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Rapid Evolution in the Face of Climate Change Drowsy Drosophila: Rapid Evolution in the Face of Climate Change

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Rapid Evolution in the Face of Climate Change Drowsy Drosophila: Rapid Evolution in the Face of Climate Change University of Florida Center for Precollegiate Education and Training Drowsy Drosophila: RAPID EVOLUTION IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE DROWSY DROSOPHILA: RAPID EVOLUTION IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE Authors: Jennifer Broo and Jessica Mahoney Special thanks to the laboratory of Daniel Hahn at the University of Florida for developing the chill coma assay that served as the inspiration for this curriculum and for continued support for classroom implementation. Development of this curriculum was supported by NSF IOS-1051890, NSF IOS 1257298, the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, and the joint Food and Agriculture Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency (FAO/IAEA) CRP Dormancy Management to Enable Mass-rearing to Dr. Daniel Hahn. Additional support provided by the University of Florida (UF) and the UF Center for Precollegiate Education and Training through an award to Dr. Mary Jo Koroly from the National Center for Research Resources and the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives of the National Institutes of Health through Grant Number R25RR023294. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center for Research Resources or the National Institutes of Health. Additional information regarding the UF Center for Precollegiate Education and Training is available at http://www.cpet.ufl.edu/. Please direct inquiries to Julie Bokor at [email protected] or 352.392.2310. Last updated: 10/25/2016 ©2016 University of Florida Center for Precollegiate Education and Training PO Box 112010 • Yon Hall, Room 331 Gainesville, FL 32611 Phone 352.392-2310 • Fax 352.392.2311 Contents LESSON ONE 9 2 Introduction The Winners and Losers of Climate Change 3 Lesson Sequencing Guide 11 STUDENT PAGE: Whiplash Weather and Phenotypic Plasticity Reading Guide 4 Vocabulary 13 S TUDENT PAGE: Climate Effected Species “Baseball Cards” 5 Next Generation 17 STUDENT PAGE: Winners and Losers of Climate Change Sunshine State 20 TEACHER PAGE: Winners and Losers of Climate Change — KEY Standards — Science 6 Advanced Placement Biology Essential LESSON TWO 23 Knowledge and Chill Coma Assay and Evolution Investigation Science Practices (SP) 27 STUDENT PAGE: Student Protocol: Chill Coma Assay 7 Next Generation 30 STUDENT PAGE: What Can Cold Flies Tell Us About Evolution? Science Standards (NGSS) 35 STUDENT PAGE: Measuring Evolution with the Hardy- Weinberg Principle 67 STUDENT PAGE: Pre/ 38 TEACHER PAGE: What Can Cold Flies Tell Us About Evolution? Post Unit Assessment — KEY and Survey 43 TEACHER PAGE: Measuring Evolution in a Hardy-Weinberg TEACHER PAGE: 74 Principle — KEY Part I of Pre/Post Assessment —KEY 75 STUDENT PAGE: LESSON THREE 47 Drowsy Drosophila Teacher Procedure: Patterns of Natural Selection Summative Written Assessment Questions 49 STUDENT PAGE: Patterns of Natural Selection 79 TEACHER PAGE: 59 TEACHER PAGE: Patterns of Natural Selection — KEY Drowsy Drosophila Summative Written Assessment Questions — KEY ABOUT THE COVER: Macro photo of drosophilia DROWSY DROSOPHILA: Rapid Evolution in the Face of Climate Change 1 Introduction atural selection is a central theme in biology and an important concept for student understanding of a wide variety of topics. One such topic is the ability for organisms to adapt to the increasing environmental Nstress predicted under contemporary global climate change. Global climate change will likely have substantial impacts on living organisms and it is critical to examine how genetic variation may either facilitate or limit the ability for organisms to adapt to global climate change through natural selection. In the present inquiry-based classroom activity, students will use a chill-coma recovery assay to compare thermal tolerance among six different lines (3 fast recovering lines and 3 slow recovering lines) of the fly Drosophila melanogaster. The objective of the activity is to provide students the opportunity to assess natural genetic variation in cold tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster and to discuss the implications for this variation to allow adaptation by natural selection to occur, thus facilitating persistence of the species despite a changing climate. Possible topics of discussion that can be used in conjunction with this activity include: genetics, evolutionary biology, conservation biology, global climate change, ecology, statistics, the scientific method, and many others, allowing this experiment to facilitate diverse teaching and learning opportunities. This activity will allow students to identify questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations, learn