TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016

AHMAD YANI, LILIS WIDANINGSIH & ROSITA Rumah Panggung in Kampung Naga, West , and Minka Gassho Zukuri in Shirakawa-go, Japan: The Local Wisdom of Traditional Houses in Mitigating Earthquake

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this research is to explore the geological conditions and tales about earthquake narrated by local people in Indonesia and Japan; and the local wisdoms contained in traditional houses in Kampung Naga, West Java, Indonesia and in Shirakawa-go, Japan in relation to seismic resistant. This research employed qualitative approach, an approach that tends to have a subjective perspective. Sources of data were obtained from literature review, interviews, and a FGD (Focus Group Discussion). The results showed that although the traditional houses in Kampung Naga, Indonesia and in Shirakawa-go, Japan have many differences, but both architectural models have in common purpose to reduce the damage to the building in case of earthquake. Building resilience in both traditional houses has similarities to the foundation and the materials used. “Rumah Panggung” in Kampung Naga and “Minka Gassho Zukuri” in Shirakawa-go do not have a rigid structure for their foundations, ϔloors, and buildings. In the event of an earthquake, the houses just shifted their positions following the horizontal force of the earthquake. The buildings will move freely and return to their original positions after the quake without causing any serious damage. Difference between the two are house in Kampung Naga only uses materials that are lightweight and thin, while house in Shirakawa-go uses thick roof to adjust to the local climatic conditions. The people in Kampung Naga and Shirakawa-go are considered successful in building seismic resistant houses. KEY WORDS: Rumah Panggung in Kampung Naga, local wisdom, Minka Gassho Zukuri in Shirakawa-go, mitigation earthquake, and local natural conditions.

INTRODUCTION 2011). Thus, mitigation means making benign The term mitigation derived from the or tamed. Natural disaster mitigation means Latin language, mitigare. Mitigare derived “to tame” a disaster. Nevertheless, natural from a combination of two root words, mythic disasters, particularly earthquake, actually meaning soft, gentle, and docile; and agare cannot be tamed. Therefore, mitigation is more means to do or to make (cited in Fadillah, appropriate to be interpreted as an attempt to

About the Authors: Dr. Ahmad Yani is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Geography Education, Faculty of Social Studies Education UPI (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia or Indonesia University of Education) in Bandung. Dr. Lilis Widaningsih and Rosita, M.A. are Research Scholars at the UPI Bandung, Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi No.229 Bandung 40154, West Java, Indonesia. Corresponding author is: [email protected] How to cite this article? Yani, Ahmad, Lilis Widaningsih & Rosita. (2016). “Rumah Panggung in Kampung Naga, West Java, Indonesia and Minka Gassho Zukuri in Shirakawa-go, Japan: The Local Wisdom of Traditional Houses in Mitigating Earthquake” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Vol.7(2) April, pp.275-296. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 28, 2016); Revised (March 30, 2016); and Published (April 28, 2016).

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reduce the risk of a natural disaster. Act, Fire Services Act, and Flood Control The Law of the Republic of Indonesia Act. In 1961, there was an institutional Number 24 Year 2007 on Disaster improvement by establishing the DCBA Management, Article 1 (9), said that disaster (Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act), after mitigation is a series of efforts to reduce Ise-wan typhoons which claimed more than disaster risk, either through physical 5,000 lives. DCBA is deined as an institution of development and awareness or increase ability national protection for national territory and to deal with disasters. The notion of natural lives, livelihoods, and property from natural disasters, in the law, is a disaster caused by disasters (Gimpelson et al., 2016). an event or series of events caused by nature, DCBA is a national-level organization such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic coordinating CDMC (Central Disaster eruptions, loods, droughts, hurricanes, and Management Council) for national institution landslides (BNPB, 2007). level; LDMC (Local Disaster Management In Indonesia, disaster mitigation Council) for province or prefectures level; activities are coordinated by the National and MDMC (Municipal Disaster Management Disaster Management Institution or called Councils) for lower level. At national level, Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana DCBA is coordinated by a Special Ministry in Indonesian language, which usually called the Ministry of Disaster Management, abbreviated BNPB. This institution is a non- with members of all the Ministers and experts. department government institution, which has At national level, a number of institutions a duty to help the President do the planning and relevant Ministries do the coordination and integrated implementation of disaster to mitigate all types of natural disasters, such management and emergency responses before, as FDMA (Fire and Disaster Management during, and after disaster. Form of its activities Agency), Ministry of Health, Ministry of includes prevention, preparedness, emergency Labour and Welfare, MLITT (Ministry of Land, response, and recovery (BNPB, 2007; and Infrastructue, Transport, and Tourism). MILTT Yansen, 2010). has also the function of coordinating with JMA BNPB was established under Presidential (Japan Meteorolocical Agency), JCG (Japan Decree No.8 of 2008 on the National Disaster Coast Guard), and MDPC or Maritime Disaster Management Institution. Several important Prevention Center (Nazarov, 2011). duties of BNPB are: (1) to guide and direct In addition to government institutions, the disaster relief effort that includes Japan has a number of voluntary organizations disaster prevention, emergency response, in mitigating disasters, such as VFC rehabilitation, and reconstruction fairly and (Voluntary Fireighting Corps), Suibo-dan equitably; (2) to establish the standardization (Voluntary Flood Fighting Teams), and and the need for implementing disaster BOKOMI (Community Based Disaster management based on the law; (3) to Risk Management). Although BOKOMI is distribute information about disaster voluntary, but the organization is involving prevention activities to the community; (4) to local government, the head of the station, report disaster management implementation ireighters, leaders of local associations, to the President once a month in normal women’s associations, parents’ associations, conditions and at all times in a state of and others. When disaster occurs, BOKOMI emergency; (5) to use and account the national will help local authorities to evacuate people. and international aids; and (6) to account for Under normal conditions, BOKOMI also the use of the budget received from the State conduct various training programs, such Budget (BNPB, 2007). as training to use ireighting equipment, In Japan, the disaster management system evacuation drills, transmission of information has been highly developed. Based on the drills, lood control training, and others record, it was formed in the 1940s. At the (Nazarov, 2011). time, disaster management grouping by The objectives of disaster management type had already existed like Disaster Relief institution, both in Indonesia and in

