Thaís Ribeiro Bueno Literatura

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Thaís Ribeiro Bueno Literatura UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ESTUDOS DA LINGUAGEM THAÍS RIBEIRO BUENO LITERATURA CHICANA E TRADUÇÃO – TRANSBORDAMENTOS E APROXIMAÇÕES À FRONTERA CAMPINAS, 2016 THAÍS RIBEIRO BUENO LITERATURA CHICANA E TRADUÇÃO – TRANSBORDAMENTOS APROXIMAÇÕES À FRONTERA Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem da Universidade Estadual de Campinas para obtenção do título de doutora em Linguística Aplicada, na área de Linguagem e Educação Orientadora: Prof(a). Dr(a). Maria Viviane do Amaral Veras Este exemplar corresponde à versão final da Tese defendida pela aluna Thaís Ribeiro Bueno e orientada pela Profa. Dra. Maria Viviane do Amaral Veras CAMPINAS, 2016 BANCA EXAMINADORA: Maria Viviane do Amaral Veras Daniela Palma Alfredo Cesar Barbosa de Melo Lynn Mario Trindade Menezes de Souza Joana Plaza Pinto Érica Luciene Alves de Lima Lenita Maria Rimoli Esteves Ana Maria de Moura Schäffer IEL/UNICAMP 2016 Ata da defesa com as respectivas assinaturas dos membros encontra-se no processo de vida acadêmica do aluno. Para Pedro, que tão generosamente soube entender cada uma de minhas ausências, e tão sábia e amorosamente soube me acolher em cada uma de minhas voltas. Embora minha gratidão não se esgote com estas palavras, eu não poderia deixar de expressar minha profunda gratidão à professora Viviane Veras, minha orientadora, por suas contribuições inestimáveis, seu gênio, seu apoio irrestrito e sua presença constante e tão generosa ao longo de toda a minha trajetória acadêmica. Meus mais profundos agradecimentos aos professores que aceitaram ler meu trabalho e oferecer suas contribuições, tanto durante os exames de qualificação quanto na defesa: professora Daniela Palma, professora Terezinha Maher, professora Joana Plaza, professor Daniel Silva, professor Alfredo Cesar Barbosa de Melo e professor Lynn Mario Menezes de Souza. Agradeço também ao Departamento de Linguística Aplicada do IEL, na Universidade Estadual de Campinas, por ter sido, por tantos anos, minha alma mater. Aos profissionais da Secretaria de Pós-Graduação, sobretudo Rose, Cláudio e Miguel, meu “muito obrigada”. Minha experiência de doutorado sanduíche na Califórnia não teria sido possível sem o apoio financeiro da Capes e seu programa de Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior, pelo qual sou muito grata. Expresso, também, meus mais sinceros agradecimentos à professora Candace Slater, por sua disponibilidade e sua generosidade ao supervisionar-me durante meu estágio como visiting research student na UC Berkeley, e também ao professor Genaro Padilla, cujos ensinamentos tanto contribuíram para a escrita desta tese. Agradeço, também, aos queridos amigos e colegas que conheci durante minha temporada em Berkeley, e com os quais também tive a oportunidade de aprender: Marcelo Spitzner, Renata Gomes, Marilola Perez, Yael Segalovitz e Carlos Macías Prieto, por sua generosidade e seu apoio ao longo da escrita desta tese. Tlazcamati, ica noyolo! Minha gratidão mais sincera aos meus queridos e generosos colegas do IEL, que, em diferentes momentos e lugares, tanto me apoiaram que possibilitaram que nossas relações acadêmicas se transformassem em frutíferas relações de amizades e afeto: Rita Elena Melian Zamora, Adriano da Silva, Ana Amélia Calazans Rosa, Cynthia Agra Brito Neves, Andreia Moroni, Adeline Jalabert Araújo e Lígia Francisco. Por fim, agradeço às pessoas que, direta ou indiretamente, estiveram envolvidas e proporcionaram o apoio e o acolhimento de que precisei, no momento em que precisei: muito obrigada às minhas amigas Priscila Valle, Márcia Pereira, Líllian Bento, Ana Elisa Nascimento e Fernanda Verçosa, pelo amor e pela inspiração que são para mim; meu também muito obrigada Luiz, Pedro e Mayla, pela fonte inesgotável de amor e solidariedade. E, sobretudo, minha gratidão eterna ao meu irmão Marcos e àqueles sem os quais esta jornada certamente não teria sido possível, e que nunca deixaram faltar amor: meus queridos pais, Márcia e Marcos. RESUMO A literatura de fronteira, por se inscrever em um universo cultural desenvolvido a partir de um longo e contínuo processo de mestiçagem cultural, apresenta em seu bojo inúmeras questões e traços linguísticos que são do domínio do hibridismo linguístico. Mais especificamente, a literatura chicana aborda, entre outras, questões relacionadas à história e à cultura chicana, a partir de uma exploração de tensões políticas e sociais que emergem dos choques culturais na região da fronteira entre o México e os EUA. Nesse caso, nota-se o desenvolvimento de uma literatura cuja temática e cuja linguagem recorrem a um hibridismo estético que se manifesta na própria materialidade textual, entremeada pelo uso recorrente e intercambiado de diferentes idiomas como o inglês, o