ISSN 0739-4934 NEWSLETTER HISTORY m oF sciENCE VOLUME 31 NUMBER 1 January 2002 SOCIETY LETTER FROM THE P RESIDENT John W. Servos, Amherst College

he volumes of Isis on my shelf tell me membership in the HSS is less expensive fund such vital publications as the Current T that I joined the History of Science today than it was in 1975 when measured in Bibliography and the Guide to the Profession Society in 1975. I don't recall the exact inflation-adjusted dollars. Comparison of (the next edition ofwhich we hope to publish circumstances but am pretty sure that it was the HSS with other scholarly societies later this year). a shot in the dark. I then knew little about the reinforces the conclusion that membership We sought an endowment in order history of science and even less about the in the HSS is a bargain. In preparing this to insure that membership in the Society HSS. As it turns out, it was a lucky shot. The letter, I visited the Web sites ofsixteen other would continue to be accessible to a wide benefits of membership quickly repaid the scholarly societies, picking most ofthe names circle ofscholars and to give the Society the very modest expense. For student dues of off the list of our sisters in the American flexibility to serve its members and the nine dollars, the Society sent me a journal Council of Learned Societies. Six of these profession in creative ways. It has served full of reviews and articles that opened new organizations offer individual members flat these purposes well. Of late, however, the vistas, a magnificent annual Bibliography, membership rates; ofthese six, only one (the Society has had to shoulder costs that simply and a Newsletter that kept me up to date on Bibliographical Society of America) did not exist as recently as a decade ago. conferences, news ofthe profession, and, of undercuts our 2001 dues of $57 for an Until recently, for example, preparation of course, job openings. individual membership. Ten societies peg the Current Bibliography cost the Society These benefits of membership still dues to the income of members. Seeking a very little because of the extraordinary attract young historians to our Society, but quick comparison, I looked at what a person generosity ofits long-time editor, John Neu, there are now other reasons to join as well. earning $62,000 per year (roughly the middle and his employer, the University. of Graduate students, independent scholars, and of the typical sliding scale) might pay. Dues Wisconsin. Since John's retirement, the HSS junior scholars have opportunities for travel at this income level range from a low of$65 grants to attend annual meetings- meetings (American Musicological Society) to a high continued on p. 2 that are now four or five times the size of the of $194 (American Sociological gatheringsofthe 1970s. Wereceivediscounts Association). Benefits ofmembership in the on Osiris and convenient access to the HSS, I should add, compare favorably with CONTENTS marvelous electronic Bibliography of the those offered by most of these societies. History of Science, Technology, and How has the Society managed to Cover Story: Medicine through our cooperative expand its services while keeping its dues so Letter from the President 1-2 arrangement with the Research Libraries low? Our endowment is an important part of Innovations in Education 4-6 Group (RLG). We can instantly find the answer. The HSS is unusual among information about teaching resources­ scholarly societies in having resources News and Inquiries 7-9 sample course syllabi and listings of video capable of supporting a significant fraction 2001 Meeting News 10-11 resources for our courses-on the Society's of its activities. Built up over the past two Web site. During the coming year Isis will decades through the vigorous efforts ofmany Awards, :ijonors, become available in electronic form, and of our members, the endowment generates and Appointments 12 back issues of Isis will soon thereafter be sufficient income to pay approximately a available through JSTOR. And so, in the quarter of the Society's annual operating Grants, Fellowships, not-too-distant future we will be able to call expenses. Income from endowed funds is and Prizes 13-15 up articles from current and past issues of being used to fund most ofour annual prizes, Jobs 15 Isis from our homes and offices much as we to subsidize travel to meetings for some now secure access to the RLG database. students and independent scholars, to Future Meetings 16-18 Despite the expansion of services, maintain theWeb page and the other services Isis Books Received 20-22 our dues are still modest. In fact, individual provided by our Executive Office, and to HISTORY OF SCIENCE SOCIETY NEWSLETTER JANUARY 2002

HSS ExECUTIVE CoMMITTEE History of Science Society Executive Office University of Washington President Box 351330 John W. Servos, Amherst College Seattle, Washington 98195-1330 Phone: 206-543-9366 Vice-President Michael M. Sokal, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Fax:206-685-9544 Email: [email protected] Secretary Web site: http://www.hssonline.org . Margaret J. Osler, University ofCalgary Physical address (Fed-Ex, UPS): Treasurer Johnson Hall, Room 236 Marc Rothenberg, Smithsonian Institution University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195-1330 Editor Margaret W. Rossiter, Cornell University Subscription Inquiries: ISIS and HSS Newsletter Please contact the University of Chicago Press dira:tly, at: Executive Director j-orders@press. uchicago. edu; fax: Til-75J..I j I. Robert J. Malone (ex officio) Or write University of Chicago Press. Subscrr:bon Fulfillment Manager, 1427 East 60th Street. Clucago, IL LETIER FROM THE PRESIDENT 60637-7363. continued from p. I Mo~? Please notify both the HSS Executive Office the has had to pay its fair share ofthe editorial costs ofthe Bibliography­ University of Chicago Press at the abo11e ..;resses. an expense that has put a considerable strain on our budget. Our Web site, to cite another example, is a great convenience to job seekers HSS Newsletter and participants in annual meetings and a valuable resource for those seeking information about the history ofscience, but its maintenance Editorial Policies. Advertising. and S•b.iuions involves time and expense. In trying to keep membership dues as The History ofScience Society Newsletu Iished in low as possible, the Society has met some of these expenses by January, April, July. and October, and sent individual gradually increasing its draw on the endowment from about 3.6% at members of the Society; those who reside of North the beginning ofthe 1990s to about 4.5% in recent years. Preliminary America pay an additional $5 annually to • indications suggest that the Society will need to draw about 5% in airmail charges. The Newsletter is avai/al; the coming fiscal year in order to achieve a balanced budget. and institutions for $25 a year. This is hardly a crisis, but the trend suggests that the The Newsletter is edited and desktop :: in the Society needs to find ways to increase the size ofits endowment over Executive Office on an Apple Power,\ stem using the coming years in order to sustain its level of services, fulfill its Microsoft Word and Adobe PageMakcr -.- fOrmat and obligation to promote the history of science, and maintain its editorial policies are determined by the Exec e Director in commitment to keeping membership affordable. Officers of the consultation with the Committee on PL All Society will be alert to opportunities to enlarge the Society's advertising copy must be submitted ~ era-ready. resources in the future, as they have been in the past, but any Advertisements are accepted on a space-a,.. · - only, organization that seeks external support must also demonstrate that and the Society reserves the right not to accept ullmission. its membership believes in its own cause. And so I urge you to be The rates are as follows: Full page (9 x 7.5"' orizontal generous when the Society asks for your support in the months and or Vertical Halfpage(4.5 X 7.5"),$220;Quamrpagc 3 s·). years ahead. It is one way to insure that the Society we give the next $110. Thedeadlineforinsertionordersandcamc:ra-R:ad) copy generation ofhistorians ofscience is as healthy and vigorous as the is six weeks prior to the month of publicatioa e 6 ... :! one that our teachers have given us. November for the January Newsletter. and ; be sent to the attention ofthe HSS Executive Office at theabm e address. HS S recommends that all camer.t-n:adyads be sent via overnight FUTURE HSS MEETINGS or 2-day mail to the physical address above. The deadline for news. announcements, andjob/fellowship / Milwaukee, WI prize listings is firm: The first of the month prior to the 7-10 November 2002 month of publication. Long items (feature stories) should be Cambridge, MA · submitted six weeks prior to the month ofpublication as email 20-23 November 2003 file attachments or on a 3.5" disk (along with a hard copy). Please send all material to the attention of Gail Alexander at Austin, TX the HSS address above (email or disk appreciated). 18-21 November 2004 .: 2002 by the History of Science Society

