Master Bibliography for Party Change Project

(as of July 22, 2002)

Originally compiled by Ranjana Mehra, Spring, 1992. Amended by Carla Prater, Spring, 1995 Amended by Robert Harmel and Sahar Shafqat, 11-3-95 Amended by Sahar Shafqat, Spring, Summer, 1996 Amended by Robert Harmel and Ewa Darski, 9-28-99 Amended by Melissa K. Bradley, 7-22-02

Contents

General/Theoretical World Western Europe Denmark Germany United Kingdom United States

General/Theoretical

Duverger, Maurice. 1959. Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. New York: Wiley.

Harmel, Robert, and Rachel K. Gibson. 1996. "Parliamentary vs. Extraparliamentary Party Power: A Concept in Search of Measurement." Paper presented to the Workshop on Parliamentary Party Groups, European Consortium for Political Research, Oslo.

Harmel, Robert, and Kenneth Janda. 1982. Parties and their Environments: Limits to Reform? New York: Longman.

Lawson, Kay, 1980. Political Parties and Linkage: A Comparative Perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Lawson, Kay. 1976. The Comparative Study of Political Parties. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Lawson, Kay, and Peter H. Merkl, eds. 1988. When Parties Fail: Emerging Alternative organizations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Maisel, Louis, and Paul M. Sacks, eds. 1975. The Future of Political Parties. London: Sage. Panebianco, Angelo. 1988. Political Parties: Organization and Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Rose, Richard. 1980. Do Parties Make a Difference? Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

Sartori, Giovanni. 1976. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.

World

Banks, Arthur S. 1986. Political Handbook of the World. New York: CSA Publications.

Budge, Ian, and Hans Keman. 1990. Parties and Democracy: Coalition Formation and Government Functioning in Twenty States. New York: Oxford University Press.

Budge, Ian, David Robertson, and David Hearle, eds. 1987. Ideology, Strategy, and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-War Election Programmes in Nineteen Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Council on Foreign Relations. Various years (1927-19741). Political Handbook and Atlas of the World. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Crewe, Ivor, and David Denver, eds. 1985. Electoral Change in Western Democracies: Patterns and Sources of Electoral Volatility. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Day, Alan J., and Henry W. Degenhardt, eds. 1984. Political Parties of the World. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Gale.

Delury, George, ed. 1983. World Encyclopaedia of Political Systems & Parties. Vols. I and II. New York: Facts on File.

Duverger, Maurice. 1972. Party Politics and Pressure Groups: A Comparative Introduction. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.

Furtak, Robert K. 1990. Elections in Socialist States. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Harmel, Robert and Alexander Tan. 1996. Dominant Faction. (data book) Texas A&M University: Party Change Project.

Hobday, Charles. 1986. Communist and Marxist Parties of the World. Harlow, Essex, U.K.: Longman. Hoffman, Mark S., ed. 1987. The World Almanac and Book of Facts. New York: Pharos Books.

International Political Science Review. 1985. "New Political Parties." Special issue edited by Robert Harmel. 6(4).

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. 1979. Comparative Political Parties Data 1950-62.(Kenneth Janda,principal investigator.) Ann Arbor, MI: ICPSR.

Lane, Jan-Erik, ed. 1989. Special issue of Journal of Theoretical Politics. 1(3).

Janda, Kenneth. 1980. Political Parties. New York: Free Press.

Keesing's Contem1porary Archives: Weekly Diary of World Events. Various years through 1986. London: Keesing's.

Keesing's Contem1porary Archives: Weekly Diary of World Events. Various years through 1986. London: Keesing's.

Keesing's Contemporary Archives: Weekly Diary of World Events. Various years through 1986. London: Keesing's.

Leonard, Dick, and Richard Natkiel. 1986. World Atlas of Elections: Voting Patterns in 39 Democracies. London: The Economist.

Levy, Felice. 1979. Obituaries on File. New York: Facts on File.

Mackie, Thomas T. , and Richard Rose, eds. 1991. The International Almanac of Electoral History. 3rd ed. New York: Facts On File.

Maolain, Ciaran 0. 1987. The Radical Right: A World Directory. Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex, U.K.: Longman.

McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography. 1973. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Neumann, Sigmund. 1956. Modern Political Parties: Approaches to Comparative Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Paxton, John, ed. 1988. The Statesman's Yearbook: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World: 1987-88. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Taylor, Charles, and David A. Jodice. 1983. World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators. Vols. I and II. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. von Beyme, Klaus. 1985. Political Parties in Western Democracies. Aldershot, U.K.: Gower. Ware, Alan. 1985. The Breakdown of Democratic Party Oraanization, 1940-1980. New York: Clarendon.

Ware, Alan, ed. 1987. Political Parties: Electoral Change and Structural Response. New York: Basil Blackwell.

Who Was Who Volume VIII: A Companion to Who's Who. 1991. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Who's Who in European Politics. 1990. Sevenoaks, Kent, U.K. : Bowker-Sauer.

Williams, E.T., and C.S. Nichols. 1981. The Dictionary of National Biography 1961-1970. London: Oxford University Press.

Western Europe

Bartolini, Stefano, and Peter Mair. 1990. Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability: The Stabilisation of European Electorates 1885-1985. New York:Cambridge University Press.

Belloni, Frank, and Dennis Beller, eds. 1978. Faction Politics:Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

Daalder, Hans, and Peter Mair, eds. 1983. Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Dahl, Robert A., ed. 1966. Political 0pposition in Western Democracies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Epstein, Leon D. 1967. Political Parties in Western Democracies. New York: Praeger.