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Japan, have in common to try to carry out After 20 years, the provisions of buildings disaster prevention, emergency response, were renewed again. In 1971, provisions on rehabilitation, and reconstruction. Disaster strengthening the foundation of shear and management institution performed its every concrete foundation were added. The next step in modern way with a budget that has change was in 1981, known as shin-Taishin been prepared. Along with it, the research standard. In 2000, the standard was also and mapping of disaster-prone areas are also revised with the provisions on soil stability carried, such as cartography to landslides test for certain type of building. In 2006, prone, volcanic disaster area maps, and maps provisions and system in seismic resistant of earthquake-prone regions. It includes building certiication were tightened to expect research on aspects of buildings and houses.1 more security and more people can be saved in For example, in Indonesia, is the task the case of earthquake (JPC, 2016). forces in structure and building construction Long before Japan and Indonesia develop in technical committee for settlement affairs innovative building, traditional society in both standardization, the Directorate-General of countries have innovated ways to build and Settlement, Public Works Departement, in structured their neighborhood areas, in order which they arrange a technical guidebook to reduce victims when natural disasters occur. of seismic resistant houses and buildings Those innovation and customary provisions complete with methods and ways to repair the are known as “local wisdom” (cf Diarta, 2007; damage. Even the Directorate of High School Gaillard, 2007; and Ochiai, 2014). at the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Wisdom comes from the word “wise” Republic of Indonesia also compiled a book which is deined as intelligence, smart, clever, about technical guidelines of seismic resistant intelligent, knowledgeable, understand, or school buildings.2 able to put things in place. While the local In Japan, almost all the buildings have word means somewhere limited, applying applied the seismic resistant standards. only to a certain place, and contains elements Standardization of seismic resistant buildings that are typical or unique. Thus, the local has been conducted since 1924. The research wisdom is also known as “indigenous wisdom”, and study on seismic resistant building “traditional wisdom”, “indigenous inventions”, construction intensiied after the 1923 Kanto or “local genius” (Diarta, 2007). earthquake. Standards of the buildings, at that Local wisdom includes customs, knowledge, time, were focused on the minimum thickness perceptions, norms, and cultures, which are of wooden beams, reinforced concrete, and adhered by the people live in a certain area, installation of wire construction. In 1950, it and they linger hereditary. The forms of local was improved to kyu-Taishin standard. The wisdom are knowledge systems, social systems, enforcement of kyu-Taishin standard was and cultural systems, which are relected in the expanded not only in urban areas, but also way of environmental management, customs in in rural areas by adding other provisions social relations, land use, the use and selection concerning the use of wooden structures.3 of materials as well as residential architecture, the style of clothing, etc. 1News on “Japanese Goods Help People Around the World This research tried to explore the local Prepare for Disasters: From Manga to Card Games, Educational wisdom of traditional houses in Kampung Creations Leverage the Experience of the Earthquake-Prone Nation”. Available online also at: http://www.jica.go.jp/english/ Naga, Indonesia and Shirakawa-go, Japan from low/news/ield/2014/150313_02.html [accessed in Bandung, the aspect of seismic resistance. Kampung Indonesia: March 2, 2016]. Naga is located in Tasikmalaya Regency, West 2See “Reducing Vulnerability of School Children to Earthquakes: A Project of School Earthquake Safety Initiative Java Province, Indonesia, while Shirakawa- (SESI)”. Available online also at: http://www.preventionweb. go is located in Gifu Perfecture, Japan. Both net/iles/2951_SESIOutcomeallinal.pdf [accessed in Bandung, Indonesia: March 2, 2016]. are seperated very far, but their similarities 3News on “Earthquake building codes in Japan”. Available and differences will be described, so that the online also at: http://japanpropertycentral.com/real-estate- meaning of all humans have a universal culture faq/earthquake-building-codes-in-japan/ [accessed in Bandung, Indonesia: March 2, 2016]. value is obtained.

