Ludwig Van Beethoven

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Ludwig Van Beethoven GENIOS DE LA MUSICA (Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin) Jaime Sandoval Brower ÍNDICE AMADEO MOZART ......................................................................................................................... 4 Años de viajes ............................................................................................................................ 6 La corte de Salzburgo ................................................................................................................. 8 Viaje a París ............................................................................................................................... 9 Marcha a Viena ........................................................................................................................ 10 Primeros años en Viena ............................................................................................................ 11 Vuelta a la ópera ...................................................................................................................... 14 Dificultades económicas ........................................................................................................... 15 Último año de vida ................................................................................................................... 16 Enfermedad final y fallecimiento .............................................................................................. 17 Hipótesis sobre su muerte ........................................................................................................ 18 Aspecto físico y personalidad ................................................................................................... 19 Producción musical .................................................................................................................. 20 Obras ....................................................................................................................................... 22 Influencia y legado ................................................................................................................... 23 LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN ........................................................................................................... 25 Infancia y formación................................................................................................................. 26 En Viena ................................................................................................................................... 28 El final ...................................................................................................................................... 30 FRÉDÉRIC CHOPIN ........................................................................................................................ 33 Adolescencia ............................................................................................................................ 34 Viena y el Levantamiento en Polonia ........................................................................................ 38 París ......................................................................................................................................... 40 Éxito en Europa ........................................................................................................................ 43 Amor y compromiso ................................................................................................................. 44 George Sand ............................................................................................................................ 45 Mallorca................................................................................................................................... 46 Otra vez París ........................................................................................................................... 47 El principio del fin .................................................................................................................... 48 página 2 Lucrezia Floriani, el fin del amor ............................................................................................... 48 El canto del cisne ..................................................................................................................... 50 Fallecimiento ........................................................................................................................... 53 Su música ................................................................................................................................. 55 Chopin y el piano ..................................................................................................................... 55 Chopin y el Romanticismo ........................................................................................................ 58 Obras concertantes .................................................................................................................. 60 Música polaca: polonesas, mazurcas y otros............................................................................. 62 Valses y otras danzas................................................................................................................ 63 Otras obras .............................................................................................................................. 64 Chopin en la cultura popular .................................................................................................... 67 Chopin en el cine y televisión ................................................................................................... 68 BIOGRAFOS .................................................................................................................................. 69 página 3 AMADEO MOZART Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart nació el 27 de enero de 1756 en Salzburgo, en la actual Austria, que en esa época era un arzobispado independiente del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico. Fue el último hijo de Leopold Mozart, músico al servicio del príncipe arzobispo de Salzburgo. Leopold era el segundo maestro de capilla en la corte del arzobispo aunque fue un experimentado profesor. Su madre se llamaba Anna María Pertl. Debido a la altísima mortalidad infantil en la Europa de la época, de los siete hijos que tuvo el matrimonio sólo sobrevivieron María Anna, apodada cariñosamente Nannerl, y Wolfgang Amadeus. Fue bautizado en la catedral de San Ruperto el día después de su nacimiento con los nombres de Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart; a lo largo de su vida firmaría con diversas variaciones sobre su nombre original, siendo una de las más recurrentes «Wolfgang Amadè Mozart». La casa natal de Mozart, se encuentra en la Getreidegasse de la ciudad de Salzburgo. Se trata de una casa que actualmente cuenta con una gran cantidad de objetos de la época e instrumentos que pertenecieron a Mozart durante su niñez. Es uno de los lugares más visitados de Salzburgo y una especie de santuario para músicos y aficionados a la música de todo el mundo. Leopold componía y daba clases de música. El año del nacimiento de Wolfgang publicó un exitoso tratado para la interpretación del violín titulado Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule. Después del nacimiento de Wolfgang abandonó todo, salvo las tareas propias de su cargo, para dedicarse de manera exclusiva a la formación de su hijo. Fue exigente como padre y como profesor y en todo momento estuvo al tanto de la formación de Wolfgang, para guiarlo como hombre y como artista. Nannerl y Wolfgang Amadeus mostraron desde muy pequeños facultades para la música. Nannerl comenzó a recibir clases de teclado con su padre cuando tenía siete años, y su hermano, cuatro años y medio, menor que ella, la miraba evidentemente fascinado. Años después de la muerte de su hermano, ella rememoró: «A menudo pasaba mucho tiempo en el teclado, eligiendo terceras, que a él siempre le sorprendían y mostraba con placer que el sonido le gustaba». página 4 En su cuarto año de edad, su padre comenzó a enseñarle, como un juego, a interpretar unos minuetos y otras piezas en el teclado. Podía tocarlo impecablemente, con la mayor delicadeza y manteniendo exactamente el tempo. A la edad de cinco años ya componía pequeñas piezas, que interpretaba para su padre, al que estaban dedicadas. Entre esas pequeñas piezas se encuentran el Andante para teclado en do mayor, Köchel Verzeichnis (KV) 1a, y el Allegro para teclado en do mayor, KV 1b. Cuando Wolfgang Amadeus tenía cuatro años tocaba el clavicordio y componía pequeñas obras de considerable dificultad; a los seis, tocaba con destreza el clavecín y el violín. Podía leer música a primera vista, tenía una memoria prodigiosa y una inagotable capacidad para improvisar frases musicales. Definitivamente no era un niño común. Su progenitor era un hombre inteligente, orgulloso y religioso. Creía que los dones musicales de su hijo eran un milagro divino que él, como padre, tenía la obligación de cultivar. Cuando el niño iba a cumplir seis años de edad, Leopold decidió exhibir las dotes musicales de sus hijos ante las principales cortes de Europa. Según los primeros biógrafos de Wolfgang, su padre «quiso compartir con el mundo el milagroso talento de su hijo...». Leopold creyó que proclamar este milagro al mundo era un deber hacia su país, su príncipe y su Dios, por lo que tenía que mostrarlo a la alta sociedad europea, ya que de otra manera él sería la criatura más ingrata. El biógrafo
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