Henig, Stanley, ed. 1979. Political Parties in the European Community. London: Allen and Unwin. Irving, R.E.M. 1979. The Christian Democratic Parties of Western Europe. London: Allen and Unwin.

Kirchner, Emil Joseph. 1988. Liberal Parties in Western Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kolinsky, Martin, and William E. Paterson, eds. 1976. Social and Political Movements in Western Europe. London: Croom, Heim.

Layton-Henry, Zig. 1982. Conservative Politics in Western Europe. London: Macmillan.

Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Stein Rokkan, eds. 1967. Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross- National Perspective. New York: Free Press, Lodge, Juliet, ed. 1990. The 1989 Election of the European Parliament. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Mair, Peter, ed. 1990. The West European Party System. New York: Oxford University Press.

Mair, Peter, and Gordon Smith, eds. 1990. Understanding Party System Change in Western Europe. London: Frank Cass.

McHale, Vincent E., ed. 1983. Political Parties of Europe. Vols.I and II. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Merkl, Peter H., ed. 1980. Western European Party Systems. New York: Free Press.

Morgan, Roger and Stefano Silvestri, eds. 1982. Moderates and Conservatives in Western Europe: Political Parties, the European Community and the Atlantic Alliance. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.

Muller-Rommel, Ferdinand. 1990. New Politics in Western Europe. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Muller-Rommel, Ferdinand, and Geoffrey Pridham, eds. 1991. Small Parties in Western-Europe: Comlparative and National Perspectives. New York: Sage Publications.

Paterson, William E., and Alastair H. Thomas, eds. 1977. Social Democratic Parties in Western Europe. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Schapsmeier, E.L., and F.H. Schapsmeier. 1981. Political Parties and Civic Action Groups. Westport, CT: Greenwood. Stammen, Theo. 1979. Political Parties in Europe. London: John Martin.

Wilson, Frank L. 1989. "The Sources of Party Change: Change in Social Democratic Parties in Britain, France, Germany, and Spain." Paper presented at the Workshop on Elections and Parties, Committee on Political sociology, International Political Science Association/ International Sociological Association, Paris.

Wolinetz, Steven B., ed. 1988. Parties and Party Systems in Liberal Democracies. New York: Routledge.

Denmark

Andersen, Jorgen Goul. 1986. "Electoral Trends in Denmark in the 1980's." Scandinavian Political Studies 9:157-174.

Bair, Frank E. 1991. Countries of the World and Their Leaders. Detroit, MI: Gale. Banks, Arthur S. 1988. Political Handbook of the World: 1988. Binghamton, NY: CSA Publications, State University of New York.

Berglund, Sten, and Ulf Lindstrom. 1978. The Scandinavian Party System. Studentlitteratur, Lund

Beyme, Klaus von. 1985. Political Parties in Western Democracies. Aldershot, U.K.: Gower.

Bille, Lars. February, 1993. Personal Communication with Robert Harmel. Copenhagen, Denmark.

Bille, Lars. August, 1994. Personal Communication with Robert Harmel. Copenhagen, Denmark.

Bille, Lars. 1997. ALeadership Change and Party Change: The Case of the Danish Social Democratic Party, 1960-1995.@ Party Politics Journal, 3(3;July): 379-90.

Budge, Ian, David Robertson, and Derek Urwin, eds. 1987. Ideology, Strategy, and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-War Election Programmes in 19 Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Burton, Jack. 1990. Denmark: A Bridge to the North. International Management 45: 70-72+.

Castles, Francis G. 1978. The Social Democratic Image of Society. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Cerny, Karl H., ed. 1977. Scandinavia at the Polls: Recent Political Trends in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.

Daalder, Hans, ed. 1987. Party Systems in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Damgaard, Erik. 1969. "The Parliamentary Basis of Danish Governments: The Patterns of Coalition Formation." Scandinavian Political Studies 4:30-57,

Day, Alan T., ed. 1988. Political Parties of the World. 3rd ed. Detroit, MI: Gale.

Day, Alan J., and Henry W. Degenhardt, eds. 1984. Political Parties of the World. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Gale.

Delury, George E., ed. 1983. World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties. Vol. I. New York: Facts on File.

Einhorn, Eric, and John Logue. 1980. Welfare States in Hard Times: Denmark and Sweden in the 1970s. Kent, OH: Kent Popular Press. Elder, Neil, Alastair H. Thomas, and David Arter. 1988. The Consensual Democracies? The Government and Politics of the Scandinavian States. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Esping-Anderson, Gosta. 1985. Politics Against Markets. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Featherstone, Kevin. 1988. Socialist Parties and European Integration. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press.

Fitzmaurice, John. 1981. Politics in Denmark. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Glans, Ingemar. 1966. 'Denmark: The 1964 Folketing Election." Scandinavian Political Studies 1:231-236.

Glans, Ingemar. 1967. "The Danish Parliamentary Election of 1966." Scandinavian Political Studies 2:266-272.

Harmel, Robert, and Lars Svasand. 1989. "From Protest to Party: Institutionalization on the Right in Denmark and Norway." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta.

Harmel, Robert, and Lars Svasand. 1991. "Party Leadership and Party Identification: From "Preacher" to "Stabilizer." Presented at the 1991 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington.

Henig, Stanley. 1979. Political Parties in the European Community. London: Allen and Unwin.

Hobday, Charles. 1986. Communist and Marxist Parties of the World. Essex, U.K.: Longman.

Jacobs, Francis. 1989. Western European Political Parties: A Comprehensive Guide. Harlow, Essex, U.K.: Longman.

Jianguo, Jiang. 1984. "Conservatives to Remain in Power." Beijing Review 27(5-6)-.14-15.

Jones, W. Glyn. 1986. Denmark. London: Croom Helm.

