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Sea Duck Curriculum Revised Sea Ducks of Alaska Activity Guide Acknowledgments Contact Information: Project Coordinator: Marilyn Sigman, Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies Education: Written By: Sea Duck Activity Guide, Teaching Kit and Display: Elizabeth Trowbridge, Center for Alaskan Coastal Marilyn Sigman Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies Studies P.O. Box 2225 Homer, AK 99603 Illustrations by: (907) 235-6667 Bill Kitzmiller, Conrad Field and Fineline Graphics [email protected] (Alaska Wildlife Curriculum Illustrations), Elizabeth Alaska Wildlife Curricula Trowbridge Robin Dublin Wildlife Education Coordinator Reviewers: Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game Marilyn Sigman, Bree Murphy, Lisa Ellington, Tim Division of Wildlife Conservation Bowman, Tom Rothe 333 Raspberry Rd. Anchorage, AK 99518-1599 (907)267-2168 Funded By: [email protected] U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Coastal Program and Scientific/technical Information: The Alaska Department of Fish and Game, State Duck Tim Bowman Stamp Program Sea Duck Joint Venture Coordinator (Pacific) The Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies would like to thank U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service the following people for their time and commitment to sea 1011 E. Tudor Rd. duck education: Tim Bowman, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Anchorage, AK 99503 Service, Sea Duck Joint Venture Project, for providing (907) 786-3569 background technical information, photographs and [email protected] support for this activity guide and the sea duck traveling SEADUCKJV.ORG display; Tom Rothe and Dan Rosenberg of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game for technical information, Tom Rothe presentations and photographs for both the sea duck Waterfowl Coordinator traveling display and the activity guide species identifica- Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game tion cards; John DeLapp, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, for 525 W. 67th Ave. his help with the Alaska Coastal Grant program; and Anchorage, AK 99518 Homer resident Nancy Hillstrand for her enthusiastic (907) 267-2206 support and the use of her hand carved sea duck decoys for [email protected] our ongoing educational efforts. Front cover photo credits clockwise from the top: Marilyn Sigman, ADF&G, Tina Moran, Doyle Ohnemus. Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies 1 2003 Sea Ducks of Alaska Activity Guide Introduction Welcome teachers! We are pleased to present an activity guide, designed for grades 4-6, which you will find packed with ideas for learning more about the amazing sea ducks that visit our waters each winter. The activities found within will help you explore the biological characteristics of sea ducks illustrating why they are unique and what sets them apart from sea birds and other common waterfowl; help you understand the main characteristics and life histories of selected species of sea ducks common to Coastal Alaska, and demonstrate the issues surrounding the conservation of these birds in Alaska. Following the activities you will find species cards that you can color copy, cut out and laminate to use for easy identification of sea ducks while out on field trips or to help your students with their mini-research projects. Also included are species information sheets with more detailed information about the particular species covered in this activity guide that can help students with their research or provide you with general background information. Please note that we have chosen to highlight eight of the fifteen sea duck species that occur in Alaskan waters for the sea duck research activity and twelve of the fifteen species for the sea duck trading cards found in the supplement. Sources for more information on the other three sea duck species can be found at the back of this activity guide on the Bibliography and Resources page. Feel free to substitute other species of sea ducks that may be more relevant to your specific region in order to make these activities as real to your students as possible. Have fun and enjoy your journey into the wonderful lives of sea ducks! Twelve species of sea ducks covered in Three species of sea ducks NOT this activity guide: covered in this activity guide: Red-breasted Merganser Hooded Merganser White-winged Scoter Common Goldeneye Common Merganser Bufflehead Barrow's Goldeneye Spectacled Eider Long-tailed Duck Harlequin Duck Common Eider Steller's Eider Black Scoter Surf Scoter King Eider Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies 2 2003 Sea Ducks of Alaska Activity Guide Background Sea ducks belong to the family Anatidae, subfamily Anatinae. This subfamily is divided into several tribes of birds, one of which is the tribe Mergini, sea ducks and mergansers. Sea ducks are distinguished from other waterfowl by their