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Based on above background, the otherwise social interaction will be disrupted. proposed research questions are: (1) how Third, to use it as learning materials which are the geological conditions and tales enrich insight to learners by practitioners of about earthquake narrated by local people education. This article can enrich the content in Indonesia and Japan?; and (2) how are of the book written by the researchers as the the local wisdoms of traditional houses diversiication of the research indings entitled in Kampung Naga in West Java Province, Rumah Panggung in Kampung Naga and Minka Indonesia and Shirakawa-go in Gifu Perfecture, Gassho Zukuri in Shirakawa-go, published by Japan in relation to seismic resistance? Rizqi Press in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, The objectives of this research were to ind with ISBN (International Standard Book out information about geological conditions Number) 978-602-6971-20-3, in 2016; and and tales narrated by the local people in enrich the proceeding article that has been Indonesia and Japan; and local wisdom published by the Atlantis Press in the ICIEVE inherent in traditional houses in Kampung (International Conference on Innovation in Naga in West Java Province, Indonesia and Engineering and Vocational Education) in 2015. Shirakawa-go in Gifu Perfecture, Japan in relation to seismic resistance. LITERATURE REVIEW Findings of this research are useful both The literature review is aimed at providing theoretically and practically in three ways. understanding about the characteristics of First, to provide inspiration and awareness the earthquake and architecture of houses in to architects and civil engineers of the Indonesia and Japan. importance of considering the environmental Earthquake Disaster Characteristics. conditions for building houses. Environmental Theory about the tectonic earthquake, factors that inluence the resilience of a acknowledged by the experts, is caused by building is geological and climatic factors. In the movement of tectonic plates. According theory, the geologic data such as morphology to this tectonic plate theory, the planet earth and topography, the structure of the soil and is consisting of at least four layers. They are rocks, geologic structure, which includes inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. In stance and the tilt rock layers, stocky, the outer core layer connected with mantle, fractures, faults, folds, dissonance, and convection process just like boiling water everything related to geological hazards occurs. These two layers are often called should be considered by civil engineers in asthenosphere. This asthenosphere luid lows construct a building. Climatic data required from the center of the earth towards the is the intensity of rainfall, humidity, and earth’s surface. On the uppermost layer, there climatologic hazards such as hurricanes and are plates called lithosphere that are rigid, storms. frozen, and frangible (cf Condie, 1997; Sumita Second, to use it as study materials of & Bergman, 2007; and Foulger, 2010). traditional culture by cultural observers. In the The lithospheric plates consisted of 12 process of cultural interaction understanding fractions. In certain parts, the edges between is needed. The process of globalization cannot lithospheric plates move apart. It is the be avoided. Cultural interaction between result from the convection process occurs nations will go stronger in intensity, and underneath. By the time the plates move the probability of conlict is also very large. apart from one another, the fracture paths are Understanding between cultures is expected opened followed by liquid magma from the to reduce the potential conlict. For example, asthenosphere. Fracture zone of the plates, in Japanese culture, there is a tradition called which move apart from one another, is known ojigi that is the way saluting with bow when as divergent plate margin. The process lasted saying thank you, apology, give a diploma hundreds to thousands of years that tectonic at graduation, and others (Nugroho, 2006). plates move in opposite directions. On the Indonesian students studying in Japan must edge of another plate, fractional tectonic plates have an understanding of the above culture, or are moving toward each other, so that one of

