Les Champignons Endophytes Et Ceux Associés

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Les Champignons Endophytes Et Ceux Associés Les champignons endophytes et ceux associés aux caries des arbres et du bois mort de Julbernardia bifoliolata, Desbordesia glaucescens et Scyphocephalium ochocoa dans les forêts du Sud-est du Gabon Thèse Inès Nelly Moussavou Doctorat en sciences forestières Philosophiæ doctor (Ph. D.) Québec, Canada © Inès Nelly Moussavou, 2021 Les champignons endophytes et ceux associés aux caries des arbres et du bois mort de Julbernardia bifoliolata, Desbordesia glaucescens et Scyphocephalium ochocoa dans les forêts du Sud — est du Gabon Thèse Inès Nelly Moussavou Boussougou Sous la direction de : Louis Bernier, directeur de recherche Jean Bérubé, codirecteur de recherche RÉSUMÉ Les essences Julbernardia bifoliolata (Cesalpiniaceae), Desbordesia glaucescens (Irvingiaceae) et Scyphocephalium ochocoa (Myristicaceae) de diamètres exploitables sont abondantes dans les peuplements résiduels et abandonnés à cause de la présence de caries. L’étude des champignons de carie du bois est utile compte tenu de leurs rôles dans la dégradation des composés des parois des cellules vivantes du bois et de la matière organique. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’utiliser les techniques moléculaires pour identifier et étudier les champignons associés aux caries des arbres vivants et du bois mort chez ces trois essences forestières. L’identification des champignons polypores associés à la carie des arbres, aux coursons de bois (bois mort), l’évaluation de leurs capacités à dégrader le bois, ainsi que la comparaison de la diversité fongique endophytique des arbres cariés ont été réalisées dans les concessions forestières appartenant à trois sociétés forestières dans la province de l’Ogooué-Lolo au Gabon. Le nombre de polypores responsables des caries n’était pas exhaustif. Les séquences d’ADN correspondant aux espèces de champignons polypores appartenant aux ordres des Hymenochaetales et Polyporales ont été associées aux polypores responsables de la carie des arbres sur pied. Ceux identifiés à l’espèce étaient représentés par Amauroderma subresinosum, Fomitiporia nobilissima, Fuscoporia gilva, Hymenochaete murina, Phellinus noxius, Rigidoporus ulmarius et Tinctoporellus epimiltinus. Les espèces Perenniporia sp. et Inonotus sp., ont été identifiées au niveau du genre. Ces champignons ont été pour la plupart déjà identifiés au Gabon, mais sont nouvellement identifiés chez les essences de notre étude. Les espèces Hymenochaete murina et une nouvelle espèce d’Inonotus sp., font l’objet d’une première mention au Gabon. Par contre, vingt-huit (28) ii OTUs ont été obtenues sur le bois mort en utilisant les amorces spécifiques aux Basidiomycètes (ITS1F – ITS4B) à partir des basidiomes. Les polypores obtenus sur les coursons de bois étaient répartis au sein de treize (13) familles, appartenant aux ordres des Corticiales, Hymenochaetales, Polyporales, Russulales et Trechisporales. Quatorze sont de nouvelles espèces rapportées et les genres sont connus pour 9 d’entre elles. Parmi les 28 espèces, seules 4 sont connues au Gabon. La diversité en champignons sur les coursons de bois était plus élevée sur les essences de Béli suivi du Sorro et sur les coursons du site de la SEEF suivi de SBL. Les polypores A. subresinosum et F. gilva étaient communs aux arbres debout et aux coursons de bois des trois essences. Le champignon de carie brune P. noxius suivi de A. subresinosum champignon de carie blanche (tous deux de croissance mycélienne rapide) étaient les plus aptes à dégrader le bois tandis que le Sorro (S. ochocoa) était plus résistant face aux champignons lignivores. Les données obtenues avec l’utilisation des carottes de bois couplées à l’utilisation d’amorces universelles pour les champignons (ITS1F–ITS4) lors de l’amplification en chaine par polymérase (PCR), ont montré l’existence d’une diversité relativement élevée en champignons endophytes dans l’aubier sain des arbres cariés et correspondants à 62 Unités Taxonomiques Opérationnelles (OTUs). Les genres Penicillium et Pestalotiopsis étaient les plus abondants et communs aux trois essences. Le Sorro contenait la plus grande diversité en champignons endophytes, tandis que le site de CEB avait la plus grande diversité. Nos recherches ont montré les différentes communautés fongiques associées aux caries des arbres et du bois mort de ces essences forestières dans les forêts du Sud-est du Gabon ainsi que la capacité des champignons lignivores à dégrader le bois. iii ABSTRACT The tree species Julbernardia bifoliolata (Cesalpiniaceae), Desbordesia glaucescens (Irvingiaceae) and Scyphocephalium ochocoa (Myristicaceae) with logging diameters are abundant in residual and abandoned stands because of presence of wood rot. The study of wood decay fungi is useful because of their