Katz, Richard S. , and Peter Mair, eds. 1.992. Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in. Western Democracies, 1960-1990. London: Sage.

Kirchner, Emil J., ed. 1988. Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Kolinsky, Martin, and William E. Paterson, eds. 1976. Social and Political Movements in Western Europe. London: Croom Helm. Krasner, Michael A., and Nikolaj Peterson. 1986. " Peace and Politics: The Danish Peace Movement and its Impact on National Security Policy." Journal of Peace Research 23: 155-173.

Leonard, Richard Lawrence, and Richard Natkiel. 1986. World Atlas of Elections: Voting Patterns in 39 Democracies. London: The Economist.

Layton-Henry, Zig, ed. 1982. Conservative Politics in Western Europe. London: Macmillan.

Lawson, Kay, and Peter Merkl, eds. 1988. When Parties Fail: Emerging Alternative organizations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Richard Rose. 1991. The International Almanac of Electoral History. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan.

Mackie, Thomas T., and Richard Rose. 1982. The International Almanac of Electoral History. 2nd ed. New York: Facts on File. McHale, Vincent E., and Sharon Skowronski. 1983. Political Parties of Europe. Vol. I. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Merkl, Peter H., ed. 1980. Western European Party Systems: Trends and Prospects. New York: Free Press.

Moller, J. Ostrom. 1983. "Danish EC Decision-Making: An Insider's View." Journal of Common Market Studies XXVI:361-387.

Morgan, Roger, and Stefano Silvestri, eds. 1983. Moderates and Conservatives in Western Europe. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.

Neumann, Sigmund, ed. 1956. Modern Political Parties. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Paterson, William E., and Alastair H. Thomas, eds . 1986. The Future of Social Democracy: Problems and Prospects of Social Democratic Parties in Western Europe. Oxford: Clarendon.

Pedersen, Mogens N. 1967. "Consensus and Conflict in the Danish Folketing 1945-65.11 Scandinavian Political Studies 2:143-166.

Pederson, Mogens N. 1987. "The Danish Working Multiparty System: Breakdown or Adaptation." In Party Systems in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, Netherlands, and Belgium. Hans Dalder, ed. New York:St. Martin's Press.

Pederson, Mogens N. 1988. "The Defeat of All Parties: The Danish Folketing Election, 1973.11 In When Parties Fail. Kay Lawson and Peter Merkl, eds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

The Economist. 1983. "Denmark's Anti-Tax Party May Bring Back the Big Spenders." pp 37-38. September 3. Sauerberg, Steen. 1988. "The General Election in Denmark 1988." Scandinaviann Political Studies 11: 361-71.

Skaarup, Peter. February, 1993. interviewed by Robert Harmel. Copenhagen, Denmark.

Sorenson, Curt.. ' 1967. "Denmark's Political Development, 1964-66. Scandinavian Political Studies 2:263-265.

Stammen, Theo, ed. 1980. Political Parties in Europe. London: John Martin.

Stenhouwer, Jan, and Ole Borre. 1969. "Four General Elections in Denmark, 1960-1968.11 Scandinavian Political Studies 4:133-148.

Svensson, Palle. 1982. "Party Cohesion in the Danish Parliament During the 1970s." Scandinavian Political Studies 5:17-42.

The Economist. 1983. "Rightward, But How Far?" p 42. December 23 .

Thomas, Alastair H. 1977. "Social Democracy in Denmark. In Social Democratic Parties in Western Europe. William E. Paterson and Alastair H. Thomas, eds. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Thomas, Alastair H. 1988. "Liberalism in Denmark: Agrarian, Radical, and Still Influential.,, In Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Emil J. Kirchner, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Urwin, Derek W. 1980. From Ploughshare to Ballotbox: The Politics of Agrarian Defence in Europe. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Wainwright, Hilary. 1988. "A Socialism to Warm the Heart." New Statesman 115:20-1.

Germany

Banks, Arthur S. 1985. Political Handbook of the World: 1984-1985. Binghamton, NY: CSA Publications.

Banks, Arthur S. 1990. Political Handbook of the World: 1990. Binghamton, NY: CSA Publications.

Banks, Arthur S. 1991. Political Handbook of the World: 1991. Binghamton, NY: CSA Publications.

Beckman, Lukas. 1986. In West German Political Parties. Robert G. Livingston, ed. Baltimore: American Institute for Contemporary German Studies. Belloni, Frank P., and Denis C. Beller, eds. 1978. Faction Politics:Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

Beyme, Klaus von. 1985. Political Parties in Western Democracies. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Broughton, David, and Emil Kirchner. 1984. "The FDP in Transition - Again?" Parliamentary Affairs 37: 183-98.

Burkett, Tony. 1979. "The Federal Republic of Germany@. In Political Parties in the European Community. Stanley Henig, ed. Surrey, U.K.: Allen and Unwin.

Chalmers, Douglas A. 1964. The Social Democratic Party of Germany: From Working Class Movement to Modern Political Party. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Childs, David. 1966. From Schumacher to Brandt: The Story of German Socialism 1945-1965. New York: Pergamon.

Childs, David, and Jeffrey Johnson. 1981. West Germany: Politics and Society. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Conradt, David P. 1986. The German Polity. 3rd ed. New York: Longman.

Day, Alan J., and Henry W. Degenhardt, eds. 1984. Political Parties of the World. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Gale

Day, Alan J., and Henry W. Degenhardt, eds. 1988. Political Parties of the World. 3rd ed. Detroit, MI: Gale.

Delury, George E., ed. 1983. World Encyclopedia of Political Systems to Parties. 2 vols. New York: Facts on File.