278 © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016 them pierced down, and the other pressed curved upward. The margin of the shoving plates are called convergent plate margin. At the time of the plates move toward each other and shove against each other, that is when an earthquake occurs (Schellart & Rawlinson, 2009). Earthquake occurs because of the release of pent-up energy, due to the strain of two plates. The broken plates (fault) or the bend ones (folding) may cause vibration. Generally, there are three types of faults, namely thrust fault or reverse fault, horizontal fault or strike-slip, and normal fault. The fracture due to the elasticity of rocks has already Figure1: on the threshold, then, the rock will “Primary and Secondary Waves” fracture to release energy from the (Source: https://esgsolutions.com/technical-resources/microseismic- pressure and the pulling. With the knowledgebase/understanding-the-waveform, 2/3/2016) above assumptions, the earthquake frequently occurs in the sub-duction zone. If only 3.5 km per second. That is why it can the position of the release of energy is slight be recorded by the seismic stations after then shallow or intermediate earthquake the primary wave, so it is called S waves or occurred. But, if the position was deep, then, Secondary wave (Ross & Ben-Zion, 2014). The deep earthquake occurred (Condie, 1997; shock of Primary and Secondary waves will Foulger, 2010; and Anonymous, 2016). continue to spread to the earth’s surface and it Earthquake waves can be divided into two is called the surface wave. See igure1. types. First, body wave. It is spreading and Second, surface wave. It is very similar to move away from the hiposentrum. Body wave the P (Primary) and S (Secondary) waves, but can be recognized from its compressional it moves or propagates on the earth’s surface wave, which is moving closer and apart. not the inside. Its speed is lower and recorded Compressional wave can propagate either in seismograph as vertical and horizontal in solid, liquid, or gas matter. When the motion. Surface wave divided into two that compressional wave propagates through a are love wave and rayleigh wave that move substance, the wave shoves atoms to get closer in circular orbit. Love wave is transverse and away from each other repeatedly. Particles wave on the surface, which its direction is contained within the substance move back and perpendicular to propagation direction from forth in the same direction with the wave’s the center of epicenter. Its speed is about 70% motion, so it is called longitudinal wave. of the S wave. The irst wave is perceived and Compressional wave’s speed can reach 6 km highly damaging. Rayleigh wave is a wave per second. Therefore, it is called the P wave motion similar to water wave on the ocean. or Primary wave (Ross & Ben-Zion, 2014). Its motion is elliptical retrograde, where soil In addition to the compressional wave, particles rotate backward while the wave the body wave also underwent the shear move forward. Its speed is faster than the love wave, which can propagate in a solid matter. wave and almost 90% of the S wave (Ross & The pattern of the shear wave is its snaking Ben-Zion, 2014). motion, which perpendicular to the direction Reaction of every building will vary, due to of the wave; therefore, it is called transverse the type and the strength of the earthquake wave. Its propagation velocity is lower at shock. In the case of Primary wave, the

© 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 279 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh AHMAD YANI, LILIS WIDANINGSIH & ROSITA, Rumah Panggung in Kampung Naga and Minka Gassho Zukuri in Shirakawa-go

building is like being squeezed between and Austronesian which is long form, communal, stretched out that causing several cracks. using wood materials, on stilts, and the slope In the contrary, the Secondary wave case, of the roof is quite steep. House on stilts the building is like being lifted up and then allegedly intended to prevent attacks by wild suddenly dropped repeatedly until it collapsed animals, keep it dry from soil moisture, slow (cf Shearer, 1999; and Ross & Ben-Zion, 2014). the weathering of wood and prevent it from The strength of an earthquake can be termites. With a quite steep shape, the roof can measured based on the magnitude recorded quickly drain from the pouring rain; and when in seismograph or based on the degree of it is heat, the roof can provide coolness due to damage to buildings. The irst measurement the large space of air circulation (Nas, 2009; scale is known as Richter scale, and the and Karnadi, 2013b). second one is called Mercalli scale. Mercalli Second, architecture with religious scale is using Roman numerals from I to XII. inluences. The shape is very easily identiied, An earthquake, which capable of destroying because they are built in accordance purpose buildings, is from VI to XII (Fowler, 1990; of worship, such as temple, mosque, and Shearer, 1999; and Ross & Ben-Zion, 2014). church. However, not all forms of religious History of Architecture in Indonesia architecture adopt all origin architectural and Japan. The architecture of houses and styles. Religious architecture in Indonesia buildings in Indonesia is heavily inluenced has had many interfaith blends. For example by the cultural development. According to is an ancient mosque in Java, it took a lot of E. Karnadi (2013b), there are at least six inspiration from the design of the architecture architectural styles, which are traditional, of Hindu and Buddhist temple from China. religious, , colonial, post-independence, Another example is the Great Mosque of and contemporary architectures. Several Demak in Central Java and the Great Mosque of them, which have been regarded as the in . Both do not have the dome as cultural heritage, are only four, namely: many mosques have in a number of countries. traditional, religious, palaces, and colonial The Great Mosque of Demak, which was built architectures (Karnadi, 2013b). in 1474, and the Tower of Kudus Mosque, First, traditional architecture. Many which was built in 1549, is similar to the traditional architecture are based on its Hindu temple (Lombard, 2005; Nas, 2009; and functions as a shelter, social relation, Karnadi, 2013b). parenting, and meet the customary law Third, architecture of the . This prevailing in society. With the function of architecture style spread in a number of areas which is inluenced by customary law and that used to be the centers of an empire. local community beliefs, the traditional houses Numbers of palace architectures are pavilion in Indonesia are very diverse, especially at the Royal Palace in Java; Puri Agung in the building process. It has always been Gianyar Palace in ; Pagaruyung Palace in “controlled” by the customs system and under Minangkabau, West Sumatera; and Maimun the guidance of carpenter master. Based on Palace in North (Nas, 2009; and cultural history, the architecture of traditional Karnadi, 2013b). houses in Indonesia are using natural Fourth, Colonial architecture or the Dutch materials, such as leaves, bamboo, wood, heritage. Dutch colonial architecture buildings and stone, because it affected by animism are the Ceremonial Hall at the ITB (Institut and dynamism beliefs (Lombard, 2005; and Teknologi Bandung or Bandung Institute of Karnadi, 2013b). Technology); Villa Isola or Partere Building Traditional house, or also known as at the UPI (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia vernacular house, is taking into account or Indonesia University of Education) in the harmony with the surrounding natural Bandung; and many other buildings, such environment conditions. The architecture as railway stations, hotels, hospitals, sugar of traditional houses in Indonesia generally factories, and educational institutions. The follow the architectural style of the Dutch colonial era buildings are spread in