2 HISTORY OF SCIENCE SOCIETY NEWSLETTER JANUARY 2002

HSS 2002: Call For Papers 7-10 November 2002, Milwaukee, WI

The History of Science Society will HSS Committee on Meetings & commentator, discussant, or chair). Where hold its 2002 Annual Meeting in Milwaukee, Programs Guidelines possible, Program Chairs are also encouraged 7-I 0 November 2002. Proposals for sessions, to select sessions that include a mix of men contributed papers, and works-in-progress l. In evaluating individual proposals for and women. The chairs are further must be submitted by 2 April 2002 to the possible inclusion in general sessions created encouraged to choose sessions that include History of Science Society's Executive by the Program Chairs of "contributed participants representing a balance of Office, Box 351330, University of papers": professional ranks (avoiding sessions Washington, Seattle, W A 98 I 95-1330; (a) The principal criterion will be the quality composed exclusively of, for example, phone: 206-543-9366; fax: 206-685-9544; of the proposal. graduate students). e-mail: [email protected]. (b) A second factor of substantial weight Note: For inclusion on the official program, The co-chairs ofthe program committee will be the need to bring balance to the the following activities require regular have selected the theme, Crossing Borders, program. applications as sessions: public forums or to give coherence and structure to the annual (c) Except for the most exceptional of speakers sponsored by HSS interest groups meeting and to encourage exchange with the circumstances (to be cleared with the chair and committees; honorific sessions affiliated meetings of the Society for Social of CoMP), no person may appear on the sponsored by members' colleagues; Studies of Science and the Philosophy of program twice (i.e., as presenter ofa paper, commemorations of historic events; Science Association. We particularly or as commentator of another session). A Thursday evening plenary sessions; and other encourage submissions of papers and person may, however, serve more than special gatherings. Program Chairs will judge sessions around the following sub-themes: one function in a single session, e.g., chair these submissions along with other sessions I. Topographies of Knowledge; and presenter. Also, a person is exempt on their merits. (Of course, official HSS 2. Circulation: Knowledge, Objects, from the stricture against duplication if he interest groups and committees remain Practices, People; or she serves only as an organizer of welcome to mount special programs in the 3. VisualCulturesofScience, Technology, another session or participates in a special time-slots normally allocated for their and Medicine. gathering such as a workshop or plenary business meetings. Similarly, HSS members Proposals on all topics are encouraged, but session. remain welcome to organize private activities some preference will be given to strong (d) Priority will be given to people who did independent of the official program). papers and sessions that relate to these not appear on the previous year's program. 3. In evaluating workshops, field trips, or themes. (Note) The Program Chairs will reserve a site visits: All Proposals must be submitted on the block of sessions for "contributed papers," (a) The principal criterion will be the HSS Web site (http://www.hssonline.org) or primarily, but not solely, by graduate activity's relevance to the Society' s collective on the annual meeting proposal forms that students. Graduate students are also goals. are available from the HSS Executive Office. encouraged to apply as participants in (b) A related issue will the be activity's We strongly encourage electronic regular sessions. logistical feasibility. submissions from the link provided on the 2. In evaluating sessions that organizers (c) Another factor of importance will be the HSS Web site. HSS members are asked to submit as wholes and whose proposals need to bring balance to the program. circulate this announcement and copies of support unified themes: (d) A fmal aspect will be sponsorship by an the HSS paper proposal form to interested (a) The principal criterion will be the official HSS interest group or committee, colleagues who are not members ofHSS but importance of the topic and the perceived including the local arrangements committee. who may be interested in submitting a paper quality ofthe proposals and their integration Note: The program chairs will reserve periods proposal for the Annual Meeting. Only one into a meaningful and useful session. during Thursday afternoon and Friday proposal per person may be submitted. (b) Another criterion will be the need for evening for workshops, field trips, site visits, For additional information concerning the balance in the subjects covered on the and related activities. 2002 meeting, contact the HSS Executive program. Audio Visual: The Society will arrange for Office. (c) Another factor will be sponsorship by an slide and overhead projectors. In its 200 I Additionally, HSS members should note official HSS interest group or committee meeting, the HSS Council ruled that the that the HSS Council accepted the Committee (one session only). Society will also furnish one meeting room on Meetings and Programs' "Guidelines for (d) Another factor will be involvement of with an LCD Projector and a TVNCR. Selecting Papers and Sessions" (below); participants representing diversity of Potential participants must specify whether these will be used in determining the institutional affiliations. th~y need such equipment when submitting acceptability ofsession and paper proposals Note: Sessions may not, but for the most their proposals. for the Milwaukee meeting. exceptional circumstances (to be cleared If you have questions about the with the chair of CoMP), include people on CoMP guidelines, please contact the HSS the program in another session (as presenter, Executive Office at [email protected]. 3 HISTORY OF SCIENCE SOCIETY NEWSLETTER JANUARY 2002 INNOVATIONS IN EDUCATION

Innovations in Education Teaching the History of Russian and Soviet Science (and Technology) Paul Josephson, Department of History, Colby College Waterville, ME 0490 I [email protected]

There are two major challenges in teaching college courses stretched long into the Soviet period, this provided an opportunity to on the history of Russian and Soviet science. One is a significant study the impact ofthe Russian Revolution on the continuing efforts language barrier. Most students cannot read Russian or Ukrainian, ofscientists to expand the institutional foundations for their research.' let alone other foreign languages. There are also few primary The Soviet Union was a nation committed to rapid sources that have been translated into English. The other is the modernization and the embrace of the most recent achievements of hesitance of students to turn to a subject seemingly so distant in science and technology - not unlike other nations. Expanding terms of geography, historical experience, and worldview. institutional history to include specific large-scale projects also Yet the rewards and opportunities, I think, make teaching opens the door of Russian and Soviet science to students. Take such courses fulfilling. Regarding language barriers, more and more hydroelectricity, the atomic bomb, and space as three examples. The materials are available in translation. In terms of distance, rather efforts ofChina, the USSR, the U.S., Egypt and Brazil to build huge than highlighting the uniqueness of the fate of Russian and Soviet hydropower stations for electricity, irrigation, and various social scientists, I find that focusing on how much they shared with their purposes provide a basis for fruitful comparisons. How did the counterparts in other nations makes the subject more accessible. Soviet programs for the Volga River basin and those in the U.S. on That is, students welcome the opportunity to consider how Soviet the Columbia River or the Tennessee Valley differ, from the scholars addressed issues ofthe organization and funding ofresearch, structures themselves to the persons forcefully relocated ahead of met with political and economic pressures, and established a working inundating water? Are there any lessons to be learned from Soviet relationship with officials and the public alike. Of course, students engineers on the Enisei River and Chinese hydrologists at the Three seem always fascinated by the uniqueness of the Soviet experience. Gorges Dam (after all, many ofthe Chinese specialists were trained When they hear "USSR" they think of the Chernobyl disaster, the in the former USSR)?2 pollution of Lake Baikal, the glory of Sputnik, the Bolshevik What of the atomic bomb projects of Nazi Germany, the revolution, Lenin, and the great human costs ofthe Stalinist purges. United States, and the USSR? The concepts of morality of weapons So it is not hard getting them in the door; the difficult part is keeping of mass destruction; of the social responsibility of scientists and of them from leaving. national security versus academic freedom; the genesis of the cold One approach to the study of Soviet science is to have war; the role of espionage; and so on are welcome topics of students consider the issue of whether science is international and consideration. 3 I often use the autobiography of Andrei Sakharov to universal, and to play that issue against the notion ofnational style( s) good end. His life covers the entire Soviet period, and his official of doing science. In their efforts to establish modem research ostracism bears frightening comparison with the treatment of J. institutes such as those they had seen in Europe and the United Robert Oppenheimer in the U. S.4 States, what obstacles did Russian scientists encounter? Beginning The development of nuclear power and the Chernobyl in the Tsarist era, how did they attempt to improve upon the German disaster can also serve as units ofstudy in courses-or even an entire or English models? How did they protect their autonomy while they semester-long course. What were the historical roots ofthe Chernobyl were turning increasingly to the state for financing? What kind of disaster? Are French and American reactors safer?5 (A leading ideological conflicts did they face? Were these different from those Soviet engineer worried about the siting ofreactors near major cities that American specialists faced? And what ofthe impact ofgeopolitics and suggested building all new ones in Siberia, so I cannot help (e. g., the Cold War) on their research? In other words, what was the asking, why hasn't Vice President Cheney offered up Wyoming as social, political and economic context for Russian and Soviet the site for all of the reactors the Bush administration wishes to see science, and how does that compare with science elsewhere? built?) Regarding space, again, students learn a great deal thinking In a seminar entitled "From the Periodic Table to about the advantages and disadvantages of doing research in the Chernobyl," I explored questions su~has these by using institutional closed Soviet system and the open U. S. system, and how each histories and biographies. A comparison of the lives of the chemist system gave rise to the rocket designs and manned and unmanned Vladimir lpatieff and the biogeophysicist Vladimir Vernadsky was programs they did. S irnilarly, what ofthe geopolitical and ideological the basis of discussion over several weeks. The discussions turned pressures behind the space programs~ on the challenges of doing research in the Tsarist era owing to lack In Revolutionary Dreams, Richard Stites explores the of financial support and political interference. The men were of utopian and dystopian ideas that flourished in the USSR in the first different social background and political views (Ipatieffhad occasion years of the revolution. In many of them, the notion of science and to dine withTsar Nicholas; Vernadsky was much more sympathetic technology as panacea is central. How did this view of science to growing calls for a constitutional monarchy), so we also considered change under Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev and Gorbachev? Indeed, the importance of social and political factors for scientific activity. it is important to draw the students' attention to the impact of the One could equally well use the biography of the mathematician country's leadership on scientific activity. That is, rather than Sophia Kovalevskaia. Since Vernadsky and Ipatieffhad careers that considering institutions, projects, and biographies one can adopt a

4 INNOVATIONS IN EDUCATION HISTORY OF SCIENCE SOCIETY NEWSLETTER JANUARY 2002 more traditional decade-by-decade historical approach. 7 Bailes, Science and Russian Culture in an Age ofRevolutions: V.I. Ofcourse, we must consider the uniqueness ofthe Russian Vernadsky and His Scientific School, (Bloomington: Indiana and Soviet experience as well. Ideological interference, interference University Press, 1990). See also Anne Hibner Koblitz, A in personnel appointments, control over publication and foreign Convergence of Lifes: Sofia Kovalevskaia: Scientist, Writer and travel by security organs and so on distinguish Soviet science. The Revolutionary (Boston, Basel and Stuttgart: Birkhauser, 1983). best- known example is that ofTrofim Lysenko, the quack scientist Nathan Brooks's work on Mendeleev will work well here, since who dominated Soviet biology, nearly halting the development of Mendeleev, in spite ofhis obvious achievements, was excluded from genetics for three decades. Stalinist ideologues promoted an official the Russian Academy of Sciences by the Tsar and his advisers owing philosophy ofscience, dialectical materialism, which had a stultifying to the scientist's liberal politics. effect on fields of chemistry and physics as well. Dialectical 2 Among the many fine books on big science and technology in the materialism is difficult to treat in a week, let alone a semester, but former USSR, see J

Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2000), but its I 000-page 9 Paul Josephson, Totalitarian Science and Technology (Atlantic length suggests careful gleaning. Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1996). 7 On the Stalin period (and biology), see Nikolai Krementsov, 10 See also Graham's What Have We Learned About Science and Stalinist Science (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); on Technology from the Russian Experience? (Stanford: Stanford the early Brezhnev period see Linda Lubrano, Susan Solomon, University Press, 1998), with a series ofchapters on such provocative editors, The Social Context of Soviet Science (Boulder: Westview topics as political participation in big technology projects and Press, 1980); On the late Brezhnev and early Gorbachev eras, see whether money or freedom is more important to the conduct of Harley Balzer, Soviet Science on the Edge of Reform (Boulder: science. Westview Press, 1989). My New Atlantis Revisited (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), a history of the Siberian city of The editor of the column "Innovations in Education" looks science, Akademgorodok, has case studies on computer science, forward to your comments, essays, and opinions. The column high-energy physics, genetics, and environmental science in the is scheduled to appear twice a year, and the editor welcomes Khrushchev and Brezhnev eras. articles of 2,000 words maximum. Education is broadly 8 On Lysenko, see Krementsov, note 7; David Joravsky, The Lysenko construed to cover pre-college, undergraduate, and graduate Affair (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986); and Valery instruction, as well as the full range of venues: publications, Soyfer, Lysenko and the Tragedy of Soviet Science, trans. Leo classroom, distance education, etc. Gruliow and Rebecca Gruliow (New Brunswick: Rutgers University The column editor is Paul Farber, Department of History, Press, 1994). On dialectical materialism, see Loren Graham, Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331; tel. : 541-737- Philosophy, and Human Behavior in the USSR (New York: 1273;fax: 541-737-1257; e-mail: [email protected]. Columbia University Press, 1987), chapter 2.

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6 NEWS AND INQUIRIES HISTORY OF SCIENCE SOCIETY NEWSLETTER JANUARY 2002

NEWS AND INQUIRIES

Authors Wanted for New Series: The Charles Babbage Institute (CBI; http:/ ABC-CLIO Handbooks in Science and Society /www.cbi.umn.edu) is an archives and Editor: Mark A. Largent research center at the University ofMinnesota Consulting Editors: Sally Gregory Kohlstedt and Paul Lawrence Farber dedicated to promoting study of the history of information technology and its impact on BC-CLIO Publishers have announced a new series, "Handbooks in Science and society. The CBI archives collection consists A Society," that will help students and teachers integrate the history of science into the of corporate records, manuscript materials, general history curriculum. It will provide readable and historically sophisticated narrative records of professional associations, oral accounts ofscience and its social influences, primary source materials, biographical entries, history interviews, trade publications, glossaries, and bibliographic essays. periodicals, obsolete manuals, serials, and They are now soliciting proposals for individual volumes in the series. Four product literature, photographs, films, videos, volumes are currently in contract: Science and Race (John Jackson and Nadine Weidman); and reference materials. CBI also serves as a Science and the Environment (Christian Young); Science and Gender (Suzanne Sheffield); clearinghouse for resources on the history of and Science and Exploration (Michael Reidy, Gary Kroll, and Erik Conway). Please see the information technology following list for information on the subjects sought: Science and Religion; Scientific CBI is also pleased to announce a Communication and Rhetoric; Science and Industry; Science and International Relations; new database of oral history interviews Science, Imperialism, and Colonialism. Contact the series editor for details about proposal accessible from the CBI Web site. The requirements and financial compensation at: Mark Largent, University ofPuget Sound; e­ database contains abstracts and full-text in mail: [email protected]. pdf files for over 160 of CBI's research­ grade interviews. Researchers can browse Cincinnati Observatory Center Needs Help! the list of interviewees, search abstracts by keyword, or search using a list ofindex terms his National Historic Landmark, the nation's first professional observatory, is being provided. A phtrnl page allows CBI staff to T restored. It is owned by the University of Cincinnati but operated by a private, non­ enter data directly on the server and to profit organization whose mission is education, restoration and preservation. A briefoutline retrieve detailed statistics on user of its history and current activities can be found at www.cincinnatiobservatory.org. downloads. CBI welcomes your comments The Observatory has two historic scientific ~uildings with telescopes from 1842 or questions about this project. and 1904, which are being used on a daily basis. Serving approximately 12,000 people a year, the custodians have begun a 1.6 million-dollar restoration program and as this is Dissertations in the History of Medicine. completed it will include an exhibit area of scientific instruments and documents dating to As part ofa project begun to supplement the the foundation of the observatory in 1842. Isis Cumulative Bibliography, Jonathon The observatory contains many boxes - at least 35 - of documents tracing the Erlen is conducting a monthly hand search activities ofthe institution dating back to when John Quincy Adams laid the foundation stone. of the hard copy of Dissertation Abstracts. There are many more significant treasures in the archives atthe University ofCincinnati . There As an offshoot of this ongoing project, he is is no one on staffwith time or expertise to help sort through these documents and offer advice maintaining part ofa Web page on which he as to what to keep, how to keep it and what to discard. The "museum" committee ofthe Board lists recent dissertations in the history of of Trustees is in the process of planning for The Astronomy Collection - a collection of medicine and health care. He encourages all artifacts and documents for public display which will show people how a nineteenth-century interested parties to look at the URL (http:/ observatory functioned, and explain why astronomy was not only needed to regulate time and /www.hsls.pitt.edu/services/histmed/ for navigation, but to show the many practical applications of its use as well. dissertations.htrnl) and take advantage of The Board President, Dr. Juan Santamarina, is a History Professor at Dayton this previously ignored resource of recent University and feels that there are at least two dissertations waiting to be researched within scholarship in the history of medicine. these holdings. The staff would welcome any inquiries and help from those knowledgeable and interested in the history ofAmerican astronomy or the history ofscience as they continue Making of America (MOA; http:// efforts to restore order and extract information from the collection. moa.umdl.umich.edul) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history Executive Order 13223 and the Presidential Records Act of 1978 from the Antebellum period through Reconstruction. The collection is particularly he National Humanities Alliance has joined with library members to protest a November strong in the subject areas of education, T 1, 2001 executive order that virtually guts the Presidential Records Act of 1978. A psychology, American history, sociology, letter sent to Stephen Horn (R-CA), Chairman of the House Subcommittee on Government religion, and science and technology. The Efficiency and Financial Management, highlights the changes in the PRA/1978 that the book collection currently contains order sets in motion (the full letter may be viewed on the HSS Web site under "News"). In approximately 8,500 books with 19th­ effect, while claiming to provide for orderly access to presidential materials, the order century imprints. Readers can view the full grants the present and former administrations far greater control over release of records, text of the works on the site. and even provides the families of deceased presidents power to block access. 7 HISTORY OF SCIENCE SOCIETY NEWSLETTER JANUARY 2002 NEWS AND INQUIRIES