Derbyshire, Ian. 1987. Politics in West Germany: From Schmidt to Kohl. Edinburgh, U.K.: Chambers.

Dittberner, Jurgen. 1987. Partei Der Zweiren Wahl. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.

Drummond, Gordon D. 1982. The German Social Democrats in 0position,- 1949-60: The Case Against Rearmament. 1st ed. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma.

Fichtner, Paula Sutter. 1968. "Protest on the Right: The NPD in Recent German Politics." Orbis 12(l).

Frankland, E. Gene. 1989. “Die Grunen.” In New Politics in Western Europe: The Rise and Success of Green Parties and Alternative Lists. Ferdinand Muller-Romel, ed. Boulder, CO: Westview. Glotz, Peter, and Marie-Luise Weinberger, 1986. “The Social Democratic Party." In West German Political Parties. Robert G. Livingston, ed. Baltimore: American Institute for Contemporary German Studies.

Haungs, Peter. 1983. "Die Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU) und die Christlich Soziale Union in Bayern (CSU)." In Christlich-demokratischen und konservative Parteien in Westeuropa. Hans-Joachim Veen, (Hsrg.). Paderborn et ai.: Schoningh; 1.

Haussmann, Helmut. 1986. In West German Political Parties. Robert G. Livingston, ed. Baltimore: American Institute for Contemporary German Studies.

Heberle, Rudolf. 1970. "Analysis of a Neo-fascist Party: The NDP” Polity 3 (1)

Henig, Stanley, ed. 1979. Political Parties in the European Community. London: Allen and Unwin.

Irving, R.E.M. 1979. The Christian Democratic Parties of Western Europe. London: Allen and Unwin.

Jacobs, Francis. 1989. Western European Political Parties: A Comprehensive Guide. Harlow, Essex, U.K.: Longman.

Janda, Kenneth. 1980. Political Parties. New York: Free Press.

Kaack, Heino. 1979. Die FDP. Grundriss un Materialein zu Geschicthe, Struktur und Programmatik. 3. Erweiterte Auflage. Meisenheim am Glan: Anton Hain.

Kaack, Heino. n.d. Geschichte und Struktur des deutschen Parteiensystems. Opladen: Westdeurscher Verlag.

Katz, Richard S. , and Peter Mair, eds. 1992. Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, 1960-1990. London: Sage.

Kaltefleiter, Werner. 1980. "A Legitimacy Crisis of the German Party System. 11 In Western Eurolpean Party Systems: Trends and Prospects. Peter H. Merkl, ed. New York: Free Press.

Kleinmann, Hans-Otto. 1993. Geschichte der CDU. Stuttgart: DVA.

Klingemann, Hans-Dieter. 1985. "Chapter 9." In Electoral Change in Western Democracies. Ivor Crew and David Denver, eds. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Kictzbach, Kurt. 1982. Der Weg zur Staatspartei. Programmatik, praktische Politik und Organisations der deutschen Sozialdemokratie 1945 bis 1965. Berlin/Bonn: J. H. W. Dietz nachf.

Kolinsky, Eva. 1984. Parties, Opposition, and Society in West Germany. New York: St. Martin's Press. Kolinsky, Eva, ed. 1987. Opposition in Western Europe. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Leonard, Richard Lawrence, and Richard Natkiel. 1986. World Atlas of Elections: Voting Patterns in 39 Countries. London: The Economist.

Livingston, Robert G., ed. 1986. West German Political Parties: CDU, CSU, FDP, SPD, The Greens. Baltimore: American Institute for Contemporary German Studies.

Mackie, Thomas, and Richard Rose. 1991. The International Almanac of Electoral History. Washington: Congressional Quarterly.

McHale, Vincent E. 1983. Political Parties of Europe. Vol. II. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Merkl, Peter H. 1980. "West Germany." In Western European Party Systems: Trends and Prospects. Peter H. Merkl, ed. New York: Free Press.

Mintzel, Alf. 1982. "Conservatism and Christian Democracy in Germany." In Conservative Politics in Western Europe. Zig Layton-Henry, ed. London: Macmillan.

Mintzel, Alf, and Heinrich Oberreuter. 1992, Parteien in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. 2. Aufl. Opladen: Leske & Budrich.

Neumann, Sigmund. 1956. "Germany: Changing Patterns and Lasting Problems." In Modern Political Parties. Sigmund Neumann, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Padgett, Stephen, and Tony Burkett. 1986. Political Parties and Elections in West Germany: The Search for a New Stability. London: C. Hurst.

Panebianco, Angelo. 1988. Political Parties: Organization and Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Parness, Diane L. 1991. The SPD and the Challenge of Mass Politics: The Dilemma of the German Volkspartei. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Paterson, William E. 1976. "Social Democracy--The West German Example." In Social and Political Movements in Western Europe. Martin Kolinsky and William E. Paterson, eds. London: Croom Helm.

Paterson, William E. 1977. "The German Social Democratic Party." In Social Democratic Parties in West Europe. William E. Paterson and Alastair H. Thomas, eds. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Paterson, William E. 1987. "Between Party Apparatus and Basis Democracy." In Political Parties: Electoral Change and Structural Response. Alan Ware, ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Paterson, William E., and Alastair H. Thomas, eds. 1977. Social Democratic Parties in West Europe. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Plischke, Elmer. 1969. Contemporary Governments of Germany. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Poguntke, Thomas. 1992. "Between Ideology and Empirical Research: The Literature on the German Green Party. European Journal of Political Research 21:337-56.

Poguntke, Thomas. 1993. "Goodbye to Movement Politics? Organizational Adaptation of the German Green Party." Environmental Politics 2:379-404.