280 © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016 major cities on the island of Java, such as Tendai sect. Both sects have developed a , Bandung in West Java, Semarang doctrine of esoteric Buddhism of Mahayana in Central Java, and Surabaya in East Java (Great Civilization). Shingon sect had (Lombard, 2005; Nas, 2009; and Karnadi, activities center which located on Mount Koya 2013b). in Wakayama province. While the Tendai Meanwhile, traditional Japanese sect centered on Hie mountain located on architecture has also similarities with the the border between the Kyoto and Shiga traditional architecture in Indonesia, which (Coaldrake, 1996; Young, 2004; and Karnadi, is characterized by wooden structure and on 2013a). stilts house. In its development, the Japanese In the period 1186-1333 AD, new sects architecture was inluenced by Chinese in Buddhism called Zen was born. Zen sect architecture that came in through Korea divided into two other sects that are Rinzai (Karnadi, 2013a). and Soutou sects. Both of these sects were Buddhism has also inluenced Japanese brought by monks from Japan, who went to architecture. The general structure of the study to China. In Japanese architecture, Zen Japanese architecture is its large and curved inheritance can be seen in garden arrangement roof and wood frame walls covered by thin that developed until the Muromachi period in paper called washi. For the interior design, 1134-1573 AD and the Momoyama period in the walls are lexible, which can be shifted 1574-1614 AD (Coaldrake, 1996; Young, 2004; as required. Visually, the roof of Japanese and Karnadi, 2013a). architecture is very prominent. The size is It was in the Edo period (1574-1868 AD), almost half the size of the entire building traditional Japanese buildings were starting and the shape of the building is set in a to show their design and details of the symmetrical pattern (Young, 2004; and building, color, and engraving, both in temples Karnadi, 2013a). architecture and residential houses. The next Historically, architecture in Japan is tracked period was the period of the Meiji Restoration since Jomon period of around 8000 BC (Before (1687-1911 AD) and Taisho period (1912- Christ). After Jomon period, continued to Yayoi 1926 AD). The architectural style of this period in 300 BC, and at the same time also periods have been much inluenced by grows that is so called Tomb era. Those relics Western architectural style and developed for of the ancient tradition have given pattern university buildings, museums, and ofices to Japanese civilization. After those three (Coaldrake, 1996; Young, 2004; and Karnadi, periods, a new belief called Shinto was born. 2013a). The inluence of Shinto shrine attached to the Basic Principles of Seismic Resistant shape of the building, which is still visible until Houses. Technically, seismic resistant building now. The structure and construction of the is determined by many factors. Four of them building is still very simple, without any detail are: good location of the building, building and ornament or color (Young, 2004; and foundation, building plans, and sawhorse Karnadi, 2013a). (Yani, Widaningsih & Rosita, 2015). In 552 AD (Anno Domini), Buddhism came Firstly, a good location to build seismic into Japan from Korea through the kingdom of resistant building is the lat one, the soil Paekche. Pattern and shape of the shrines in condition is not mushy, and the soil type is Japan were inluenced by China architecture not a clay type which is sensitive to the soil’s and culture. The period of the triumph of expanding and contracting. Soil that expands Buddhism in Japan was the Asuka period in rainy season and contracts in dry season (552-645 AD) and Nara period (646-793 AD). can affect the building construction. If the From those two periods, the Japanese temple relief of the land surface is sloping, then, it architecture was growing rapidly with wayou would be better to ind stable hillside that is style (Coaldrake, 1996; and Karnadi, 2013a). not prone to landslides during the earthquake In the Heian period (794-1185 AD), two (Bozorgnia & Bertero, 2004). major sects was appear: Shingon sect and Secondly is a building foundation. Criteria

