Handbook of Space Security Kai-Uwe Schrogl • Peter L. Hays Jana Robinson • Denis Moura Christina Giannopapa Editors Handbook of Space Security With 178 Figures and 36 Tables Editors Kai-Uwe Schrogl Denis Moura European Space Agency European Defence Agency Paris, France Brussels, Belgium Seconded from the National D’Etudes Peter L. Hays Spatiales George Washington University Paris, France Washington, DC, USA Christina Giannopapa Jana Robinson European Space Agency European External Action Service Paris, France Brussels, Belgium ISBN 978-1-4614-2028-6 ISBN 978-1-4614-2029-3 (eBook) ISBN Bundle 978-1-4614-2030-9 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-2029-3 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014951459 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid‐free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword Space security is a subject of crucial importance to the United Nations, where references are made to it in the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security Committee) and the Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization Committee) of the General Assembly. The issue pervades discus- sions at the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), most particularly at its subsidiary bodies, the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and the Legal Subcommittee. In one way or another, the agenda items are underscored by space security: COPUOS discusses ways and means of maintaining outer space for peaceful purposes, space and sustainable development, and space and climate change; the discussions at the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee include space debris, disaster risk reduction, use of nuclear power sources, the threat from near- Earth objects, space weather and long-term sustainability of outer space activities; and the Legal Subcommittee addresses the issue of definition and delimitation of outer space, space debris mitigation measures, and national legislation related to outer space. There is no doubt that a publication that comprehensively covers the issues of space security would augment the work of the General Assembly Committees and COPUOS and its subsidiary bodies. The Office for Outer Space Affairs, with a mandate to support the work of the Committee and its subsidiary bodies, is often called upon to provide substantive inputs to be used as the basis for discussions and documentation, and frequently these relate to space security. But, the Office also concerns itself with issues pertaining to space security in the context of its capacity-building program which it rolls out for Member States. Under its Committee, Policy and Legal Affairs Section, the Office conducts capacity-building activities related to space law and policy, and under the Space Applications Section, the Office deals with the science that underlies space applications and space technology, which is the enabler for the applications and services, as well as data/information generation. A book that encompasses the multidisciplinary aspects of space security could reinforce the role and work of the Office by explaining why space applications and services are important components of the foundation needed for the world’s secu- rity and defense. It is, therefore, gratifying to come across a book that addresses issues of space security in such a multi-facetted manner. In this handbook, Kai-Uwe Schrogl and v vi Foreword the section editors have gathered over 60 authors who bring their experience and deep insight to bear: every chapter in this book has been the result of many years of research and analysis. While the pages contain much of what will be of great interest to those in the field of space security and students of space law, policy, science, and technology, the ideas expounded should be relevant to those generally associated with safety and security concerns. The authors can be confident that amongst these pages, readers will find a gold mine of information and those not in the space security business will gain a much broader understanding of space security matters, both in the United Nations and outside. Mazlan Othman Deputy Director-General, United Nations Office at Vienna Director, Office for Outer Space Affairs Foreword Space and security have been inseparable since the beginning of space activities. The United States and the Soviet Union/Russia have launched, until now, some 2,000 military satellites. Since the Cold War, the effective functioning of these space-based assets for observation, early warning, navigation, and communications has played an essential role for the preservation of international stability and peace. That said, today’s security environment is far more complex. Security threats and challenges are both civilian and military, local and global. Space-based assets are indispensible to enable global access, monitoring, and communications for addressing a whole range of security-related concerns. Approximately 20–30 % of some 1,000 satellites that are currently in orbit are directly related to such security functions and are usually operated by military institutions. In short, space permeates foreign policy, national security, and global economic interests. As space systems are vital to many terrestrial endeavors, space security is rapidly emerging as a crucial dimension of national and international space poli- cies. Naturally, the topic of space security is of growing significance also to Europe. It has gained momentum through such developments as the first European space policy formalized in May 2007 and adopted in a resolution at the fourth EU-European Space Agency “Space Council”; a subsequent Space Council Resolution of September 2008 that defined “space and security” as one of four new priority areas; and the Lisbon Treaty of 2009, which reinforced the legal basis for EU’s involvement in space matters, as a competence shared with EU Member States. As space systems are of dual-use nature, the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) are fundamental to the overarching framework for Europe’s future space activities. As the CFSP is within the purview of the EU Member States and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (assisted by the European External Action Service), it has important implications for the strategic nature of space assets and their contribution to Europe’s independence, security, prosperity, and global influence. Space has now been clearly recognized as a key element in the EU’s security and defence-related activities. The EU’s High Representative recognized in her Final Report of October 2013, entitled “Preparing the December 2013 European Council on Security and Defence”, that the role of networks (including space) in today’s vii viii Foreword globalized world “cannot be overestimated” and that “security of space is crucial for modern societies” (Ashton, 2013) (Preparing the December 2013 European Council on Security and Defence—Final Report by the High Representative/Head of the EDA on the Common Security and Defence Policy, Brussels, 15 October 2013). The report also acknowledges that Europe is increasingly dependent on space assets and the need for the EU and its Member States to protect them. Europe clearly recognizes the immense added value and benefits of space for the security and prosperity of European citizens. Accordingly, it is engaged in various space activities, including Earth observation, global satellite navigation, satellite communications, and space diplomacy. In this connection, Europe attaches great importance to the international cooperative dimension of space policy, including in the area of space security. This is evident, for example, in the EU’s major diplo- matic initiative