Poguntke, Thomas. September, 1994. Personal Communication with Robert Harmel. College Station, TX.

Preece, R.J.C. 1968. "Aspects of Totalitarianism--The Case of the NPD@ Parliamentary Affairs 21(3).

Pridham, Geoffrey. 1976. "Christian Democracy in Italy and West Germany." In Social And Political Movements in Western Europe. Martin Kolinsky and William E. Paterson, eds. London: Croom Helm.

Pridham, Geoffrey. 1977. Christian Democracy in Western Germany: The CDU/CSU in Government and in Opposition, 1945-1976. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Radunski, Peter. 1986. "The Christian Democratic Union. In West German Political Parties. Robert G. Livingston, ed. Baltimore: American Institute for Contemporary German Studies.

Raschke, Joachim. 1993. Die Grunen. Wie sie wurden, was sie sind. Koln: Bund Verlag.

Rohe, Karl, ed. 1990. Elections, Parties, and Political Traditions: Social Foundations of German Parties and Party Systems 1867-1987. New York: Berg Publications.

Smith, Gordon. 1983. "Federal Republic of Germany." In World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties. Vol. I, George E. Delury, ed. New York: Facts on File.

Smith, Gordon. 1986. Democracy in Western Germany. New York: Holmes and Meier.

Smith, Gordon. 1989. "Political Leadership." In Develolpments in West German Politics. Gordon Smith, William E. Paterson, and Peter H. Merkl, eds. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Smith, Gordon, William E. Paterson, and Peter H. Merkl. 1989. Developments in West German Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Stammen, Theo. 1980. Political Parties in Europe. London: John Martin. Urwin, Derek. 1967. "Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics. In Electoral Behavior: A Comparative Handbook. Richard Rose, ed. New York: Free Press.

Vorlander, Hans. 1992 . "Die Freie Demokratische Partei. In Parteien in der Bundesrepublik. 2, Alf Mintzel and Heinrich Oberreuter Aufl. Opladen: Leske & Budrich.

United Kingdom

Alderman, R.K., and Neil Carter. 1991. "A Very Tory Coup: The Ousting of Mrs. Thatcher." Parliamentary Affairs 44: 125-39.

Banks, Arthur S. 1988. Political Handbook of the World, 1988. New York: CSA Publications.

Banks, Arthur S. 1990. Political Handbook of the World, 1990. New York: CSA Publications.

Baxter, Sarah. 1991. "Doing It Her Way." New Statesman Society 4(142):10.

Behrens, Robert. 1980.The Conservative Party from 1975-1979. Farnborough, England, U.K.7 Saxon House.

Behrens, Robert. 1989. "The Centre: Social Democracy and Liberaism. In Party Ideology in Britain. Leonard Tivey and Anthony Wrights, eds. London: Routledge.

Bogdanor, Vernon, ed. 1983. Liberal Party Politics. New York: Clarendon.

Bogdanor, Vernon, ed. 1984. Parties and Democracy in Britain and America. New York: Praeger.

Borthwick, R.L. 1979. "The Labour Party. In Multi-Party Britain. H.M. Drucker, ed. New York: Praeger.

Brand, Carl F. 1964. The British Labour Party: A Short History. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Burch, Martin. 1980. "Approaches to Leadership in Opposition." In Conservative Party Politics. Zig Layton-Henry, ed. London: Macmillan.

Butler, David E. 1969. The British General Election of 1955. London: Frank Cass.

Butler, David E. 1980. British Political Facts 1900-1979. 5th ed. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Butler, David E., and Dennis Kavanagh. 1984. The British General Election of 1983. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Butler, David E., and Paul Jowett. 1985. Party Strategies in Britain. New York: St. Martin's Press. Byrd, Peter. 1987. "Great Britain: Parties in a Changing Party System." In Political Parties: Electoral Change and Structural Response. Alan Ware, ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Coates, David. 1975. The Labour Party and the Struggle for Socialism. London: Cambridge University Press.

Cole, Harry B. 1977. The British Labour Party: A Functioning Participatory Democracy. New York: Pergamon.

Cook, Chris. 1976. A Short History of the Liberal Party 1900-1976. London: Macmillan.

Cook, Chris. 1984. A Short History-of the Liberal Party 1900-1984. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan.

Cook, Chris, and Ian Taylor. 1980. The Labour Party: An introduction to its History, Structure, and Politics. New York: Longman.

Conley, Frank. 1990. General Elections Today. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press.

Craig, F.W.S., ed. 1990. British General Election Manifestos, 1959-1987. 3rd ed. Brookfield, VT: Parliamentary Research Services.

Crewe, Ivor. 1982. "The Labour Party and the Electorate." In The Politics of the Labour Party. Dennis Kavanaugh, ed. London: Allen and Unwin.

Crewe, Ivor and Anthony King. 1995. SDP: The Birth, Life and Death of the Social Democratic Party. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Crewe, Ivor, and Donald D. Searing. 1988. "Ideological Change in the British Conservative Party. " American Political Science Review 82:361-84.

Crewe, Ivor, and Bo Svarlik. 1980. "Popular Attitudes and Electoral Strategy." In Conservative Party Politics. Zig Layton-Henry, ed. London: Macmillan.

Curtice, John. 1988. "Great Britain - Social Liberalism Reborn?" In Liberal parties in Western Europe. Emil J. Kirchner, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Day, Alan J., and Henry W. Degenhardt, eds. 1984. Political Parties of the World. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Gale.

Day, Alan J., and Henry W. Degenhardt, eds. 1988. Political Parties of the World. 3rd ed. London: Longman.