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for a good building foundation are: (1) the surface of the soil must be hard; (2) cross section foundation must be symmetrical; (3) hardness of the ground for the foundation must be all the same, it is not allowed if one part is hard and another part is soft; (4) it is suggested to use the “continuous” foundation along the length of the building plan and it is not allowed to use the stair foundation; (5) when using pedestal, then each foundation must be tied to each other with Figure 2: Pedestal Foundation with the Binding Beams rigidly binding beams; (6) for (Source: Widaningsih & Cahyani, 2014) the foundation on soft soil, concrete slab foundation or other alternatives foundation can be used; and sawhorse. The good one is nails plank (7) for the house on stilts build on the hard timber. This type of timber is quite mild and ground by using piles, then each of the pole simple. Generally, timbers are made of wood, should be attached in, such a way to each other bamboo, steel, and reinforced concrete. The with cross stiffeners (Merritt & Ricketts, 2001; function of the timber is to support the roof and Yani, Widaningsih & Rosita, 2015). structure (Merritt & Ricketts, 2001; and Yani, The bottom of the pole that touching the Widaningsih & Rosita, 2015). ground is given soles from stone, so that it can carry the load on it evenly. The stone size is RESEARCH METHODS around 25 x 25 cm, 20 cm thick. See igure 2. Research Approach. This research Thirdly, attempted house building plan is employed a qualitative approach, an approach as possible in the simple form, symmetrical, that tends to have the subjective perspective and the axis of the building is not too long. The (Somantri, 2005). Many theoretical literatures long axis of the building will reduce the power, in a research are used as research guide, if there is an earthquake shock. Comparison so that indings will be close to the real between the width and the length of the facts. However, it is also used to guide data building is 1:2. If the development plan is not searching, data analysis, and discussion of symmetrical, it is conceptually should be made the indings (Djaelani, 2013). Accuracy of this to be separated and each part is considered research will be determined by the sources of as a unit that must be symmetrical (Merritt & references or literature study, and information Ricketts, 2001). obtained from interviews and focus discussion. To obtain a solid building plan, it is Data Sources and Research Procedures. suggested that the placement of insulating This research obtained data from three walls and opening doors or windows must sources: the literature study, interview with be made symmetrical with the axis of the resource person, and FGD (Focus Group building plan. The building structure should Discussion). The literature study was done by be designed well, so that it will have a good selecting the relevant literatures on traditional ductility. Ductility is the ability of a material or house, architecture, local culture in research structure to withstand pressure, lexibility, and sites, and the characteristics of the earthquake resilient to damage (Merritt & Ricketts, 2001). and the impact it caused (Skovdal & Cornish, Fourthly is timbering for the roof as 2015).

282 © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016

Interviews with resource people at the sites. In Kampung Naga, the resource people are villagers and traditional leader (kuncen). The informations obtained were about customary in building and home functions. Meanwhile, informations about the architecture of Minka Gassho-Zukuri were gathered from the traditional house museum Nihon Minkaen Open Air Museum in Kawasaki City, Japan. Finally, the FGD (Focus Group Discussion) is to do in-depth Picture 1: review by discussing method One of the Researchers Team and the Resource Person with the researchers team and Inside the Gassho Zukuri House at the Nihon Minkaen architecture experts at the Open Air Museum in Kawasaki City, Japan UPI (Universitas Pendidikan (Source: Researchers’ Documentation) Indonesia or Indonesia University of Education) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Methods of data collection are literature Research procedures include the study, observation, interview, and FGD following steps: (1) the study of literature (Focus Group Discussion). Obtained data are or desk research by collecting and making tabulated by elaborating and compiling them the description of the architecture of to produce a description as expected for the traditional houses in Kampung Naga, West research (cf Creswell, 1998; Somantri, 2005; Java, Indonesia and in Shirakawa-go, Japan; Djaelani, 2013; and Skovdal & Cornish, 2015). (2) preparing research instruments needed, such as interview guideline, questionnaires, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS and observation guideline; (3) preliminary Geological Conditions and Tales of study through FGD to discuss the preliminary Earthquake. Many areas of the earth are often indings on the characteristics of traditional hit by earthquake. In Indonesia, areas frequently houses in Kampung Naga, West Java, Indonesia hit by earthquake are the islands of Sumatra, and in Shirakawa-go, Japan; (4) the data Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara (Little Sundanese collection by conducting interviews and ield islands), , Maluku, and Papua (West observations; (5) data tabulation and analysis Irian). Borneo island is an exception for it is through second FGD; and (6) report writing rarely hit by earthquake. Sumatra, Java, Bali and in the form of paper, proceeding article, book, Nusa Tenggara islands are prone to earthquake, and scientiic journal article. See picture 1. because they are shoved up by the Indo- Instruments and Data Collection. As Australian tectonic plates. While the islands of in the tradition in qualitative research, the Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua, and the surroundings instrument or tool used for collecting and are shoved up by the Philippine and the Paciic analyzing the data is the researcher him or Plates (Heys, 2015). herself. Researcher in qualitative research is Every year, thousands of weak earthquakes known as human instrument, whose roles are that shock Indonesia are recorded. In 2015, to set up the focus of the research, selecting around 4,394 earthquakes were recorded informants as source of data, collecting data, and over the last 100 years, four biggest assessing data quality, data analysis, interpret earthquakes, which killed thousands of the data, and make conclusions on indings people shocked Indonesia, were: (1) Aceh (Creswell, 1998; and Skovdal & Cornish, 2015). earthquake shocked the island of Sumtera,

