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Espace Et Temps #2 ESP#2 - Octobre ACE2007 & TEMPS Bulletin d’information de l’Institut Français d’Histoire de l’Espace SPÉCIAL 50 ANS DE CONQUÊTE SPATIALE L’Histoire de Spoutnik-1 * le développement de la Semiorka * Spoutnik et les États-Unis en 1957 * Les manifestations du cinquantenaire * Les débuts de l’astrophilatélie ESPACE & TEMPS IFHE Institut Français d’Histoire de l’Espace Le mot du président adresse de correspondance : 2, place Maurice Quentin 75039 Paris Cedex 01 L’année 2007 aura été pour l’IFHE celle de la parution d’un ouvrage col- lectif qui fera date : «Les débuts de la recherche spatiale française : au Tél : 01 40 39 04 77 temps des fusées-sondes» publié chez Edite. L’institut Français d’Histoire de l’Espace (IFHE) est Ce livre est le résultat du travail d’un atelier dont Hervé Moulin, co- une association selon la Loi de 1901 créée le 22 fondateur, ancien secrétaire général et actuel vice-président de l’IFHE, mars 1999 qui s’est fixée pour obiectifs de valoriser avait eu l’idée dès la création de l’institut. Dans le compte-rendu de la l’histoire de l’espace et de participer à la sauve- réunion n°13 de l’IFHE qui s’était tenue le 8 novembre 2000 au Cnes garde et à la préservation du patrimoine documen- (présents : M. Bignier, A. Lebeau, H. Moulin, excusés : A. Ducrocq, C. taire. Il est administré par un Conseil, et il s’est doté Lardier, J. Villain), il est indiqué que cet atelier faisait partie des actions d’un Conseil Scientifique. du programme 2001 à discuter lors de l’Assemblée Générale ordinaire du 30 novembre. Dans le rapport du président, présenté à cette AG, il Conseil d’administration est précisé au point 3 : «Le premier atelier n’a pas réuni beaucoup de Président d’honneur..................... Michel Bignier participants. Nous allons en organiser un autre avec un thème précis, Président...................................... Christian Lardier Vice-présidents............... Pr. Roger-Maurice Bonnet probablement les fusées-sondes, et nous espérons trouver un plus Pr. André Lebeau grand intérêt». Dans le compte-rendu de la réunion n°14 de l’IFHE qui Hervé Moulin s’était tenue le 6 février 2001 à l’Aéroclub de France, il est dit que le Trésorier.......................................... Pierre Bescond 30 janvier, la première réunion de l’atelier Fusées-sondes s’était tenue Secrétaire général............................ Alain Gaubert au Cnes en présence de M.Bignier, M. Le Fèvre, J-P Morin et H. Sec. général adjointe..... Jacqueline Guernier-Puech Moulin. Ce dernier était chargé d’établir le compte-rendu. Mais il fau- Membres......................... Jacques Durand, Jacques dra attendre 2005 pour que l’opération prenne sa vrai dimension Villain,Pierre Quétard, Jean-Marie Luton grâce à la participation du Cnes et de l’Association Amicale des Représentante du CNES................. Aline Chabreuil Anciens du Cnes (3A Cnes). A partir de là, deux années de travail Conseil scientifique seront nécessaires pour rassembler et mettre en forme les contribution Pr. Alain Beltran, Agnès Beylot, Pr. Jacques Bla- d’environ 70 co-auteurs. mont, Pr. Roger Maurice Bonnet, Jean-Pierre Le résultat est superbe. Cette somme de connaissance, constituée de Causse, Claude Goumy, Pr. Robert Halleux, Pr. An- textes historiques et scientifiques, est une ouvre de mémoire unique et dré Lebeau, Pr. Pierre Morel, Pr. Dominique Pestre, un ouvrage de référence. Le livre a été publié en septembre. Il a fait Pr. Jean-Christophe Romer, Pr. Pascal Griset. l’objet d’une présentation officielle pour les Toulousains le vendredi 9 novembre. Cette rencontre a rassemblé plus de 150 personnes. Hervé Moulin était notre représentant. Puis il a fait l’objet d’une seconde ESPACE & TEMPS présentation pour les Parisiens le 22 novembre dans les locaux du Cnes. Cette fois, la grève des transports urbains a limité le nombre des Bulletin d’information édité par participants. Mais le succès fut quand même au rendez-vous. Un l’institut Français d’Histoire de l’Espace (IFHE) excellent discours d’Aline Chabreuil, suivi de celui de Jacques Blamont, puis d’une présentation du livre par le Comité de rédaction. Ce der- Directeur de le publication............ Christian Lardier nier, constitué de Jacques Simon, Jean-Claude Renou, Marcel Gilli, Maquette...................................... Mourad Cherfi Jean-Pierre Sanfourche et Hervé Moulin, a d’ailleurs reçu le Prix d’his- Ont également participé à ce numéro : toire Robert Aubinière 2007 de l’IFHE. Il lui sera remis à l’issue de Xavier Pasco, Jean-Louis Lafon notre journée que nous allons consacrer à Michel Bignier le 31 janvier Impression: photocopies - tirage N°2 : 200 ex. prochain. Crédit photo : DR L’initiative des Ateliers menés conjointement entre l’IFHE, le Cnes, la ISSN : en cours 3A Cnes et les scientifiques devra être poursuivie. Nous avons évoqué la possibilité de démarrer en 2008 un atelier sur l’histoire de la division Ballons du Cnes. Nul doute qu’elle va soulever l’enthousiasme d’un Les idées et opinions exprimées dans les articles grand nombre d’anciens et d’actifs de cette grande aventure n’engagent que leurs auteurs et ne représentent Christian Lardier pas nécessairement celle de l’IFHE. Président de l’IFHE L’Histoire de par Christian Lardier, Président de l’IFHE Spoutnik-1 En 1950/53, Serguei Korolev (1907-1966), le constructeur principal de l’OKB-1 de l’insti- tut n°88 (NII-88) du minis- tère de l’industrie de Défense, travaille sur trois thèmes : : développement des technologies nécessaires N -1pour la réalisation du missile mono-étage R-3 de 3.000 km de portée. En octobre 1951, il est décidé de faire le démonstrateur R-3A. Doté d’un moteur de 40 t de poussée, il emporte une ogive de 1,5 t à une dis- tance de 1000 km. Finalement, le R-3A deviendra le mis- sile R-5 de 1.200 km de portée (premier vol le 15/3/53). N-2 : développement d’un missile à ergols stockables afin de remplacer le couple oxygène-kérosène par de l’acide nitrique-kérosène. En novembre 1951, le projet du missile R-11 est terminé : il est 2,5 fois plus petit que la V-2 (5,35 contre 12,7 t) pour des performances iden- tiques (premier vol le 28/4/53). N-3 : développement d’un missile intercontinental (ICBM) de 5.000-10.000 km porteur d’un ogive nucléaire de 3,0 t. Ce thème est divisé en deux parties : T-1 pour un engin balistique à deux étages (le schéma du «Paquet» sera retenu en 1953) et T-2 pour un engin ailé (missile de croisière propulsé par un statoréacteur à Mach 3). Korolev proposera un démonstrateur EKR lancé par une R-11. Le décret n°442-212 du 13/2/53 concernait les program- Le décret n°956-408 du 20/5/54 démarre officielle- Montage de mes R-5, R-12 (transfert du projet de missile de 2.000 ment le développement de la fusée intercontinen- Spoutnik-1 dans le km de portée à l’OKB-586 de Dniepropetrovsk), T-1 (pro- tale R-7 (8K71). Il décide également les programmes hall d’assemblage jet d’ICBM) et T-2 (projet R-11/EKR). Pour l’ICBM, les M-5R (trois tirs en 1956) et M-5RD (10 tirs en 1956). de RKK Energia. délais étaient du second trimestre 1953 pour le remise Il s’agit de fusées R-5 modifiées pour tester le sys- © DR du projet définitif et du quatrième trimestre 1954 pour tème de guidage radio, le système de régulation des les essais en vol. Cependant, en octobre 1953, le minis- moteurs et l’ogive (matériau a base de silice et asbo- tre des machines moyennes Viatcheslav Malychev (1902- textolit). Pour sa part, le décret n°956-409 du 1957) indique que la masse de l’ogive thermonucléaire 20/5/54 démarre le développement des missiles de (testée le 12/8/53) sera de 5,5 t au lieu de 3,0 t. Korolev croisière Bouria (A-350) de Lavotchkine, Bourane modifie alors le projet : la masse passe de 190 à 250 t et (M-40) de Miassichtchev et Bourevestnik de Beriev. la poussée de 273 à 370 t. Les essais en vol ont été Pour sa part, le projet EKR est transmis au ministère retardé à cause des changements de performances, mais de l’industrie aéronautique. Le 24 juillet, le projet de aussi de l’indisponibilité d’une soufflerie au NII-88 et de la R-7 est achevé. Il est adopté par les autorités le 20 bancs d’essais au NII-229/NII KhimMach. novembre. Octobre 2007 - Bulletin d’information de l’Institut Français d’Histoire de l’Espace - 3 ESPACE & TEMPS DR L’ensemble des éléments qui composent Spoutnik-1, au centre, l’émetteur. © DR les paramètres des différents systèmes de bord. Il y avait deux variantes (contour et dimensions identiques) pour l’étude de l’atmosphère supérieure et de l’espace cosmique. La première était la version à transmission des données par radio, tandis que la seconde était orientée et dotée d’une cassette spéciale pour ramener les résultats sur Terre. Dès 1955, Boris Raouchenbakh (1915-2001), de l’institut n°1 de l’industrie aéronautique (NII-1), étudia ce type de système d’orientation qui sera plus tard utilisé sur Luna-3. En outre, la variante orientée pouvait emporter un grand nombre d’instruments scientifiques ou une cabine pour animal dotée d’un système de survie (dérivé de celui utilisé sur les fusées géophysiques depuis 1951). En 1953, Mtislav Keldysh (1911-1978), directeur scientifique du l’institut n°1 du ministère de l’industrie aéronautique (NII- 1) et membre du présidium de l’Académie des sciences (AN SSSR), est intéressé par l’idée du satellite.
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