Delury, George E., ed. 1983. World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties. Vol. 2. New York: Facts on File. Delury, George E., ed. 1987. World Encvclopedia of Political Systems and Parties. 2nd ed. New York: Facts on File Publications.

Denver, David. 1993. Britain at the Polls 1992. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

Douglas, Roy. 1971. The History of the Liberal Party 1895-1970. Cransbury, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press.

Drucker, H.M. 1979. Doctrine and Ethos in the Labour Party. London: Allen and Unwin.

Drucker, H. M., ed. 1979. Multi-Party Britain. New York: Praeger.

Finer, S.E. 1980. The Changing British Party System, 1945-1979. Washington: American Institute for Public Policy Research.

Forester, Tom. 1976. The British Labour Party and the Working Class. New York: Holmes and Meier.

Gamble, Andrew. 1979. "The Conservative Party." In Multi-Party Britain. H.M. Drucker, ed. New York: Praeger.

Gamble, Andrew. 1980. "Economic Policy." In Conservative Party Politics. Zig Layton-Henry, ed. London: Macmillan.

Gash, Norman. 1977. The Conservatives: A History from Their Origins to 1965. London: Allen and Unwin.

Gilmour, Ian. 1980. "Foreword." In Conservative Party Politics. Zig Layton-Henry, ed. London: Macmillan.

Haseler, Stephen. 1980. The Tragedy of Labour. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Howell, David. 1980. British Social Democracy. New York: St.Martin's Press

Ingle, Stephen. 1987. The British Party System. New York: Basil Blackwell.

Jacobs, Francis. 1989. Western Eurolpean Political Parties: A Comprehensive Guide. Harlow, Essex, U.K.: Longman.

Jones, Barry, and Michael Keating. 1985. Labour and the British State. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kavanagh, Dennis, ed. 1982. The Politics of the Labour Party. London: Allen and Unwin.

Kavanagh, Dennis. 1987. Thatcherism and British Politics. New York: Oxford University Press. Keating, Michael J. , and David Bleiman. 1979. Labour and Scottish Nationalism. London: Macmillan.

Keating, Michael J., and Arthur F. Midwinter. 1983. The Government of Scotland. Edinburgh, U.K.: Mainstream.

Kellas, James G. 1984. The Scottish Political System. 3rd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kelly, Richard N. 1989. Conservative Party Conferences: The Hidden System. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press.

Kogan, David, and Maurice Kogan. 1982. The Battle for the Labour Party. London: Kogan Page.

Layton-Henry, Zig, ed. 1980. Conservative Party Politics. London:Macmillan.

Layton-Henry, Zig. 1980. "Introduction." In Conservative Party Politics. Zig Layton-Henry, ed. London: Macmillan.

Lees, John D., and Richard Kimber, eds. 1972. Political Parties in Modern Britain: An Organizational and Functional Guide. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Lindsay, T.F., and Michael Harrington. 1974. The Conservative Party: 1918-1970. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Mackie, Thomas T. , and Richard Rose. 1991. The International Almanac of Electoral History. 3rd ed. London: Macmillan.

MacKenzie, Robert T. 1963. British Political Parties: The Distribution of Power within the Conservative and Labour Parties. 2nd ed. New York: Praeger.

MacKenzie, Robert T. 1982. "Power in the Labour Party: The Issue of ‘Intra-Party Democracy'." In The Politics of the Labour Party. Dennis Kavanaugh, ed. London: Allen and Unwin.

McAllister, Ian, and Richard Rose. 1984. The Nationwide Competition for Votes. London: Frances Pinter.

McHale, Robert. 1984. Political Parties in Western Europe. New York: Harcourt Brace.

McHale, Vincent E., ed. 1983. Political Parties of Europe. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Minogue, Kenneth R., and Michael D. Biddiss. 1987. Thatcherism: Personality and Politics. New York: St. Martin's Press. Norris, Pippa. 1990. British By-Elections. Oxford: Clarendon.

Norton, Phillip, and Arthur Aughey. 1981. Conservatives and Conservatism. London: Temple Smith.

Nugent, Neill, and Roger King. 1977. The British Right: Conservative and Right Wing Politics in Britain. Farnborough, Hants, U.K.: Saxon House.

Panebianco, Angelo. 1988. Political Parties: organization and Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Patten, Chris. 1980. "Policy Making in Opposition." In Conservative Party Politics. Zig Layton- Henry, ed. London: Macmillan.

Pelling, Henry. 1968. A Short History of the Labour Party. Third edition. London: St. Martin’s Press.

Pelling, Henry. 1972. A Short History of the Labour Party. Fourth edition. London: Macmillan.

Pelling, Henry. 1976. A Short History of the Labour Party. Fifth edition. London: Macmillan.

Pimlott, Ben. 1980. "The Labour Left." In The Labour Party. Chris Cook and Ian Taylor, eds. New York: Longman.

Reid, J.H. Stewart. 1955. The Origins of the British Labour Party. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Rose, Richard. 1964. Politics in England. Boston: Little, Brown.

Rowe, Andrew. 1980. "Conservatives and Trade Unionists." In Conservative Party Politics. Zig Layton-Henry, ed. London: Macmillan.

Seyd, Patrick. 1980. "Factionalism in the 1970s." In Conservative Party Politics. Zig Layton- Henry, ed. London: Macmillan.

Sevd, Patrick. 1987. The Rise and Fall of the Labour Left. London: Macmillan

Seyd, Patrick, and Paul Whiteley. 1991. "Labour's Modernization Strategy - Has it Reached the Grassroots?" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C.

Shaw, Eric. 1988. Discipline and Discord in the Labour Party: The Politics of Managerial Control in the Labour Party, 1951-1987. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press.

