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Tawarikh 7-2.Indb TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016 AHMAD YANI, LILIS WIDANINGSIH & ROSITA Rumah Panggung in Kampung Naga, West Java, Indonesia and Minka Gassho Zukuri in Shirakawa-go, Japan: The Local Wisdom of Traditional Houses in Mitigating Earthquake ABSTRACT: The objectives of this research is to explore the geological conditions and tales about earthquake narrated by local people in Indonesia and Japan; and the local wisdoms contained in traditional houses in Kampung Naga, West Java, Indonesia and in Shirakawa-go, Japan in relation to seismic resistant. This research employed qualitative approach, an approach that tends to have a subjective perspective. Sources of data were obtained from literature review, interviews, and a FGD (Focus Group Discussion). The results showed that although the traditional houses in Kampung Naga, Indonesia and in Shirakawa-go, Japan have many differences, but both architectural models have in common purpose to reduce the damage to the building in case of earthquake. Building resilience in both traditional houses has similarities to the foundation and the materials used. “Rumah Panggung” in Kampung Naga and “Minka Gassho Zukuri” in Shirakawa-go do not have a rigid structure for their foundations, ϔloors, and buildings. In the event of an earthquake, the houses just shifted their positions following the horizontal force of the earthquake. The buildings will move freely and return to their original positions after the quake without causing any serious damage. Difference between the two are house in Kampung Naga only uses materials that are lightweight and thin, while house in Shirakawa-go uses thick roof to adjust to the local climatic conditions. The people in Kampung Naga and Shirakawa-go are considered successful in building seismic resistant houses. KEY WORDS: Rumah Panggung in Kampung Naga, local wisdom, Minka Gassho Zukuri in Shirakawa-go, mitigation earthquake, and local natural conditions. INTRODUCTION 2011). Thus, mitigation means making benign The term mitigation derived from the or tamed. Natural disaster mitigation means Latin language, mitigare. Mitigare derived “to tame” a disaster. Nevertheless, natural from a combination of two root words, mythic disasters, particularly earthquake, actually meaning soft, gentle, and docile; and agare cannot be tamed. Therefore, mitigation is more means to do or to make (cited in Fadillah, appropriate to be interpreted as an attempt to About the Authors: Dr. Ahmad Yani is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Geography Education, Faculty of Social Studies Education UPI (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia or Indonesia University of Education) in Bandung. Dr. Lilis Widaningsih and Rosita, M.A. are Research Scholars at the UPI Bandung, Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi No.229 Bandung 40154, West Java, Indonesia. Corresponding author is: [email protected] How to cite this article? Yani, Ahmad, Lilis Widaningsih & Rosita. (2016). “Rumah Panggung in Kampung Naga, West Java, Indonesia and Minka Gassho Zukuri in Shirakawa-go, Japan: The Local Wisdom of Traditional Houses in Mitigating Earthquake” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Vol.7(2) April, pp.275-296. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 28, 2016); Revised (March 30, 2016); and Published (April 28, 2016). © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 275 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh AHMAD YANI, LILIS WIDANINGSIH & ROSITA, Rumah Panggung in Kampung Naga and Minka Gassho Zukuri in Shirakawa-go reduce the risk of a natural disaster. Act, Fire Services Act, and Flood Control The Law of the Republic of Indonesia Act. In 1961, there was an institutional Number 24 Year 2007 on Disaster improvement by establishing the DCBA Management, Article 1 (9), said that disaster (Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act), after mitigation is a series of efforts to reduce Ise-wan typhoons which claimed more than disaster risk, either through physical 5,000 lives. DCBA is deined as an institution of development and awareness or increase ability national protection for national territory and to deal with disasters. The notion of natural lives, livelihoods, and property from natural disasters, in the law, is a disaster caused by disasters (Gimpelson et al., 2016). an event or series of events caused by nature, DCBA is a national-level organization such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic coordinating CDMC (Central Disaster eruptions, loods, droughts, hurricanes, and Management Council) for national institution landslides (BNPB, 2007). level; LDMC (Local Disaster Management In Indonesia, disaster mitigation Council) for province or prefectures level; activities are coordinated by the National and MDMC (Municipal Disaster Management Disaster Management Institution or called Councils) for lower level. At national level, Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana DCBA is coordinated by a Special Ministry in Indonesian language, which usually called the Ministry of Disaster Management, abbreviated BNPB. This institution is a non- with members of all the Ministers and experts. department government institution, which has At national level, a number of institutions a duty to help the President do the planning and relevant Ministries do the coordination and integrated implementation of disaster to mitigate all types of natural disasters, such management and emergency responses before, as FDMA (Fire and Disaster Management during, and after disaster. Form of its activities Agency), Ministry of Health, Ministry of includes prevention, preparedness, emergency Labour and Welfare, MLITT (Ministry of Land, response, and recovery (BNPB, 2007; and Infrastructue, Transport, and Tourism). MILTT Yansen, 2010). has also the function of coordinating with JMA BNPB was established under Presidential (Japan Meteorolocical Agency), JCG (Japan Decree No.8 of 2008 on the National Disaster Coast Guard), and MDPC or Maritime Disaster Management Institution. Several important Prevention Center (Nazarov, 2011). duties of BNPB are: (1) to guide and direct In addition to government institutions, the disaster relief effort that includes Japan has a number of voluntary organizations disaster prevention, emergency response, in mitigating disasters, such as VFC rehabilitation, and reconstruction fairly and (Voluntary Fireighting Corps), Suibo-dan equitably; (2) to establish the standardization (Voluntary Flood Fighting Teams), and and the need for implementing disaster BOKOMI (Community Based Disaster management based on the law; (3) to Risk Management). Although BOKOMI is distribute information about disaster voluntary, but the organization is involving prevention activities to the community; (4) to local government, the head of the station, report disaster management implementation ireighters, leaders of local associations, to the President once a month in normal women’s associations, parents’ associations, conditions and at all times in a state of and others. When disaster occurs, BOKOMI emergency; (5) to use and account the national will help local authorities to evacuate people. and international aids; and (6) to account for Under normal conditions, BOKOMI also the use of the budget received from the State conduct various training programs, such Budget (BNPB, 2007). as training to use ireighting equipment, In Japan, the disaster management system evacuation drills, transmission of information has been highly developed. Based on the drills, lood control training, and others record, it was formed in the 1940s. At the (Nazarov, 2011). time, disaster management grouping by The objectives of disaster management type had already existed like Disaster Relief institution, both in Indonesia and in 276 © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016 Japan, have in common to try to carry out After 20 years, the provisions of buildings disaster prevention, emergency response, were renewed again. In 1971, provisions on rehabilitation, and reconstruction. Disaster strengthening the foundation of shear and management institution performed its every concrete foundation were added. The next step in modern way with a budget that has change was in 1981, known as shin-Taishin been prepared. Along with it, the research standard. In 2000, the standard was also and mapping of disaster-prone areas are also revised with the provisions on soil stability carried, such as cartography to landslides test for certain type of building. In 2006, prone, volcanic disaster area maps, and maps provisions and system in seismic resistant of earthquake-prone regions. It includes building certiication were tightened to expect research on aspects of buildings and houses.1 more security and more people can be saved in For example, in Indonesia, is the task the case of earthquake (JPC, 2016). forces in structure and building construction Long before Japan and Indonesia develop in technical committee for settlement affairs innovative building, traditional society in both standardization, the Directorate-General of countries have innovated ways to build and Settlement, Public Works Departement, in structured their neighborhood areas, in order which they arrange a technical guidebook to reduce victims when natural disasters occur. of seismic resistant houses and buildings
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