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The Influence of European Émigré Scholars on Comparative Politics 1925-1965 - The Influence of European Émigré Scholars on Comparative Politics 1925-1965 Loewenberg, Gerhard https://iro.uiowa.edu/discovery/delivery/01IOWA_INST:ResearchRepository/12674967220002771?l#13675087610002771 Loewenberg, G. (2006). The Influence of European Émigré Scholars on Comparative Politics 1925-1965. American Political Science Review, 100(4), 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055406062472 Document Version: Published (Version of record) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055406062472 https://iro.uiowa.edu Copyright © 2006 American Political Science Association. Used by permission. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=PSR Downloaded on 2021/09/28 16:25:33 -0500 - American Political Science Review Vol. 100, No. 4 November 2006 The Influence of European Emigr´ e´ Scholars on Comparative Politics, 1925–1965 GERHARD LOEWENBERG The University of Iowa mong European emigr´ e´ intellectuals who came to the United States between 1925 and 1940, a small group of prolific, influential scholars who received appointments at major colleges A and universities helped to restore the comparative approach to the study of political systems. That approach had been dominant in the early years of the discipline but had been lost during its Americanization in the first quarter of the twentieth century. The teaching and writing of these scholars contributed to the formulation of theoretical frameworks designed to facilitate cross-national comparison. When the purview of comparative politics expanded in the 1950s and 1960s to include the developing areas, the advantages of multination comparisons became even more evident. olitical science developed as a research disci- Somit and Tanenhaus wrote in their history of the dis- pline in the United States under the influence of cipline, “they became increasingly parochial in outlook PGerman universities in the quarter century be- as well as in training” (1967, 38). The declining citation fore the establishment of the American Political Sci- of foreign sources evident in journals, the increasing ence Association in 1903. The outstanding reputation emphasis on American government in the curriculum, of the institutions of higher education in Germany at- and the growing commitment to provide education for tracted Americans interested in the study of history citizenship and public affairs led to the Americaniza- and government. Both the scope and the methods of tion of the discipline in the second decade of the twenti- what was called Staatswissenschaft in Germany shaped eth century. Courses in comparative government, often the curriculum of the first political science departments called courses in “foreign governments,” took second in the United States. The substantive emphasis was or third place to courses in American and state and on public law and political theory, and the object of local government, and the textbooks for such courses study was the establishment of causal relations through uniformly contained country-by-country descriptions. comparative analysis. John W. Burgess, the founder of As Frederic A. Ogg, editor of the American Politi- the School of Political Science at Columbia, wrote that cal Science Review from 1926 to 1949 and a prolific the distinction of his book, which he entitled Political textbook author, wrote in the preface to his widely Science and Comparative Constitutional Law, lay in its adopted text on European Government and Politics, method: “After twenty years of teaching in the field of foreign and comparative government, I am still of the opinion It is a comparative study. It is an attempt to apply the that ...the best results in the survey type of course will [comparative] method, which has been found so produc- usually be obtained by directing attention for succes- tive in the domain of Natural Science, to Political Science and Jurisprudence. (1896, vol. I, vi) sive periods to particular governmental systems viewed as entities. ...” (1935, v). It was the dominant view, The first generation of American political scientists derived from the model of teaching American govern- continued to get its graduate training in Europe and ment, that a national political system is to be under- was consequently familiar with the German and French stood as a self-contained entity, a unique product of its literature. One of the earliest textbooks in comparative particular history and context. The pages of the Review government, A. Lawrence Lowell’s Governments and in the 1920s and 1930s contained an article or two in Parties in Continental Europe (1897), contained the nearly every issue reporting on a new constitution or texts of the major European constitutions in their origi- an election in a European state, but even a two-country nal languages, conveying the expectation that students comparison was extremely rare. would be able to read foreign languages and would European influence on American political science know the foreign literature. was revived by the arrival of a stream of European so- This early European influence diminished in the cial scientists and by America’s reentry onto the Euro- discipline’s second generation with the growing self- pean stage after a decade of isolationism. Both of these confidence of American political science departments. developments were products of the crisis of democracy American political scientists no longer went to Europe in Europe in the late 1920s and 1930s. The same con- to study. “Once American political scientists lost di- cern for European civilization that gradually turned rect personal touch with their European counterparts,” American foreign policy toward renewed intervention in Europe made a few American universities remark- ably receptive to European emigr´ e´ scholars. The cohort Gerhard Loewenberg is Professor of Political Science Emeritus, The of European social scientists who came in the decades University of Iowa, Department of Political Science, Iowa City, Iowa when Fascism and Nazism infiltrated European uni- 52242 ([email protected]). versities had an impact on many fields of political sci- I would like to thank Professor Joseph LaPalombara (Yale Uni- versity) for his advice and Dr. Luigi Einaudi for obtaining the Mario ence in the United States, including political theory Einaudi correspondence that I have cited. (Leo Strauss, Hannah Arendt), international relations 597 Influence of European Emigr´ e´ Scholars on Comparative Politics November 2006 (Hans Morgenthau), and social theory (Theodor W. universities in the 1930s. Approximately 50 of them, Adorno), but their influence was particularly marked in including John H. Herz, were recruited by historically comparative politics. It reestablished contact between black colleges and universities. The fascinating story what had become of comparative politics in the United of their experiences in 19 such institutions is told by States and its origins in European Staatswissenschaft Edgcomb (1993). and reignited the original purpose of the comparative study of politics: to provide explanation through com- THE FORERUNNERS, FRIEDRICH parison rather than merely offering discrete descrip- AND FINER tions of non-American political systems. By one count, 130 intellectuals who were or even- Chronologically, the first two Europeans destined to in- tually became political scientists left Germany for fluence comparative politics in the United States were the United States after 1933 (Lepsius 1981, 495– not refugees from Fascism but scholars who saw better 500). Perhaps an equal number came from all other opportunities at American universities than in Europe. European countries together, notably from Austria, Carl J. Friedrich arrived at Harvard in 1926. Herman Czechoslovakia, and Italy. I have selected 12 scholars Finer first went to Chicago as a visitor in 1935. Friedrich from among this larger group who in my estimation had had received a Ph.D. from the University of Heidelberg the greatest influence on comparative politics in the in 1925, had first come to the United States with a group United States by virtue of their publications, the promi- of European students on a study tour, and then re- nence of the institutions in which they developed their ceived a lecture appointment at Harvard. He published careers, and the positions they achieved in the profes- significant works in public administration and politi- sion. Because political science as a discipline, separate cal theory before he wrote Constitutional Government from public law and political theory, had not developed and Politics (1937), his most influential book, which very far in Europe by the period between the two world eventually went through four editions. Finer, born in wars, the educational background of the group of Euro- Romania, educated in Great Britain with a Ph.D. from peans who came to the United States between 1925 and LSE in 1923, spent intermittent time in the United 1940 was in law and sociology. These were subjects in States beginning in the 1930s and eventually held a which comparative analysis was prominent in Europe, continuous faculty appointment at the University of subjects that were informed by political theory. Four of Chicago. In a department primarily focused on Amer- these emigr´ es—´ –Mario Einaudi, Herman Finer, Franz ican politics, he had major responsibility for teaching Neumann, and Sigmund Neumann—–had also been ex- the comparative politics of industrial nations (Zolberg posed to the London School of Economics (LSE), an 1969). institution whose interdisciplinary focus encouraged Friedrich
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