Stark, Leonard P. 1996. Choosing a Leader: Party Leadership Contests in Britain from Macmillan to Blair. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Steed, Michael. 1979. "The Liberal Party." In Multi-Party Britain. H.M. Drucker, ed. New York: Praeger.

Stewart, Robert. 1971. The Politics of Protection: Lord Derby and the Protectionist Party 1841-52. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Tivey, Leonard, and Anthony Wright, eds. 1989. Party Ideology in Britain. New York: Routledge.

Whiteley, Paul. 1982. "The Decline of Labour's Local Party Membership and Electoral Base, 1945- 1979.” In The Politics of the Labour Party. Dennis Kavanaugh, ed. London: Allen and Unwin.

Williams, Philip. 1982. "Changing Styles of Labour Leadership." In The Politics of the Labour Party. Dennis Kavanaugh, ed. London: Allen and Unwin.

Zentner, Peter. 1982. Social Democracy in Britain: Must Labour Lose? London: John Martin.

United States

Agranoff, Robert. 1976. "The New Style of Campaigning: The Decline of Party and the Rise of Candidate-Centered Technology." In The New Style in Election Campaigns. Robert Agranoff, ed. Boston: Holbrook.

Agranoff, Robert. 1976. "The Role of Political Parties in the New Campaigning.” In The New Style in Election Campaigns. Robert Agranoff, ed. Boston: Holbrook.

Alexander, Robert J., ed. 1983. Political Parties of the Americas, Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies. Vols I and II. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Arden, Caroline. 1988. Getting the Donkey out of the Ditch: The Democratic-Party in Search of Itself. New York: Greenwood.

Baer, Denise L., and David A. Bositis. 1988. Elite Cadres and Party Coalitions: Representing the Public in Party Politics. New York: Greenwood

Beck, Paul Allen. and Marjorie Randon Hershey. 2001. Party Politics in America. 9th ed. New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc.

Beck, Paul Allen, and Frank J. Sorauf. 1992. Party Politics in America. 7th Edition. New York: Harper Collins.

Berkowitz, Laura and Steve Lilienthal. 1996. A Tale of Two Parties: National Committee Policy Making, 1992 and 1994. Green, John C. and Daniel M. Shea, eds. The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties. 2nd ed. (pp. 282) Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Bibby, John F. 1994. "Party Leadership, the Bliss Model, and the Development of the Republican National Committee." In Politics, Professionalism, and Power: Modern Political Organization and the Legacy of Ray C. Bliss. John C. Green, ed. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

Bogdanor, Vernon, ed. 1984. Parties and Democracy in-Britain and America. New York: Praeger.

Bone, H. 1958. Party Committees and National Politics. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Bone, H.. 1971. American Politics and the Party System. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Broder, David S. 1972. The Party's Over: The Failure of Politics in America. New York: Harper & Row.

Chartrand, Robert L. 1976. "Information Technology and The Political Campaigns” in The New Style in Election Campaigns. Robert Agranoff, ed. Boston: Holbrook.

Chester, Edward W. 1969. Radio, Television and American Politics. New York: Sheed and Wood.

Clark, Ed. 1980. A New Beginning. Ottawa, IL: Caroline House.

College Democrats of America. 2002. CDA: CDA History. [Online: web]. Cited May 2002. URL: http://www.collegedems.com/?x=about/abouthis.php&t=CDA%20History.

College Republicans National Committee. 2002. Welcome to the College Republican National Committee. [Online: web]. Cited May 2002. URL: http://www.crnconline.org/.

Cotter, Cornelius P. , and John F. Bibby. 1980. "Institutional Development of Parties and the Thesis of Party Decline. Political Science Quarterly 95:1-27.

Cotter, Cornelius P. , James L. Gibson, John F. Bibby, and Robert J. Huckshorn. 1984. Party Organizations in American Politics. New York: Praeger.

Cotter, Cornelius P. and Bernard C. Hennessy. 1964. Politics Without Power: The National Party Committees. New York, Atherton Press.

Cotter, Cornelius P., et al. 1989. Party Organizations in American Politics. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Crotty, William J. 1971. Political Parties and Political Behavior. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Crotty, William J. 1977. Political Reform and the American Experiment. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.

Crotty, William J. 1983. Party Reform. New York: Longman. Crotty, William J., and Gary C. Jacobson. 1980. American Parties in Decline. Boston: Little, Brown.

Dalton, Russell J. 1988. Citizen Politics in Western Democracies. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

Delury, George E., ed. 1983. World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties. New York: Facts on File.

Democratic Governors’ Association. 2002. About the DGA. [Online: web]. Cited May 2002. URL: http://www.democraticgovernors.org/images/Header6_o.jpg.

Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee. 2002. Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee. [Online: web]. Cited May 2002. URL: http://www.dlcc.org/.

Democratic National Committee. 2002. DNC: What We Do. [Online: web]. Cited May 2002. URL: http://www.democrats.org/about/function.html.

Diamond, Edwin, and Stephen Bates. 1984. The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Dinkin, Robert J. 1989. Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Dwyre. 1994. John C. Green and Daniel M. Shea, eds. (pp. 181). The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

Epstein, Leon D. 1967. Political Parties in Western Democracies. New York: Praeger.

Facts on File. Various years. Political Profiles.

Fishel, Jeff, ed. 1978. Parties and Elections in an Anti-Party Age: American Politics and the Crisis of Confidence. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Flanigan, William H. , and Nancy H. Zingale. 1985. "United States." In Electoral Change In Western Democracies. Ivor Crewe and David Denver, eds. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Frantzich, Stephen E. 1989. Political Parties in the Technical Age. New York: Longman.

