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Orchid – Mycorrhiza Relationships, Propagation of Terrestrial and Epiphytic Orchids from Seed

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Orchid – Mycorrhiza Relationships, Propagation of Terrestrial and Epiphytic Orchids from Seed Hughes, Oliver Thomas Wesley (2018)Orchid – mycorrhiza relationships, propagation of terrestrial and epiphytic orchids from seed. Doctoral thesis (PhD), Manchester Metropolitan University. Downloaded from: http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/621969/ Usage rights: Creative Commons: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Deriva- tive Works 4.0 Please cite the published version https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk Orchid – Mycorrhiza relationships, propagation of terrestrial and epiphytic orchids from seed Oliver Thomas Wesley Hughes A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology School of Science and the Environment In Collaboration with the North of England Zoological Society and the University of Manchester 2018 1 Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................... 14 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ 16 Chapter 1. ........................................................................................................ 20 General Introduction ....................................................................................... 20 References .............................................................................................. 29 Chapter 2. ........................................................................................................ 38 Symbiotic germination of the terrestrial orchid Microtis media in vitro is not dependent on fungal sympatry ............................................................... 38 Abstract ................................................................................................... 39 Keywords Terrestrial orchid germination · Fungal compatibility orchids · Mycorrhizal Fungi · Symbiosis · Symbiotic propagation ........................... 39 Introduction............................................................................................. 39 Materials and Methods ........................................................................... 40 Study species ................................................................................. 40 Experimental design ...................................................................... 42 Results .................................................................................................... 43 Discussion .............................................................................................. 45 Acknowledgements ................................................................................ 50 References .............................................................................................. 50 Chapter 3. ........................................................................................................ 55 Assessing fungal compatibility in the germination and development of four terrestrial orchids of the subtribe Orchidinae ...................................... 55 Abstract ................................................................................................... 56 2 Keywords Orchidaceae • Mycorrhizae • Fungal compatiibility • Germination • Conservation ...................................................................... 56 Introduction............................................................................................. 56 Materials and Methods ........................................................................... 59 Organismal details ......................................................................... 59 Experimental procedure ................................................................ 61 Results .................................................................................................... 64 Anacamptis morio ......................................................................... 66 Dactylorhiza incarnata .................................................................. 67 Serapias bergonii .......................................................................... 72 Serapias parviflora ........................................................................ 74 Discussion .............................................................................................. 75 Species specific responses ......................................................... 75 Experimental variables ................................................................. 77 Fungal specificity and compatibility ........................................... 79 Acknowledgements ................................................................................ 81 References .............................................................................................. 82 Appendix ................................................................................................. 90 Chapter 4. ........................................................................................................ 92 Symbiotic culture enhances in vitro germination and development of two European terrestrial orchids; Anacamptis laxiflora and Ophrys apifera ... 92 Abstract ................................................................................................... 93 Keywords Orchidaceae • Germination • Terrestrial • Mycorrhizae • Conservation ............................................................................................ 93 3 Introduction............................................................................................. 94 Materials and methods ........................................................................... 97 Results .................................................................................................. 101 Initial germination and development .......................................... 101 Further development and acclimatisation ................................. 105 Discussion ............................................................................................ 109 Acknowledgements .............................................................................. 114 References ............................................................................................ 114 Chapter 5. ...................................................................................................... 120 The effects of substrate rugosity and complexity on in vitro germination and development in the European terrestrial orchids; Anacamptis morio and Dactylorhiza purpurella ......................................................................... 120 Abstract ................................................................................................. 121 Keywords Orchidaceae • Germination • Terrestrial • Mycorrhizae • Rugosity • Substrate complexity ............................................................. 121 Introduction........................................................................................... 122 Materials and methods ......................................................................... 124 Organismal details ....................................................................... 124 Experimental procedure .............................................................. 125 Results .................................................................................................. 129 Germination and development ................................................... 129 Statistical analysis ....................................................................... 135 Rugosity treatments .................................................................... 135 Negative control (treatments) ..................................................... 136 4 Substrate complexity ................................................................... 137 Discussion ............................................................................................ 138 Acknowledgements .............................................................................. 144 References ............................................................................................ 144 Chapter 6. ...................................................................................................... 162 Asymbiotic and symbiotic germination of five epiphytic orchids from the subtribe Pleurothallidinae - advantage for initial symbiotic germination 162 Abstract ................................................................................................. 163 Keywords Orchidaceae • Mycorrhizae • Germination • Propagation • Conservation .......................................................................................... 164 Introduction........................................................................................... 164 Materials and Methods ......................................................................... 168 Organismal details ....................................................................... 168 Experimental procedure .............................................................. 169 Results .................................................................................................. 173 Masdevallia melanoxantha......................................................... 174 Germination ................................................................................. 174 Development ................................................................................ 175 Masdevellia menatoi ..................................................................
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