at 25 Years." The symposium began with a talk, "From Collector to Reader: Bern Dibner and History of Science Collections," by the noted rare book dealer and scholar, Roger Gaskell. This was followed by a panel that debated issues concerning the course ofcontemporary research in the history of science and technology and discussed the potential impact of the Smithsonian Libraries' collections on this scholarship. SIL's annual Dibner Library Lecture followed the symposium. Owen Gingerich, who is both a Professor ofAstronomy and History of Science at Harvard University and Senior Astronomer Emeritus at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory delivered a talk entitled "Icons of Understanding: Celebrating Bern Dibner's Heralds ofScience," which focused on one of the gems in the SIL collections. The Heralds of Science is a series of books, which collectively represent the most important contributions to the physical and biological sciences that have been issued since the Professor Loren Graham (center) in the library of the European beginning of printing. University at the time he made his donation. Sciences and Empires Group Loren Graham, professor of the history of science at MIT, has donated approximately 800 books from his personal library in he Sciences and Empires Network is an "unmoderated" mail list thehistoryofsciencetotheEuropeanUniversityinSt.Petersburg, T operated by the "Sciences and Empires Groupe," a Commission a non-governmental university established in 1994. The European of the International Congress of the History of Science. The group University is one of the strongest of the new educational itselfwas founded in conjunction with an international meeting held institutions mRussia, and it has a distinguished faculty thoroughly at UNESCO in Paris in April, 1990. The theme of that meeting was at home in world scholarship. A number of the faculty have "Sciences and Empires: European Expansion and Scientific Devel­ studied in Western Europe or North America, and almost all the opment of Asia, Africa, America and Oceania." faculty and students read English. Most of the books donated by The group owes its continued existence to the energy of Professor Graham are in the English language, and concern the scholars in Europe, Asia, North America, and Latin America. Now general history of science, not the history of science in Russia more than a decade old, crucial support has come from the following (for which, ofcourse, existing Russian libraries are very strong). individuals, among so many others, Patrick Petitjean, Catherine It is hoped that with the help of this donation the European Jami, Anne Marie Moulin, Kapil Raj, Deepak Kumar, Venni Krishna, University will be able to establish a center in the history Roland Waast, Mic Worboys, and Silvia Figueiroa. science and education, headed bY Daniel Alexandrov. Professor While open to all who are interested in science and empires, Graham has expressed the hope that members of the History it is intended to serve as the major forum for discussions by historians; Science Society who have published books in the field will be philosophers; and sociologists of science, technology, and medicine willing to donate copies oftheir own works in order to strengthen who study how these activities intersect with colonialism, imperialism, the history ofscience library atthe European University. To find and postcolonialism. It will also serve as the group's newsletter out if the European University library contains copies of your distribution list. books, please contact the university librarian, Ona Lapenaite, at To subscribe to the mail list, go to: https://mail.lsit.ucsb.edu/ her email address: mailmanllistinfo.cgi/sciemp. If you have problems subscribing, or unsubscribing, contact: Michael A. Osborne, Associate Professor of The Dibner Library History and Environmental Studies, Department of History, University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106- n October 1976, the Dibner Library of the History ofScience and 9410 USA; e-mail: [email protected]. I Technology opened its doors in what was known as the Museum of the History ofTechnology, now the National Museum of Ameri­ Darwin Books Destroyed in Fire can History, Behring Center. The collection of 10,000 books and Tara Womersley I ,600 manuscript groups came toWashington, DC, from the Bumdy Library in Norwalk, Connecticut, and has grown to form one of the fire in a I 00-year-old building at Glasgow University is cornerstones of the Libraries' collections. In October 200 I, the A thought to have destroyed first edition works of Charles Dibner Library celebrated a quarter century of providing vital Darwin and caused £8 million of damage. It is estimated that books primary sources to scholars, curators, and members of the scientific and equipment worth up to £3.5 million have been lost and the conununity by hosting a special symposium. repairs to the Bower l:milding, which housed one ofBritain's earliest To mark this anniversary, the Smithsonian Institution biological laboratories, will cost up to £5 million. Items destroyed Libraries (SIL), with the generous support ofThe Dibner Fund, held in the blaze included rare 19th-century botany books and it is feared an afternoon symposium entitled "Exploring the Past, Shaping the that first editions of some of Darwin's works, along with his Future: The Dibner Library ofthe History ofScience and Technology manuscripts, were among them. 8 NEWS AND INQUIRIES HISTORY oF SciENCE SociETY NEwsLETTER JANUARY 2002

Notes from AAAS the creation of an association facilitating Amy Crumpton research and scholarly discussions on the history of museums, museum display, he Archives of the American temporary exhibitions, and related topics. T Association for the Advancement of Purposes suggested for such an association Science has launched a new AAAS History include: 1) sponsoring periodic conferences; and Archives Web site at http:// 2) sponsoring printed or Internet-based archives.aaas.org. The site dynamically publications for disseminating information generates responses to search inquiries by about published and archival sources useful selecting information from a relational for museum history research, other database that includes data on people, organizations' conferences or events of meetings, documents,_publications, awards, interest, and calls for papers; 3) enabling and descriptions ofarchive collections. The cross-disciplinary exchanges among site is a work in progress, and comments and scholars studying museums or similar suggestions from HSS members on its collecting institutions associated with a usefulness and content are welcome. range of fields including anthropology, art, For HSS members planning to attend natural history, and science and technology; the 2002 AAAS Annual Meeting in Boston, 4) encouraging the identification and 14-19 February, several events may be of preservation ofinstitutions' archival sources, interest. Margaret Rossiter (Cornell as well as access to and permission to publish University) has organized a symposium on Loren Graham, MIT information from those sources for qualified "A New Look at Barbara McClintock and researchers outside the institutions. At the Rosalind Franklin," for Friday, 15 February, Loren Graham will give the George moment they are collecting names for a 2:15 p.m.-3:45 p.m. On Saturday, 16 Sarton Award Lecture at the AAAS survey of interested parties to plan their next February, from 9:00 a.m.- 12:00 noon, meeting in Boston on 15 February 2002, steps. If you would like to contribute your "Questioning Authorities: Lessons in Pursuing 1:30 p.m. - 2:15 p.m. The title ofhis talk thoughts to this effort, please send your name Oral Histories of Science," a symposium is "Russian Basic Science: Changes and postal and/or e-mail address to: Jeffrey organized by Amy Crumpton (AAAS) will Since the Collapse of the Soviet Union Abt, Associate Professor, Department ofArt be held. The AAAS Section on the History and the Impact oflnternational Support." and Art History, 150 Art Building, Wayne and Philosophy ofScience will meet at a time State University, Detroit, MI 48202 (e-mail: still to be announced. To find out more about [email protected]) or Annie V. F. Storr, the upcoming AAAS meeting, including The History of Museums Group is inviting Consultant, Museum Projects in Public speakers for the symposia mentioned, please expressions of interest from scholars, Service, 8411 Queen Armes Drive, Silver visit http://www.aaas.org/meetings/. museum professionals, and others regarding Spring, MD 20910 (~mail : [email protected]).

Changes at the MIT Archives. Early in February, 2002, the Institute Archives will begin a special one-year project to organize important research material in its collections. To free up staff to carry out this project in a concentrated time-frame, the reading room will be open to the public only two days a week February through May, and July through the following January. Specific days and hours for the reading room will be posted. For further information contact: Megan Sniffm-Marinoff; tel.: 617-253-5690; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http:// libraries.mit.edu/archives/.

History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Germany, 1997-2000 (Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2001), 76 pp., published on behalf of the German National Committee IUHPS/DHS is still available. Some participants in the September 2001 Conference "Unifying Nature Past and Present" For your free copy please post your mailing exploring Lake Alice on the University of Florida Campus. I to r: Anne Harrington, address to christoph.meinel@psk. uni­ Betty Smocovitis, Thomas Soderqvist, Helge Kragh, Silvan Schweber. regensburg.de. 9 HISTORY OF SCIENCE SOCIETY NEWSLETTER JA:"''UARY 2002 2001 MEETING NEWS