how to conduct a scientific investigation (including use of appropriate tools and techniques for data collection), how to use scientific technology and mathematics including a basic understanding of statistical testing and analysis, and to develop their critical thinking and communication skills 2 DROWSY DROSOPHILA: Rapid Evolution in the Face of Climate Change LESSON SEQUENCING GUIDE Since the classroom teacher knows his or her students best, the teacher should decide the sequencing of lessons. The suggested sequencing guide below is based on 45 minute class periods. DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4 DAY 5 WEEK 1 Homework Prior LESSON ONE: LESSON TWO: LESSON TWO: LESSON TWO: to Lesson One: Winners and Chilly Coma Assay Chill Coma Assay Chilly Coma Assay Background Article Losers of Climate and Evolution and Evolution and Evolution Reading with Change Investigation Investigation Investigation Guided Questions (Debrief (Assay background (Data Analysis (Mechanisms of Administer background presentation, and Lab Wrap Up Evolution Student Pre-assessment reading guide, run assay/collect Questions) Investigation (if using) complete Winners raw data) Papers) and Losers activity with species cards/debrief) WEEK 2 LESSON TWO: LESSON THREE: LESSON THREE: Administer Post (Extension) Patterns of Natural Patterns of Natural Assessment Hardy Weinberg Selection Selection Extension Lesson and Practice Set (Types of (Group Selection Selection Lesson Predictions) and Practice) DROWSY DROSOPHILA: Rapid Evolution in the Face of Climate Change 3 Vocabulary ASSAY GENETIC VARIATION investigative (analytic) procedure variation in alleles of genes that occurs both within CHILL COMA and among populations. Genetic variation is important the loss of mobility in insects and other ectotherms at because it provides the genetic material for natural low temperatures selection CHILL COMA RECOVERY GLOBAL WARMING the period of time that it takes for an insect to regain term for the observed century-scale rise in the average mobility after being in a chill coma temperature of the Earth’s climate system and its related effects CLIMATE CHANGE a change in global or regional climate patterns, in MUTATION particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th change in DNA century onwards and attributed largely to the increased NATURAL SELECTION levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the one of the basic mechanisms of evolution in which use of fossil fuels. differential survival and reproduction of organisms DIRECTIONAL SELECTION occurs as a consequence of the characteristics of the natural selection in which an extreme phenotype (i.e., environment phenotype either greater or lesser than the population PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY mean) is favored over other phenotypes, causing the the ability of one genotype to produce more than one allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype in response to different environments phenotype STABILIZING SELECTION DISRUPTIVE SELECTION natural selection in which intermediate forms of a trait natural selection in which extreme forms of a trait are are favored and the extremes are selected against favored over intermediate values. Variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups. Over time, disruptive selection can lead to two new species EVOLUTION descent with modification, this includes small-scale evolution (changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next) and large-scale evolution (the descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations). 4 DROWSY DROSOPHILA: Rapid Evolution in the Face of Climate Change NEXT GENERATION SUNSHINE STATE STANDARDS – SCIENCE BENCHMARK LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3 SC.912.L.15.13 Describe the conditions required for natural selection, including: overproduction of offspring, inherited variation, and the X X struggle to survive, which result in differential reproductive success. SC.912.L.15.14 Discuss mechanisms of evolutionary change other than natural selection such as genetic drift and gene flow. X SC.912.L.15.15 Describe how mutation and genetic recombination increase genetic variation. X X SC.912.L.17.4 Describe changes in ecosystems resulting from seasonal variations, climate change, and succession X X X SC.912.L.17.16 Discuss the large-scale environmental impacts resulting from human activity, including waste spills, oil spills, runoff, greenhouse X X gases, ozone depletion, and surface and groundwater pollution. SC.912.N.1.1 Define a problem based on a specific body of knowledge X X X SC.912.N.1.3 Recognize that the strength or usefulness of a scientific claim is evaluated through scientific argumentation, which depends on critical and logical thinking, and the active consideration of alternative X X X scientific explanations to explain the data presented. SC.912.N.1.6 Describe how scientific inferences
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