espanhol, e o nahuatl. Nesse contexto, o que fica evidente é uma concepção de língua que extrapola os limites tradicionais do idioma nacional, modelo erigido no século XVIII e ainda em voga e dominante em muitos campos do conhecimento, como é o caso da tradução. Esta última, tradicionalmente, apoia-se em um modelo de transposição de informações, de uma língua-fonte para uma língua-alvo, que identifica os idiomas como blocos homogêneos, estanques e unificados. No entanto, o mito da cultura monolíngue, que tem sustentado tal modelo tradicional de tradução, cai por terra com as reconfigurações geopolíticas em operação desde o advento da globalização, que, por sua vez, põem em xeque o ideal “uma nação, uma bandeira, um idioma”. Nesta pesquisa, a literatura chicana é analisada como exemplo de manifestação cultural que desafia o tradicional modelo linguístico nacionalista e que constitui um obstáculo a projetos de tradução que seguem tal modelo. A partir de um olhar a momentos- chave da história e da cultura chicana, e tomando como ponto de partida a obra Borderlands/La Frontera – The New Mestiza, da feminista chicana Gloria Anzaldúa, propomos um exercício de reflexão acerca dos limites que textos como esse impõem às teorias de tradução, e nos perguntamos que tipo de tradutora/tradutor um texto como esse exige. Mais especificamente, propomos um entendimento de tradução enquanto lugar de re-leitura e re-escrita (e, por isso, de grande potencial para a ação política em prol de uma justiça social) para uma tentativa de articulação epistemológica entre os campos da literatura chicana e das teorias de tradução. Para tanto, nos apoiaremos na literatura desenvolvida nos mais diversos campos do saber, entre os quais a filosofia da linguagem, os estudos da tradução, os estudos chicanos, os estudos culturais e os estudos pós-coloniais. Palavras-chave: tradução; literatura chicana; hibridismo; Gloria Anzaldúa; mestiçagem. ABSTRACT Border literature is inscribed in a cultural universe that developed from a long and continuous process of mestizaje, and therefore presents a series of linguistic issues and marks which are located in the domain of linguistic hybridism. More specifically, Chicano literature approaches, among other issues, those related to Chicano history and culture, by exploring the political and social tensions that emerged from cultural clashes in the border area between Mexico and USA. In this case, literature develops by presenting themes and language pervaded by an aesthetic hybridism, manifested in its own textual materiality, interwoven with the recurrent and interchangeable use of different languages – such as the Spanish, Nahuatl and English. In this context, we can envision a conception of language which goes beyond the traditional limites of national language, a model designed in the 19th Century and still in vogue in different fiels of knowledge, such as translation. The latter is commonly based on a model of information transposition, from a source language to a target language, which conceives languages as monolithic, restrained, unified bodies of culture. However, the myth of monolingual culture that has supported traditional conceptions of translation fall apart in the context of geopolitical reconfigurations that emerged from globalization. Such geopolitical changes, by their turn, occasionate the dismantling of the “one nation, one flag, one language” ideal. In this research, Chicana literature is taken as an example of cultural expression that challenges the nationalist linguistic model and becomes an issue in conservative translation projects. By exploring the panorama of key moments in the history and culture of the Chicano people and based on the popular Borderlands/La Frontera – The New Mestiza, by Chicana feminist Gloria Anzaldúa, we propose an analysis of the limits that texts like this one offer to the field of translation theories (among which the much discussed issue of untranslatability) and ask about what kind of translator is evoked here. More specifically, we propose an understanding of translation as the place for re-reading and re-writing (therefore, presenting great potential for political agency and social justice) as part of our attempt of epistemologic articulation of the fields of Chicano literature and translation theories. With that in mind, we base our research on an heterogeneous body of theoretical literature, such as the philosophy of language, translation theories, the Chicano studies, the cultural studies postcolonial studies. Palavras-chave: translation; Chicano literature; hybrididy; Gloria Anzaldúa; mestizaje. RESUMEN La literatura de frontera, por inscribirse en un universo cultural que se ha desarollado en un largo y continuo proceso de mestizaje cultural, presenta en su manifestación innumerables cuestiones
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