HSS Council Meeting-2001 Margaret J. Osler (Secretary), University of Calgwy resident Ron Numbers called the HSS Isis will be available online starting with the subscribing to Isis. Isis is still a good value: P Council meeting to order at 1 p.m. on March 2002 issue. Online access will be it has one of the lowest price per page of Thursday, November 8, 200 I at the annual open to anyone until December 2002, after academic journals, and subscribers will now meeting at the Adam's Mark Hotel in Denver. which the online edition will be available have access to JSTOR files of/sis along with Thirteen members of Council were present, only to subscribers. Rossiter announced that their subscription. along with the Executive Committee and Joy Harvey has been appointed as interim Executive Director Jay Malone several committee chairs and visitors who editor for the CB and hopes to get the 2000 reported on several important activities in reported to Council on various matters. After CB into camera-ready form by February I. which his office is involved. There have calling the meeting to order, President There followed considerable discussion been some changes in the office staff. Roger Numbers welcomed Mike Sokal, the Vice around the table about the implications of Turner has replaced Carson Burrington. The President elect and Karen Oslund, the new the delay in getting the CB out and of our HSS Guide is scheduled to be available in managing editor of Isis. search for a new, permanent editor. printed form before June 30, 2002. Delays President Numbers reported on Karen Reeds, as chair of the have resulted because ofdifficulties with the several serious issues facing the Society. Committee on Publications, then gave her developers of the Web site. Council agreed Because of the decline in the U.S. stock report. She described the history of the to support the Committee on Meetings and market, the HSS endowment lost about problems with the CB and the current state of Programs' plan to establish one hi-tech $500,000 or 13% ofour assets on paper. This the search for a new editor. She also reported audiovisual room for meetings. As part of loss reduces the Society's revenue on the search for a new Society Editor. At the the report on the Executive Office, President considerably and consequently its ability to moment there are two serious candidates N urn bers announced that the time has arrived fund various activities. Numbers then and a preliminary application deadline of I for reviews of both the Executive Office and informed Council of Steve Wagner's February 2002. Malone. A committee chaired by incoming resignation as editor of the Current Treasurer Marc Rothenberg President John Servos will conduct this Bibliography and reported that a search was distributed the Treasurer's report, the evaluation and will be exploring alternative underway fora new CB editor. In further bad auditor's report, and a report on the state of arrangements for the office. news, he reported that attendance at this our endowment. The auditor reported that The Committee on Meetings and year's meeting was down in the aftermath of the HSS was in total compliance with Programs has confirmed site selection for the events of September II and because regulations governing the NSF grant. As several years down the road. Council some members were honoring a boycott of reported earlier, our endowment has dropped approved the selection ofCambridge, Mass. the Adam's Mark chain. Executive Director by about 13%. We are looking for recovery and Austin, Texas for the meetings in 2003 Jay Malone added that if we fall below the in the coming year, but we must be careful and 2004, respectively. Some discussion 800 room nights that we contracted with the about expenditures. ensued about President Numbers' suggestion hotel, we would be liable to a fineof$17,000 As far as Fiscal Year 2003 is that some future meeting take place in Mexico plus the cost of empty rooms. In light of this concerned, Rothenberg will rewrite the City. Council approved ofCOMP continuing possibility, the Executive Committee had budget before the next Council meeting in to explore this possibility. decided to pick up some rooms with funds hopes that a market recovery will enable us Kathy Olesko then reported that from the Boyer and Hellman endowments to reduce the draw on the endowment. He we have no continued relationship with the and make these rooms available to graduate sought and received approval of the budget U.S. National Committee of the IUHPS. students. President Numbers also noted that at this meeting, with the understanding that Various people around the table noted that the Society is working on creating it may be revised. none of the nominations for officers were fellowships for minority students to help One problem engendered by the from the U.S., the U.K., or European give them an entree into the field. loss of revenue is funding for the prizes. countries that have traditional history of Secretary Margaret Osler gained Rothenberg reported that the Women's Prize science. Keith Benson noted that the meeting unanimous approval ofthe minutes from last and the Derek Price Prize are in trouble. The in Mexico City this past summer was not year's Council meeting. She then sought Council discussed ways to secure the finances representative of people doing history of approval for the change to the statutes for these prizes. science in Latin America. Bruce Seely recommended by the Nominating Rothenberg then presented a observed that the next meeting, in four years, Committee. Alan Shapiro moved that statement ofthe Society's investment policy would be in Beijing. "Council approve the recommended change to Council. Adam Apt, a professional broker Keith Benson, representing the to the statutes so that the Nominating and also member of HSS, explained the Committee on Research and the Profession, Committee will consist of two members report to Council, which then approved it . reported on CORP's efforts to reach out to from Council and three from the Society at Julie Noblitt, from the journals members of underrepresented minorities in large." Pam Mack seconded the motion, department at the University of Chicago the intellectual community, an area that the which passed unanimously. Press, reported that our membership numbers Dibner Fund has expressed interest in Editor Margaret Rossiter reported are improving, despite increases in both funding. After considerable discussion on the state of the Society's publications. individual and institutional rates for around the table, President Numbers reported 10 2001 MEETING NEWS HISTORY oF SciENCE SociETY NEWSLETTER JANUARY 2002 that there is a reconstituted Development delegate to Section L of the AAAS, Phil advised both applicants and reviewers to CommitteeunderthechairmanshipofJudith Sloan told Council that an effort is underway emphasize both the substance ofthe proposal Goodstein that will meet with Benson to to revitalize linkages between AAAS and and its impact equally. He noted that this discuss how to approach this issue of HSS. He wants to see more proposals to year's budget is in flux. He reminded Council underrepresented minorities. Section L from HSS and reminded the group that NSF does not support history ofmedicine Rich Kremer reported that the that proposals for the February 2003 meeting per se, as that falls under the NIH, although Committee on Education's summer must be in by April. Bruce Cole is the new proposals that touch on medicine are fine. He workshop at Oregon State University's chair of the National Endowment for the also reported that the ad for his replacement marine biological station at Newport was a Humanities, which has had a budget increase would be posted soon. great success and that they hope to do it of $4 million. At the end of the meeting, Vice again next year. In the report from the Bruce Seely, representing the NSF, President John Servos expressed his thanks Women's Caucus, Pamela Mack noted the thanked members ofHSS for reviewing grant and the gratitude of the whole Council to success of their fundraising drive for the proposals. He noted that the new travel grant Ron Numbers for his excellent leadership Women's Prize. for graduate students, independent scholars, over the past two years. The meeting Delegate reports followed. As and junior scholars had been approved. He adjourned at 5:00p.m. HSS Business Meeting Margaret J. Osler (Secretary), University ofCalgary resident Ron Numbers called the annual Secretary Margaret Osler sought Under New Business, HSS member PHSS Business Meeting to order at 8:02 and received approval of the minutes oflast Ernie Hook expressed objections to the fact a.m. on Sunday November 11, 2001 . year's meeting. She then received approval that some people were smoking at one ofthe Executive Director Jay Malone of a change to the statutes already approved social events at the meeting. He moved that reported that 525 people had registered for . by the Council. This change modifies the a recommendation be made to the Committee the meeting, a substantial drop from last composition of the Nominating Committee on Meetings and Programs to prevent hotel year's 875 registrants. He noted that there so that it now consists oftwo members from managers from taking the initiative to allow had been far more cancellations this year, Council and three from the membership at smoking at such events. The motion passed probably because of reluctance to travel large. unanimously. Hook also raised the question following the events of September 11. As a The Yice President, Editor, of whether it would be possible to distribute result of the low attendance, the Society Treasurer, and Executive Director basically abstracts of papers at the annual meeting. faces a problem fulfilling its contract for 800 repeated the reports they had given to The group expressed its thanks to room nights at the hotel. However, the society Council. The Treasurer's report, including a President Ron Numbers for a job well done can avoid paying a fine of$17,000 for failing recommendation for a temporary increase in and welcomed John Servos as incoming to meet the contracted number ofroom nights the draw from the Endowment to cover a President and Mike Sokal as incoming Vice by buying up the number of room nights deficit in Fiscal Years 2002 and 2003, was President. The meeting was adjourned at needed to fulfill the contract. approved. 8:40a.m.

Thanks to those HSS members who participated in the Sponsor-a-Scholar Program in 2001!

Michele L. Aldrich Ron Doel Naomi Oreskes Lawrence Badash Bruce Eastwood Nathan Reingold A larr C. Bowen Loren Graham Joan L. Richards Stephen G. Brush Frederick Gregory Sylvan S. Schweber David C. Cassidy Er'Will Hiebert John W. Servos Peggy Champlin Gerald Holton Scott Spear H. F. Cohen Joel Howell Bruce Stephemwn JonaJhan Coopersmith E. S. Kenned_v Virginia Trimble Angela N. H. Creager Jomes E.' McCJella,~. l1J Sallie A. Watki11s Lorraine D(J.S/on John L. Michel Kathleen Whalen

11 HISTORY OF SCIENCE SOCIETY NEWSLETTER JANUARY 2002 AWARDS, HONORS, AND APPOINTMENTS

AWARDS, HONORS, AND APPOINTMENTS Andreas Daum has been awarded a John F. were recently elected fellows ofthe American and Philosophy of Science and Technology Kennedy Memorial Fellowship at the Minda Association for the Advancement ofScience of the University of Toronto. Dr. Mazzotti de Gunzburg Center for European Studies at (AAAS) for Section (L), History and works on the history ofltalian mathematics, Harvard University for the academic year Philosophy of Science. The AAAS annually science and technology and is writing a 200 l-2002. He was previously at the German honors those of its members whose efforts biography of the eighteenth-century Historical Institute in Washington, D.C. on behalfoft he advancement ofscience and mathematician Maria Agnesi. engineering are scientifically or socially The Forum for History ofHuman Science (an distinguished. The Historical Astronomy Division of the interest group within the History of Science American Astronomical Society has selected Society) is pleased to announce the winner of Manfred Laubichler, Ph.D. in Evolutionary Donald E. Osterbrock (Director Emeritus the 2001 Award for the best Article in the Biology from Yale and Ph.D. in History of the Lick Observatory, University of History of Human Science. The winner is forthcoming (delayed by Gerry Geison's California) as its 2002 LeRoy Doggett Jorge Canizares Esguerra, who was untimely death) from Princeton, joined the Lecturer. Professor Osterbrock will deliver awarded the best article award for the interdisciplinary Biology and Society his lecture at the AAS meeting in Washington following article: "New World, New Stars: Program in the Biology Department at D.C. in January. Patriotic Astrology and the Invention of Arizona State University last fall. He is Spanish and Creole Bodies in Colonial Spanish helping to develop a graduate program in the Ronald Rainger (Texas Tech University) America, 1600-1650," American Historical history and philosophy of biology and recently received the President's Excellence Review 104 (February 1999), 33-68. conceptual foundations ofbiology. in Teaching Award for 2000-200 I.

Mark Harrison (Wellcome Trust Senior Jane Maienschein (Professor ofPhilosophy Edmund Russell (University of Virginia) Research Fellow and Acting Director of the and Biology, Arizona State University) has won the 2001 Forum for the History of Well come Unit for the History ofMedicine, been named a Regents' Professor beginning Science in America Prize for "The Strange Oxford) has been appointed Reader in the in 2002. She directs the Biology and Society Career of DDT: Experts, Federal Capacity, History of Medicine at the University of Program, and with Manfred Laubichler and and Environmentalism in World War II," Oxford. The post carries with it the Stephen Pyne, is developing a new Technology and Culture 40 (1999): 770- Directorship of the Wellcome Unit for the interdisciplinary graduate program. 796. The prize, awarded to a scholar within History of Medicine. ten years ofthe Ph.D., was for the best article Massimo Mazzotti has been awarded the on the history ofscience in America published David A. Hounshell (Carnegie Mellon), Kenneth 0 . May Post-doctoral Fellowship from 1998-2000. Barbara Herrnstein Smith and Vassiliki in the History of Mathematics for the year (Betty) Smocovitis (University of Florida) 2001-2002 at the Institute for the History