© 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 283 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh AHMAD YANI, LILIS WIDANINGSIH & ROSITA, Rumah Panggung in Kampung Naga and Minka Gassho Zukuri in Shirakawa-go

Figure 3: “Ring of Fire” (Source: http://pubs.usgs.gov, 2/3/2016)

on 26 December 2004, with a strength of 9.3 and Tsunami on the island of Okushiri in 1993, on the Richter scale and was accompanied by and claimed more than 200 lives and missing the Tsunami that caused heavy loss of more person; (2) the Kobe earthquake in 1995, than 283,106 people; (2) Nias earthquake which is known as the Great Hanshin-Awaji shocked North Sumatra, on 28 March 2005, earthquake, that caused massive damage and with a strength of 8.6 on the Richter scale killed more than 6,400 people; and (3) Kanto and claimed 1,346 victims; (3) Earthquake earthquake or Kanto daishinsai, on 1 September that shocked Yogyakarta, on 26 May 2006, 1923, which killed thousands of people and with a strength of 6.3 on the Richter scale and destroying hundred thousands of homes (cf claimed 6,234 victims; and (4) Earthquakes Borland, 2006; and Clancey, 2006). that shocked , on 30 September Indonesia and Japan will not be free from 2009, with a strength of 7.9 on the Richter earthquakes, because they are both in the ring scale and claimed 1,117 lives, about 1,214 of ire area that extends from America, Bering seriously injured and 1,688 slightly injured (cf Strait, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, and Mat Tahir & Ahmad, 2014; and Heys, 2015). continued to New Zealand. Ring of Fire is area Japanese island is also frequently hit by where two or more tectonic plates bump into earthquake. Japan is surrounded by four plates: each other. Along this path are found mountain the Paciic, the Philippines, North Americas, folds and active volcanoes. See igure 3. and Eurasias plates. In Japan, earthquake The Indonesian people, especially the occurs almost every day. The most powerful Sundanese people, who occupy the Provinces earthquakes recorded are: (1) the earthquake of West Java and Banten, have a unique tale

284 © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016 about the earthquake. Ancient Sundanese create a song that taught his descendants used to believe that earthquake occurs, due from generation to generation. They call the to the movement of a stone that live in the Tsunami as Smong. Song tells about the Smong, bowels of the earth. He will move when he fells as cited by S. Suhandono (2010), is as follows: stiff on his body. However, the stone will not move carelessly, because he knows that there Enggel mon sao curito are still humans live on the earth’s surface. (Listen to a story) Inang maso semonan Why does the stone eventually make a move? (In the ancient times) It is caused by a demon, who disguised as a Manoknop sao fano black ant. The demon came to the stone and (A village were underwater) reported that there was no longer human Uwi lah da sesewan (That’s what they tell me) being live on the surface. Hearing the report, Unen ne alek linon the stone was writhing to relax his stiff (Preceded by an earthquake) muscles. At that moment an earthquake was Fesang bakat ne mali occuring (Maulia, 2009; and Anggraeni, 2013). (Followed by a big wave) Men live on the earth’s surface was shocked. Manoknop sao hampong (Then the whole place were underwater) They know it was because the act of the demon Tibo-tibo mawi who incited the stone. With a sense of panic, (In a sudden) all men then shouted trying to tell the stone Anga linon ne mali that there are still humans being live on the (So if you feel a strong earthquake) Uwek suruik sahuli surface. The hope was that the stone heard and (Followed by the receding water) immediately stop his movement. Therefore, Maheya mihawali everyone is encouraged to shout out loud by (Go and seek) saying: “Aya … aya … aya!!!”, which means Fano me singa tenggi “We are here ... we are here … we are here!!!”. (A higher place) Ede Smong kahanne Sundanese call earthquake disaster in their (That is Smong) language as lini (cited in Anggraeni, 2013). Turiang da nenekta Another tale comes from the island of (The history of our ancestors) Simeulue in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Miredem teher ere (Keep this in your mind) Northern Sumatera, Indonesia. The province Pesan dan navi da. is located at the Western tip of the Indonesian (The message and its advice). archipelago. At the time Aceh earthquake and Tsunami occur in December 2004, hundred Meanwhile, tale about the earthquake in thousands of people were killed, buildings and Japan is much different. This story is quoted houses were destroyed, and almost nothing from the site at: http://noretz-area.blogspot. were remain (Mat Tahir & Ahmad, 2014). But, co.id that we cited in Bandung, Indonesia, there was one little island in Aceh, located in on 19 December 2015. The ancient Japanese the middle of the Indian Ocean, that survived believed that the earthquake and Tsunami from the Tsunami disaster. Although buildings were caused by the act of a giant catish called was destroyed, but there were only six victims Namazu. This ish lived in the mud beneath the found dead. People live on Simeulue island earth. Namazu was very powerful and could spared from the Tsunami, because they have only be conquered by Kashima, the God who local knowledge stored. They have stories protects the the Japanese from earthquake. told for generations (Foster et al., 2005; and Kashima’s weapon was a magical stone that Suhandono, 2010). has magical powers. Namazu never stands still, The legend said that in 1907, the Tsunami he was always looking for opportunities to ever hit Simeulue island and killed many move and make a riot that cause earthquake. people. Houses and buildings were destroyed. Namazu would make a move, when the The Simeulue people wanted no more lives guard started to become complacent and being the victims of earthquake and Tsunami slack (http://noretz-area.blogspot.co.id, again. The traditional leaders ultimately 19/12/2015).