roles in living wood cells and organic matter decomposition. The aim of this thesis was to use molecular techniques to identify and study fungi associated with decay of living trees and dead wood in these three forest species. Identification of polypore fungi associated with tree decay, logs, assessment of wood degradation capacities, and comparison of endophytic fungal diversity were carried out in forest concessions belonging to three forestry companies of Ogooué- Lolo province in Gabon. Polypores fungi responsible of wood decay were not exhaustive. DNA sequences corresponding to polypore fungal species belonging to Hymenochaetales and Polyporales orders were associated to polypores responsible for decay of trees. Those identified at species level were represented by Amauroderma subresinosum, Fomitiporia nobilissima, Fuscoporia gilva, Hymenochaete murina, Phellinus noxius, Rigidoporus ulmarius and Tinctoporellus epimiltinus. Perenniporia sp. and Inonotus sp. have been identified at the genus level. Most of these fungi have already been identified in Gabon but are newly identified in the tree species of our study. The species Hymenochaete murina and a new species of Inonotus sp. are first mentioned in Gabon. On the other hand, twenty-eight (28) OTUs were obtained from dead wood using primers specific to Basidiomycetes (ITS1F - ITS4B) from basidiocarps. The polypores obtained from logs were distributed within thirteen (13) families, belonging to the orders of Corticiales, Hymenochaetales, Polyporales, Russulales and Trechisporales. Fourteen are new species iv reported and 9 of them are known at the genus level. Among the 28 species, only 4 are known in Gabon. The diversity of fungi on logs was higher on Béli species followed by Sorro and on logs from the SEEF site followed by SBL. The polypores A. subresinosum and Fuscoporia gilva were common in standing trees and tree species logs. The brown rot fungus Phellinus noxius followed by the white rot fungus Amauroderma subresinosum (both of rapid mycelial growth) were the most agressive to degrade wood while Sorro (S. ochocoa) was more resistant to wood decay fungi. Data obtained from wood cores coupled with the use of fungal universal primers (ITS1F-ITS4) during polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed a relatively high diversity in endophytic fungi in the healthy sapwood of decayed trees and matched to 62 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). The genera Penicillium and Pestalotiopsis were the most abundant and common to the three species. Sorro exhibited the greatest diversity in endophytic fungi, while the CEB site had the greatest diversity. Research has shown the different fungal communities associated with tree and wood decay of these species in the forests of south-eastern Gabon as well as the ability of wood decay fungi to degrade the wood. v TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ ........................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT .................................................................................... iv TABLE DES MATIÈRES .................................................................... vi LISTE DES TABLEAUX ................................................................... xii LISTE DES FIGURES .................................................................... xiv LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS ........................................................... xvi REMERCIEMENTS ......................................................................... xx AVANT-PROPOS......................................................................... xxvii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 1. Contexte et problématique ......................................................... 1 2. Cadre de l’étude ....................................................................... 8 2.1. Localisation géographique du Gabon ......................................... 8 2.2. Climat, relief et types de sols ................................................. 11 2.3. Végétation et essences étudiées ............................................. 12 2.3.1. Végétation .................................................................. 12 2.3.2. Essences forestières étudiées ........................................ 15 3. Revue de littérature ................................................................ 16 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................ 16 3.2. Les agents abiotiques de dégradation du bois en région tropicale 17 3.3. Les agents biotiques de dégradation du bois en région tropicale . 19 3.4. Les types de caries du bois .................................................... 22 3.5. Les caries des arbres ............................................................ 23 3.6. Les caries sur les
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