Gitelson, Alan R., Margaret Conway, and Frank Feigart. 1984. American Political Parties: Stability and Chancre. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Goldman, Ralph M. 1990. The National Party Chairmen and Committees: Factionalism at the Top. New York: M.E. Sharpe.

Harmel, Robert, ed. 1984. Presidents and their Parties: Leadership or Neglect? New York: Praeger Publishers. Hale. 1994. John C. Green and Daniel M. Shea, eds. (pp. 254). The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

Herrnson, Paul S. 1990. "Reemergent National Party organizations” In The Parties Respond: Changes in the American Party System. L. Sandy Maisel, ed. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Huckshorn, Robert J. 1994. "National Committee Leadership of State and Local Parties." In Politics, Professionalism and Power: Modern-Political Organization and the Legacy of Ray C. Bliss. John C. Green, ed. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

Janda, Kenneth. 1980. Political Parties: A Cross-National Survey. New York: The Free Press.

Johnson, Donald Bruce. 1978. National Party Platforms. Vol. II [1960-761. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Keefe, William J. 1988. Parties, Politics, and Public Policv. 5th ed. Washington: Congressional Quarterly.

Kolodny, Robin, and Richard S. Katz. 1992. "The United States." In Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies 1960-90. Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair, eds. London: Sage.

Kayden, Xandra and Eddie, Mahe, Jr. 1985. The Party Goes On: The Persistence of the Two-Party System in the United States. New York: Basic Books, Inc.

Kurian, George Thomas, ed. 1997. Encyclopedia of the Democratic Party. v. 3. “The Democratic National Committee.”

Kurian, George Thomas, ed. 1997. Encyclopedia of the Republican Party. v. 1. “Republican National Committee.”

Laver, Michael, and W. Ben Hunt. 1992. Policy and Party Competition. New York: Routledge.

Lawson, Kay. 1968. Political Parties and Democracy in the United States. New York: Scribner.

Luntz, Frank I. 1988. Candidates, Consultants, and Campaigns: The Style and Substance of American Electioneering. New York: Basil Blackwell.

Maidment, Richard A. and Michael Tappin. 1989. American Politics Today. New York: Manchester University Press.

Maisel, L. Sandy. 1999. Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process. 3rd ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Maisel, L. Sandy. 1991. Political Parties and Elections in the Unites States: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing.

Menefee-Libey, David. 1994. "Embracing Campaign-Centered Politics at the Democratic Headquarters." In Politics, Professionalism and Power: Modern Party Organization and the Legacy of Ray C. Bliss. John C. Green, ed. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

Marti, Jose. 1989. Political Parties in the United States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Martis, Kenneth, and Ruth Anderson Rowles. 1989. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the U.S. Congress 1789-1989. New York: Macmillan.

Miller, Warren E., M. Kent Jennings, and Barbara G. Farah. 1986. Parties in Transition: A Longitudinal Study of Party Elites and Party Supporters. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

National Federation of Democratic Women. 2002. About the NFDW – Purpose. [Online: web]. Cited May 2002. URL: http://www.nfdw.org/html/nfdw_about.html.

National Federation of Republican Women. 2002. NFRW History. [Online: web]. Cited May 2002. URL: http://www.nfrw.org/aboutnfrw/history/history.htm.

National Republican Congressional Committee. 2002. Overview of the NRCC. [Online: web]. Cited May 2002. URL: http://www.nrcc.org/about/overview.htm.

Patterson, Thomas E. 1990. The American Democracy. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Pomper, Gerald M., ed. 1981. Party Renewal in America: Theory and Practice. New York: Praeger.

Price, David E. 1984. Bringing Back the Parties. Washington: Congressional Quarterly, Inc.

Ranney, Austin. 1967. Parties in State Politics. In Garold W. Thumm and Edward G. Janosik, eds. Parties and the Governmental System: A Book of Readings (pp. 63-74). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Reichley, James. The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties. New York: Free Press, 1992.

Republican Governors Association. 2002. Republican Governors Association. [Online: web]. Cited May 2002. URL: http://rga.policy.net/headquarters/mission.vtml.

Republican Mayors and Local Officials. 2002. RMLO: Article of Organization. [Online: web]. Cited May 2002. URL: http://www.rmlo.org/organization.htm#II. PURPOSE.

Sabato, Larry J. 1981. The Rise of Political Consultants: New Ways of Winning Elections. New York: Basic Books. Sabato, Larry J. 1988. The Party's Just Begun. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

Scott, Ruth K., and Ronald J. Hrebenar. 1979. Parties in Crisis: Party Politics in America. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M., ed. 1973. History of U.S. Political Parties 1945-72. Vols.I-IV. New York: Chelsea House.

Sinclair, Barbara. 1990 . "The Congressional Party: Evolving Organizational, Agenda-Setting and Policy Roles." In The Parties Respond: Changes in the American Party System. L. Sandy Maisel, ed. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Sorauf, Frank J. 1972. Party Politics and America. Boston: Little, Brown.

Sorauf, Frank J., and Scott A. Wilson. 1990. "Campaigns and Money: A Changing Role for the Political Parties?" In The Parties Respond: Changes in the American Party System. L. Sandy Maisel, ed. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Sullivan, Denis G., Jeffrev L. Pressman, and F. Christopher Anterton Explorations in Convention Decision making: The Democratic Party in the 1970's. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.

Ware, Alan. 1987. "United States: Disappearing Parties?" In Political Parties: Electoral, Change and Structural Response. Alan Ware, ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Wattenberg, Martin. 1984. Decline of American Parties. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Young Democrats of America. 2002. About the YDA. [Online: web]. Cited May 2002. URL: http://www.yda.org/about/index.html.