unique life history and habitat requirements: Sea ducks are often associated with coastal waters and typically winter in coastal waters and breed on coastal wetlands of the arctic tundra or in boreal forests. Sea ducks prefer animal foods to plant matter and feed more on molluscs than do the other waterfowl. They typically eat large invertebrates, including clams, mussels, shrimp, snails and small crabs, when on their wintering grounds and some eat shellfish, fish eggs or fish year round. Sea ducks have great diving skills but are not generally considered true “diving ducks.” Sea ducks typically have small wings relative to their body weight. They fly fast but cannot land or take flight in restricted space. They run on the surface of the water to “take off” in flight. In contrast, Dabblers have large wings relative to their body weight so they fly more slowly but can land more easily and take off in restricted areas. Sea ducks are tolerant of salt water while on their wintering grounds, but can live in fresh water while breeding and nesting. Sea ducks are found primarily in northern temperate or subarctic areas. They typically have dense plumage with a heavy undercoat of down suitable for cold climates. Unlike the Dabbling Ducks (for example, Mallards, Pintails, and Teals) that are surface feeders, and True Divers (for example, Canvasbacks and Scaups), sea ducks are distinguished from other ducks by their special beaks adapted for either pulling shellfish from the rocks in the intertidal zone (Eiders and Scoters) or catching fish (Mergansers). The males and females of most sea ducks are characterized as “sexual dichromatic” meaning males and females differ in color and males have two distinct plumages in a year. During the breeding season many of the male sea ducks have a striking black and white plumage and some have a colorful head and bill, while the females are typically brown. Male Harlequin Ducks are a beautiful array of color while Scoters, with the exception of their bills, are almost entirely black. After breeding season the males molt and their plumage resembles that of the females, making identification difficult. During the molt when they lose their wing feathers they become flightless and vulnerable to predators and environmental disturbances. The Long- tailed Duck has the most complicated molt pattern of any bird. It actually partially molts four times a year, as opposed to the typical molt pattern of twice yearly. Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies 3 2003 Sea Ducks of Alaska Activity Guide Background continued... Fifteen of the world's nineteen sea duck species breed in North America. Sea ducks and geese both require two to three years to reach breeding maturity and typically produce a smaller, single clutch of eggs in a breeding season. Sea ducks line their nests heavily with down plucked from their breast, providing excellent insulation for their incubating eggs. Sea ducks have varied nesting habitats. Some, such as the Eiders, Long- tailed Duck and Scoters nest on the arctic wetlands. Others such as the Mergansers and Goldeneyes use forested areas along northern rivers and lakes. Harlequin Ducks find inland fast flowing streams for nesting and use the coastal rocky shorelines for wintering grounds. Chicks are born with a dense layer of down which provides excellent insulation by trapping air which also makes the chick buoyant. Downy color patterns are unique to these chicks and species can be identified at a young age. Sea ducks have become the focus of concern for biologists and waterfowl managers recently because of the apparent, yet unexplained, decline in numbers in 10 of the 15 species of sea ducks. Baseline data on these ducks is lacking because they are difficult to survey and biologists have not been able to get accurate population counts for most species. Information that does exist has led to two species, the Spectacled Eider and the Alaska breeding population of the Steller's Eider, to be listed as threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act. Sea duck populations are susceptible to danger because of their propensity to gather in large numbers in their wintering grounds, making them vulnerable to impacts from oil spills and predators; their late breeding and small clutch size, their dependence on shrinking wetland habitat for nesting, and potential poisoning from lead shot and heavy metal contaminants on their breeding and wintering grounds. King Eider Pair Photo by Doyle Ohnemus Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies 4 2003 Sea Ducks of Alaska Activity Guide Table of Contents Activity 1: Sea Duck Survival............................................................................6-17 Fabulous Feathers.............................................................................................8 Why Don't Sea Ducks Freeze...........................................................................9
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