© 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 285 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh AHMAD YANI, LILIS WIDANINGSIH & ROSITA, Rumah Panggung in Kampung Naga and Minka Gassho Zukuri in Shirakawa-go

Figure 4: “Illustration of Kashima Crippling Namazu: The Giant Catish Monster” (Source: http://noretz-area.blogspot.co.id, 19/12/2015)

After the Edo earthquake in 1855, Japanese for conducting routine disaster simulations, made a cult of Kashima, the God, as Yonaoshi including conducting quick evacuation drills. Daimyojin or God of the earth’s healer. Namazu Third, the government set standards for seismic was a legend depicted on ancient paintings resistant houses and building. Experts in called Ukiyo-e (Smits, 2006). The paintings construction and architecture strive to meet all show that Namazu is controlled by Kashima, the those standards. Fourth, the government helped God. To add strength to Kashima and weaken by volunteers from the community socialize to Namazu, the God demanded that rich people perform emergency actions when earthquake multiply their alms to the poor. See igure 4. occurs, such as protecting the head, sheltering Stories of how an earthquake occurs now under the table to protect the head from hard have changed a lot in Japan. Although the objects, immediately shut off the gas low, and Japanese government has not been able to make sure the door remains open to reduce the reduce the earthquake yet, but the government risk of trapped among the rubble. has been trying to reduce disaster victims by Fifth, oficers will activate an earthquake applying disaster mitigation, as follows: ϔirst, warning via mobile phone networks to all the government recommends that all Japanese citizens and sirens. And inally, sixth, the people always remain vigilant. Near the door of Japanese government has been designing the house, must always be prepared a variety center of nuclear energy and electric of emergency equipment that is put into a trains will turn off automatically in case of backpack like bottled water, dry food, medicines, earthquake (cf Usami, 2002; and Smits, 2006). cash, clothes drier, radio, lashlight and some The Environments of Kampung Naga and replacement batteries, glasses, and things are Shirakawa-go. Kampung Naga is located in considered needed by each family. Furthermore, Neglasari Village, Salawu District, Tasikmalaya it is recommended to put the shoes under the Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. It is bed and bicycles in the yard. Shoes are put on not far from the highway that connects two immediately for securing feet from broken glass. Sundanese cities: Garut and Tasikmalaya. Second , the government also advocate Kampung Naga is one of the traditional schools, ofices, and shops (supermarkets) villages that is protected and conserved on

286 © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016 the criteria of cultural heritage, architecture, by individuals, the indigenous villagers are and environment (Fitri, Yani & Ahmad, 2015). only allowed to build their homes if vacant Kampung Naga is bounded by the sacred land is still available. The building footprint forests (rainforest), in which there are several area is adapted to each person’s ability to ancestral graves on the West, vilagers’ rice develop and provide its materials, so that the ields on the South, Ciwulan river on the North large of every house is different (Widaningsih and East (Widaningsih & Cahyani, 2014). & Cahyani, 2014). Kampung Naga can be reached by public Kampung Naga villagers believe that all transportation or private vehicles. Since it areas around the village dominated by certain has become a tourist destination, there is a powers, especially at every edge of an area, parking lot on the edge of the highway for such as river bank, yard boundary, rice ield visitors. From the parking lot, visitors must boundary, place where the water comes out or descend the ladder, called sengkedan, to called huluwotan, hillsides, edge of the forest, Ciwulan river swale. The mileage is pretty and many others. The boundary areas are close which is about 500 meters away, but the believed inhabited by spirits and considered relief is very steep hill with a slope of more haunted. Therefore, the tradition is to keep than 45 degrees. There are no special facilities sasajen (offerings) as a form of homage to the for disable to go into this village. The trip can spirits, so that they do not interfere with the only be taken by those who are able to walk lives of the villagers (Iryana, 2014). way up or down the hillside. If the traditional practices are abandoned The division of land use in Kampung Naga by the villagers, natural disasters such as consists of leuweung larangan (forbidden earthquake, volcanic eruption, lood, landslide, forest), sacred forests, garden, rice ield, and other accident are believed will occur. The and settlements. In managing the land, the prohibition in the traditions is known as taboo community has two t