HISTORY OF SciENCE SociETY ANNUAL AwARDs 10 NovEMBER 2001, DENVER, CoLORADO

Sarton Medal. The highest award of the History of Science Society, Joshua Buhs (University of Pennsylvania) "The Fire Ant Wars: the Sarton Medal is presented to an outstanding historian of science Nature and Science in the Pesticide Controversies of the Late from the international scholarly community. Daniel J. Kevles (Yale Twentieth Century." University). History ofWomen in Science Prize. A warded to an outstanding book Pfzzer Prize. Sponsored by the Pfizer Pharmaceutical Company, this or article on the history of women in science. Charlotte Furth award recognizes an outstanding book that deals with the history of (University of Southern California), A Flourishing Yin: Chinese science and makes a substantial contribution to scholarship in the Medical History, 960-1665 (University of California Press). history ofscience. John Heilbron (Oxford University), The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories (Harvard University Press). Derek Price Award. Named in honor of historian Derek J. DeSolla Price, this award is given to an outstanding article published in Isis, Watson Davis and Helen Miles Davis Prize. Named in honor of the the leading journal in the history ofscience. Mary Henninger-Voss longtime director ofScience Service and his wife, this prize honors the (Princeton University), "Working Machines and Noble Mechanics: best book in the history of science directed to a wide public. Nancy Guidobaldo del Monte and the Translation of Knowledge." Tomes (SUNY, Stonybrook), The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women and the Microbe in American Life (Harvard University Press). Joseph H. Hazen Education Prize. Named in honor of a tireless supporter of the history of science, this prize recognizes an indi­ Ida and Henry Schuman Prize. For an original prize essay by a vidual who makes outstanding contributions to education in the graduate student on the history ofscience and its cultural influences, history of science. Stephen G. Brush (University of Maryland). 12 GRANTS, FELLOWSHIPS, AND PRIZES HISTORY OF SciENCE SociETY NEWSLETTER JANUARY 2002

GRANTS, FELLOWSHIPS, AN.D PRIZES

The following announcements have been editedfor space. For full descriptions and for the latest announcements, please visit our Web site (http://www.hssonline.org). The Society does not assume responsibility for the accuracy ofany item, and potential applicants should verify all details, especially closing dates, with the organization or foundation ofinterest. Those who wish to publish a grant, fellowship or prize announcement should send an electronic version ofthe posting to [email protected]. 1 The American Meteorological Society (AMS) invites applications Friends of the UW-Madison Libraries Grants-in-Aid offer a for a 2002/2003 AMS Graduate Fellowship in the History of minimum offour grants-in-aid annually, each one month in duration, Science, to be awarded to a student wishing to complete a dissertation for research in the humanities in any field appropriate to the on the history of the atmospheric, or related oceanic or hydrologic collections. Awards are $1 ,000 each. Generally,· applicants must sciences. The award carries a $15,000 stipend and will support one have the Ph.D. or be able to demonstrate a record ofsolid intellectual year of dissertation research. An effort will be made to place the accomplishment. Foreign scholars and graduate students who have student into a mentoring relationship with an AMS member at an completed all requirements except the dissertation are also eligible. appropriate institution. To apply, candidates must submit: a cover The grantee is expected to be in residence during the term of the letter with vita; official transcripts from undergraduate and graduate award, which may be taken up at any time during the year. Completed institutions; a typewritten, detailed description of the dissertation applications are due 1 March 2002. For more specific information topic and proposed research plan (I 0 page maximum); and three and application forms, please write to: Friends of the UW -Madison letters of recommendation (including one from your dissertation Libraries Award Committee, 976 Memorial Library, University of advisor). Application packages must be postmarked by 15 February Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI 53 706. Or contactJohn Tortorice 2002 and sent to: AMS, Attn: Fellowship/Scholarship Program, 45 at: tel.: 608-265-2505; fax: 608-265-2754; e-mail: Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02108-3693. Questions may be directed jtortorice@library. wisc.edu. to Donna Fernandez, Fellowship and Scholarship Coordinator or Stephanie Armstrong, DirectorofDevelopment, AMS Headquarters; The Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin tel.: 617-227-2426 ext. 246 or 235; e-mail: [email protected] announces two postdoctoral fellowships for up to two years, beginning or [email protected]. Further information on the 2002/2003 I October 2002. Projects related to the history of theory formation fellowships and scholarships can be found online at http:// in the life sciences or to the history of model organisms are www. ametsoc.org/AMS (scroll down to Scholarships/Fellowships). particularly welcome. Outstanding junior scholars (Ph.D. awarded no earlier than 1997) are invited to apply. Fellowships are endowed The American Philosophical Society Library Resident Research with a monthly stipend of3,600 DM/Euro 1,840.65 (fellows from Fellowships, 2002 - 2003. The American Philosophical Society abroad). Women are especially encouraged to apply. Qualifications Library accepts applications for short, residential fellowships for being equal, precedence will be given to candidates with disabilities. conducting research in its collections. The fellowships are open to Candidates are requested to send a curriculum vitae, publication list, both U.S. citizens and foreign nationals who are holders ofthe Ph.D. research prospectus (maximum 1000 words), and two letters of or the equivalent, Ph.D. candidates who have passed their preliminary recommendation no later than 28 February 2002 to: Max Planck exams, and independent scholars. Applicants in any relevant field of Institute for the History of Science, Abt. III, Wilhelmstrasse 44, D- scholarship may apply. The stipend is $2,000 per month, and the 10117 Berlin, Germany. term of the fellowship is a minimum of one month and a maximum of three, taken between I June 2002 and 31 May 2003. Fellows are Each year the New York Academy of Medicine offers the Paul expected to be in residence for four consecutive weeks during the Klemperer Fellowship to support work in history as it relates to period of their award. Address applications or inquiries to: Library medicine, the biomedical sciences, and health. The Klemperer Resident Research Fellowships, American Philosophical Society Fellowship supports research using the Academy Library as a Library, 105 South Fifth St., Philadelphia, PA 19106-3386; tel.: historical resource. It is intended specifically for a scholar in 215-440-3400. Applications must be received by 1 March 2002. residence in the collections of the Academy Library. The Klemperer Fellowship provides a stipend of up to $5,000 to support travel, The 2002 Christine Mirzayan Internship Program ofthe National lodging and incidental expenses for a flexible period between 1 I Academies, Washington, D.C. is designed to engage graduate and June 2002 and 31 May 2003. Applications must be received by the postdoctoral science, engineering, medical, veterinary, business, Academy by 4 February 2002; candidates will be informed of the and law students in science and technology policy and to familiarize results by 31 May 2002. More information on the fellowship them with the interactions among science, technology, and programs is available at www.nyam.org/history/libfell.html. government. There are two sessions each year: January (12 weeks) Requests for further information should be addressed to: Office of and June (10 weeks). To apply, candidates should submit the the Associate Librarian for Historical Collections and Programs, application and reference forms available on-line at national­ New York Academy of Medicine, 1216 Fifth Avenue, New York, academies.org/internship. The deadline for receipt of materials for NY 10029; tel.: 212-822-731 0; e-mail: [email protected]. the June program is 1 March 2002. Additional questions should be directed to: [email protected].

