, diadromous species, and species, subspecies, or specific assemblages of specific management interest (such as Southern Appalachian strain brook trout), where such opportunities exist. 1. Habitat Fragmentation The seven major Catawba River reservoirs on the mainstem and numerous smaller dams on other streams fragment upstream and downstream
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