13 HISTORY OF SciENCE SociETY NEWSLETTER JANUARY 2002 GRANTS, FELLOWSHIPS, AND PRIZES

Pennsylvania State University. The Science, Medicine, and The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Technology in Culture Program invites applications for a 2-year Directorate for International Programs announces the Women's postdoctoral NSF Fellowship in residence beginning fall2002. Field International Science Collaboration (WISC) Program for 2001- ofexpertise is open. The postdoc will teach one course per semester; 2003. Supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), he or she will also serve as a co-organizer (along with two faculty this program aims to increase the participation of women in members) of an international workshop on gender and science to international scientific research by helping establish new research be held spring 2004. Candidates must have completed their Ph.D. partnerships with colleagues in Central/Eastern Europe, Newly by fall 2002. The award carries with it a $30,000 per year stipend Independent States of the former Soviet Union, Near East, Middle plus benefits. Interested candidates should send curriculum vitae, a East, Pacific, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. Small grants ($4,000- brief statement of research and teaching interests (2-3 pages), one 5,000) will provide travel and living support for a U.S. scientist dissertation chapter or article, and three letters of recommendation and, when appropriate, a co-PI to visit a partner country to develop to: Dr. Londa Schiebinger, Edwin E. Sparks Professor, Department a research program. Men and women scientists who have their Ph.D. of History, 311 Weaver, Penn State University, University Park, PA or equivalent research experience are eligible to apply. Applicants 16802; e-mail: LLS 1O@psu .edu. Review ofapplications will begin who have received their doctoral degrees within the past six years 1 February 2002 and continue until the position is filled. EOE/AA. will receive special consideration, as will scientists applying to work with colleagues in less frequently represented countries and regions. Rice University and the Center for the Study ofCultures announce With the exception of applications involving the Americas, the establishment ofthe Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Postdoctoral applications from male co-Pis must be accompanied by an Fellowship Program designed to encourage interdisciplinary application from a female co-PI as part of a U.S. research team. scholarship and teaching. Two postdoctoral fellows will be selected Male and female graduate students (Ph.D. candidates) are also for a two-year appointment beginning 1 July 2002 at a stipend of eligible to apply, ifthey will be conducting research in an established $38,000 per year. The application deadline is 1 March 2002. For Ph.D. program in the U.S. and will be traveling with their Ph.D. further information, visit the HSS Web site at www.hssonline.org. advisor and will serve as co-PI on future proposals. (Male graduate students will need a female co-Pl.) Applicants must be citizens or Smithsonian Institution Libraries 2003 Resident Scholar permanent residents. For further information, please visit the NSF Programs in Special Collections: The Dibner Library Resident Web site (http://www.nsf.gov), or contact one of the AAAS Scholar Program, supported by The Dibner Fund for research in administrators listed below. Two competitions will be held, with the Dibner Library ofthe History ofScience and Technology. Baird application deadlines of 15 January 2002 and 15 July 2002. Society Resident Scholar Program, supported by the Smithsonian Approximately 40 awards will be made in each competition. Institution Libraries Spencer Baird Society, for research in other -Central and Eastern Europe, Newly Independent States (NIS) ofthe Special Collections located in Washington, DC, or New York City. former Soviet Union: Karen Grill: e-mail: [email protected]. For application materials and more information, please visit the -East Asia and Pacific: Suteera Nagavajara: tel.: 202-326-6496; e­ Web site at http://www.sil.si.edu or write to Smithsonian Institution mail: [email protected]. Libraries Resident Scholar Programs, NMAH I 041 MRC 672, -Africa, Middle East, Near East, and South Asia: Alan Bornbusch: Washington, DC 20560-0672; tel.: 202-357-1568; e-mail: tel.: 202-326-6651; e-mail: [email protected]. [email protected]. Stipends of $2,500 per month for up to six -Americas and Caribbean: Marina Ratchford: tel.: 202-326-6490; e­ months. Application deadline is 1 March 2002. mail: [email protected]. Or, please write to (AAAS contact), WISC Travel Grant, American University of Chicago. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation has Association for the Advancement of Science, Directorate for awarded funding for a new program of University Post-Doctoral International Programs, 1200 New York A venue, NW, Washington, Fellowships. The Department of Philosophy together with the D.C. 20005. Committee on Conceptual and Historical Studies ofScience (CHSS) seek candidates for this fellowship in the areas of the philosophy or The Society for the History of Natural History announces the history and philosophy of the natural sciences and/or mathematics. establishment of the annual Alwyne Wheeler Bursary to support This is a possible appointment. The recipient of this Postdoctoral travel by scholars under age 30 to annual meetings of the SHNH, Fellowship will have received his or her Ph.D. within the five normally held each Spring. The award will include up to £100 (or academic years previous to the first year of the award. The recipient equivalent) for travel, plus conference registration. Preference will will teach two quarter-length courses of his or her devising per year be for applicants who contribute a paper or other presentation at the at the undergraduate or beginning graduate level. The recipient will meeting. Bursary recipients will be invited to submit a paper to the strongly be encouraged to pursue his or her research interests while Society's journal, Archives ofNatural History. Application deadlines at the University. Women and minorities are urged to apply. An are sixty days prior to the meeting. Applicants need not be members application should include a curriculum vitae, 3 letters of reference, of the society. Application forms, notes for guidance, and a diary of and a sample of recent writing (these not returnable). Completed meetings are available through the society's Web site applications must be received by 1 February 2002, and should be (www.shnh.org), and from the SHNH Secretary: c/o The Natural sent to: Mellon Search Committee, Fishbein Center, University of History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, England SW7 5BD; e­ Chicago, 1126 East 59th St., Chicago, IL. 60637. EO/AAE. mail: [email protected].

14 JOBS HISTORY OF SCJE:'IICE SOCIETY NEWSLETTER JANUARY 2002

Graduate students in the United States and Canada are invited to JOBS enter the American Association for the History of Medicine Shryock Medal Essay Contest. The award is given for an The following announcements have been edited for space. For outstanding, unpublished essay by a single author on any topic in the full descriptions andfor the latest announcements, please visit our history ofmedicine . The essay must be the result oforiginal research Web site (http://www.hssonline.org). The Society does not assume or show an unusual appreciation and understanding of problems in responsibility for the accuracy ofany item, andpotential applicants the history ofmedicine. The winner will be invited to attend the 2002 should verify all details, especially closing dates, with the meeting of the Association, 25-28 April in Kansas City, MO, where organization orfoundation ofinterest. Those who wish to publish a the medal will be conferred. Reasonable travel expenses for the job announcement should send an electronic version ofthe posting winner will be provided, as will a two-year complimentary to [email protected]. membership in the AAHM. If the Shryock Medal Committee also selects an essay for honorable mention, its author will receive a two­ Full Professor 17th and 18th Century History of Science. The year complimentary membership in the AAHM. Students must be California Institute of Technology seeks applications for a full enrolled in a graduate program at the time of submission. (Students professor in the history of science during the 17th and 18th centuries. who are currently eligible for the Association's Osler Medal The successful applicant will have a record of publications in the competition for medical students are not eligible for the Shryock social and institutional history of science during this period, strong Medal). Essays must be postmarked no later than 1 February 2002. teaching experience, and will be able to interact fruitfully with Interested students must obtain guidelines from the Shryock Medal colleagues working on technical aspects of science history and other Committee chair. Susan L. Smith, Ph.D., Department of History, members ofan interdisciplinary division. Send letter ofapplication, University of Alberta, 2-28 Tory Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada curriculum vitae and three letters of reference to Jed Buchwald, T6G 2H4; e-mail: [email protected]. Chair, History of Science Search Committee, Caltech 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125. Deadline: 1 February 2002. Caltech is an The Annals ofScience Prize is offered each year to the author ofan Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer. Women, original unpublished essay in the history of science or technology, minorities, veterans, and disabled persons are encouraged to apply. which is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. The prize, supported by Taylor and Francis, is intended for those who Professor of the History and Philosophy of Science, ETH Zurich. have been awarded their doctorate within the past four years, and for The holder of this chair will be responsible for teaching the history doctoral students. Essays should be submitted to the Editor in a form and philosophy of science to students from all departments of ETH suitable for publication in Annals ofScience (see the journal's style Zurich. He/she will be expected to pursue original research projects guide athttp://www.tandf.co.ukl), and may be in English, French, or and to participate in the activities of the Department of Humanities, German. Essays should be between 6,000 and 9,500 words in length, Social and Political Sciences. The person appointed should be able including footnotes. The winning essay will be published in the to teach and research the fundamental dimensions of the historical journal, and its author will be awarded US$500. Papers should be development of the natural sciences and their various social submitted by 1 September 2002, and the winner will be notified by connections. Please submit your application together with a 31 December 2002. The Editor's decision is final. curriculum vitae and a list of publications to the President of ETH Zurich, Professor 0 . Kubler, ETH Zentrum, CH-8092 Zurich, no SSHM 2002 Prize Essay Competitions. The Society for the Social later than 31 January 2002. The ETHZ specifically encourages History of Medicine (SSHM) invites submissions for its two 2002 female candidates to apply with a view towards increasing the Prize Essay Competitions. These prizes will be awarded to the best proportion of female professors. original, unpublished essays in the social history of medicine submitted to each competition as judged by the SSHM's assessment Franklin & Marshall College. Applications are invited for an panel. The 2002 essay competition is open to post-doctoral scholars entry-level two-year visiting faculty appointment in the program on and faculty who obtained their Ph.D. or equivalent qualification Science, Technology and Society, beginning in August, 2002. The after 31 December 1996. The 2002 student essay competition is successful candidate will teach courses in environmental studies, open to students in full or part-time education. Each prizewinner the history and philosophy of science (possibly including bioethics will be awarded £300, and his or her entry may also be published in or the history of medicine), and his or her field of expertise. A Ph.D. the journal, Social History of Medicine. Further details and entry at or near completion, an ongoing program of research, and some forms can be downloaded from the SSHM's Web site http:// teaching experience are required. Please send a letter ofapplication, www.sshm.org. Alternatively, please contact: David Cantor, Division a curriculum vitae, graduate and undergraduate transcripts, and of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza three letters of recommendation to: Roger D. K. Thomas, Chair, North, Suite 2025, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda MD 20892- Program on Science, Technology and Society, Franklin & Marshall 7309, USA; e-mail: [email protected]. The deadline for entries College, Lancaster, PA 17604-3003; tel.: 717-291-4135; fax: 717- is 31 December 2002. 291 -4186; email: r _ [email protected]; Web site: http:/I www.fandm.edu/. Application deadline: 1 February 2002. Franklin & Marshall College is a highly selective, private liberal arts college -'"'h; ':' ,ror an~t

15 HISTORY oF SciENCE SociETY NEWSLETTER JANUARY 2002 FUTURE MEETINGS

FUTURE MEETINGS The following announcements have been edited for space. For full descriptions andfor the latest announcements, please visit our Web site (http://www.hssonline.org). Electronic listings ofmeetings are updated every Friday morning. The Society does not assume responsibility for the accuracy ofany item, and interested persons should verify all details, especially dates, with the appropriate contact person. Those who wish to publish a future meeting announcement or call for papers should send an electronic version of the posting to newsletter@hssonline . org.

Producing and Consuming Natures. American Society for Experimental Arcades: The Materiality of Time Relations in Environmental History. 20-23 March 2002. Denver, Colorado. The Life Sciences, Art, and Technology (1830-1930). A conference conference will explore the various ways humans have historically organized by the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science drawn nature into their lives - through working and imagining, (Dept. III), Berlin, to be held at Bauhaus University, Weimar devouring and debating, transforming and transporting. Papers will (Germany), 24-25 May 2002. This conference will focus on the explore the human history of nature as symbol as well as substance, problem of time. Its topic will be the exteriority oftime with special in popular culture, consumption, production, and extraction. Panelists reference to those realms ofthe life sciences (physiology, psychology will also engage a diversity of views about what nature is or should etc.), of art (painting, literature), and of technology (photography, be, within or across cultures. For further information, including cinema, but also the clock industry) that developed during the period program and hotels, seethe ASEH Web site at: www2.h-net.rnsu.edu/ 1830-1930 around the "experimentalization of life." Thus, the -environ. question will not be how the human perception oftime has historically changed (or not changed). The question will be how time is literally The forty-fifth annual meeting of the Midwest Junto for the made, constructed, produced. For more details on these topics, point History of Science will be held 5-7 April 2002, at Iowa State your browser to http://www.mpiwg-berlin.de/exp/tagungen/ University. The program committee invites proposal abstracts ofno weimar2002/index e.html. more than I 00-150 words on papers related to any aspect of the history of science, technology, or medicine. The deadline for The Canadian Society for the History of Medicine (CSHM) is submissions is 1 March 2002. Graduate students are especially issuing a call for papers for its annual conference at the University encouraged to participate; as is traditional for the Junto, lodging for of Toronto, Ontario on 24-26 May 2002. The meeting will be held graduate-student presenters will be partially subsidized. For more in association with the Canadian Association for the History of information, please contact Amy Bix, History Department, 633 Nursing. The congress theme will be Boundaries: Geographies, Ross Hall, Iowa State University, Ames lA 50011; tel.: 515-294- Genres, Gender. Contact: Alison Li, CSHM Program Committee, 0122; fax: 515-294-6390; e-mail: [email protected]. 67 Westholme Avenue, Toronto, ON M6P 3B9; e-mail: [email protected]. Sciences in the Carolingian World. The history of medieval science will be represented at the 37th International Congress on The Canadian Society for the History and Philosophy of Science Medieval Studies, 2-5 May 2002, Kalamazoo, Michigan. These (CSHPS) is holding its annual conference at the University of sessions will include papers on (I) "The Scriptoria of Fulda and Toronto, 26-28 May 2002. The program committee invites historians, Lorsch: Computus and Historical Writing," by Richard Corradini; philosophers and other scholars ofthe social sciences and humanities (2) "Christian and Imperial Contexts ofCarolingian Geography," by to submit paper, panel or session proposals. The proposals and Natalia Lozovsky; (3) "The Latin Adaptation of Alexander of papers may be in English or French, and should have a title, a brief Tralles' Therapeutica in Carolingian MSS," by Faith Wallis; (4) abstract of 150 to 250 words, and the complete information for "Walahfrid Strabo's Study ofComputus," by Wesley Stevens; (5) correspondence. Proposals must be received by 31 January 2002 "Criteria of Justification in Carolingian Astronomy," by Stephen and may be sent by e-mail, fax or post to one of the members of the McCluskey; (6) "Computus versus Astronomy?," by Bruce program committee. Further information can be found at the Eastwood. Inquiries about these sessions can be sent to the organizer, Humanities and Social Sciences Federation of Canada Web site: Bruce Eastwood (email: bseastO I @uky .edu ). http://www .er. uqam.ca/nobel/r20430/schps_ toronto_ 2002/. Program Committee: Ernst Hamm, Science and Technology Studies, On 17-18 May 2002, York University in Toronto Canada will host School of Analytic Studies and Information Technology, Atkinson a conference on "Figural Vocabularies of Gender in Nineteenth­ Faculty, YorkUniversity,4700KeeleStreet, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Century Science." Speakers include Barbara Gates, Jan Golinski, Canada; tel.: +1-416-736-2100, x20223; fax: +1-416-736-5188; e­ Sally Gregory Kohlstedt, Anne Secord, James Secord, Suzanne Le­ mail: [email protected]. Alan Richardson, Associate Professor, May Sheffield, Jonathan Smith, and Jennifer Tucker. With sessions Department of Philosophy, University of British Columbia, 1866 on "Visual Innovations," "Scientific Illustration," "Configuring Main Mall E370, Vancouver, BC V6T !Zl Canada; tel.: +1-604- Families," and "Displaying Nature," the central focus of the 822-3967; fax:+ 1-604-822-8782; e-mail: [email protected]. conference is the relationship between visuality and language in Jean-Fran~ois Auger, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur Ia 19th-century science and gender. Registration is $20 Cdn.; on­ science et Ia technologic, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, CP campus accommodation may be available. For.conference brochure 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8 Canada; tel.: and registration information, please e-mail [email protected] with + 1-514-987-3000, x7942; fax:+ 1-5 14-987-7726; e-mail: auger.jean­ the subject header "Figural Vocabularies Conference." [email protected]. 16 FUTURE MEETINGS HISTORY oF SciENCE SociETY NEWSLETTER JANUARY 2002

Philosophy and History of Science Meeting of the South Cone VI Latin-American Congress of History of Science and Ciguas de Lindia (Sao Paulo State, Brazil), 27-30 May 2002. A Technology. From 25-28 September 2002, in Rosario, Republic of general meeting on philosophy and history ofscience will be held in Argentina. For more information contact: Professor Carlos D. Brazil (South America). The conference is sponsored by the Galles; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http:// Association for Philosophy and History of Science of the South www.fceia.unr.edu.arNICongresoSLHCT/. Cone {AFHIC). Its aim is to promote a stronger interchange ofideas between Latin-American researchers (especially Argentina, Brazil, Independent Scholan 2002: The Sixth Biennial Conference of the Chile and Uruguay, the countries that constitute the so-called South National Coalition oflndependent Scholan. Simon Fraser University, Cone): Philosophers and historians of science ofother countries are Vancouver, BC. 4-5 October 2002. Call for papers from independent welcome. The official languages of the conference are Spanish and scholars of all disciplines and nations. Please send an abstract of 250- Portuguese, but presentation of papers in English and French will 300 words for a 20-minute presentation for a general audience to the also be accepted. Addi tiona] information (in Spanish and Portuguese) program chair: Alicia Galvan, P.O. Box 15764, San Antonio, TX can be found at http://ghtc.ifi.unicamp.br/afhic/3Enc~port.htm 78212-8964; e-mail: [email protected]. Deadline: 1 March [Portuguese], http:/I ghtc. ifi. unicamp.br/afhic/3Enc-esp.htm 2002. Participants will be notified by mid-May. For information about [Spanish]. Roberto de Andrade Martins Group of History and the National Coalition oflndependent Scholars, go to www.ncis.org or Theory of Science State University ofCampinas (Unicamp), Brazil write NCIS, P.O. Box 5743, Berkeley, CA 94705. http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/-ghtc/. The Center for the History of Business, Technology, and Society Karl Popper 2002 Centenary Congress. Wednesday, 3 July 2002 invites paper proposals for a conference, "The Technological Fix,'' -Sunday, 7 July 2002. Meetings will be held at the campus and in 4-5 October2002, which will consider technologies and technological the main building of the University of Vienna, and in the City Hall strategies intended to address a wide variety of needs and problems (Rathaus), which is adjacent to the University main building. The in 20th century America. The conference will take place at the work ofthe Congress will be arranged in seven sections: 1) Philosophy Hagley Museum and Library in Wilmington, Delaware. Papers may of the physical sciences; 2) Philosophy ofthe biological sciences; 3) discuss "fixes" that have worked, failed or were never implemented, Philosophy of the social sciences; 4) Moral & political philosophy; or efforts to solve problems that earlier technologies created. Proposals 5) Logic & scientific method; 6) Epistemology & metaphysics; and are due by 15 February 2002 and should include an abstract of no 7) Life & times of Karl Popper. Invited lectures and symposia are more than 500 words and a brief curriculum vitae. Funds may be planned for all sections. Contributed papers relevant to Popper's available to support travel to the conference by speakers. Please work will be invited in all sections (though papers tackling problems direct proposals and queries to: Dr. Roger Horowitz, Associate appropriate to more than one section will be welcome). Full details Director, Center for the History of Business, Technology, and of the form in which abstracts are to be submitted is provided in the Society, Hagley Museum and Library, P .0. Box 3630, Wilmington, official Call for Papers (see URL below). All abstracts will be DE 19807; fax: 302-655-3188; e-mail: [email protected]. refereed. Letters of acceptance will be mailed not later than 1 April 2002. The Congress languages are English and German. For more The annual Sixteenth Century Studies Conference will take place information, please contact Gerhard Budin at the University of in San Antonio, Texas, 24-27 October 2002. Papers on all topics of Vienna, Department for Philosophy of Science, Sensengasse 8/10, early modern history ofscience and medicine are invited. We welcome A-1090 Vienna (fax: +43-1-4277-9476), preferably by e-mail: papers, suggestions for sessions, or sessions already organized around [email protected]. The Congress Web site is a specific topic. Title and a briefabstract should be submitted not later situated at http://www. univie.ac.atlkarlpopper2002. than 1 March 2002 to: Gerhild Scholz Williams, Department of German, Box 1104, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, Tropical Views & Visions: Images of the Tropical World. 12-13 USA; e-mail: gerhild_ [email protected]. July 2002, National Maritime Museum, London, UK. This interdisciplinary conference is devoted to the ways in which the The Chemical Heritage Foundation (CHF) and the American Society tropics have been imagined and experienced by travelers over the for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T) are pleased to last three centuries, with particular emphasis on the circulation of announce the Second Conference on the History and Heritage of images, commodities and exotic species around the world via Scientific and Technical Information Systems, to be held 15-17 maritime routes. It embraces comparative studies of different