Diet and Habitat Use of Scoters Melanitta in the Western Palearctic - a Brief Overview

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Diet and Habitat Use of Scoters Melanitta in the Western Palearctic - a Brief Overview 163 Diet and habitat use of scoters Melanitta in the Western Palearctic - a brief overview A. D. Fox Department of Wildlife Ecology and Biodiversity, National Environmental Research Institute, Kalø, Grenåvej 12, DK-8410 Rønde, Denmark. E-mail: tfo@dmu. dk If patterns of scoter distribution and abundance are to be understood, there is a need to know upon which prey items these birds feed, how they obtain these prey items and the habitats from which these food items are most easily harvested. Dietary studies and descriptions of habitats exploited by Common and Velvet Scoter in the non-breeding season are reviewed. The existing literature strongly suggests that, outside of the breeding season, these species forage mainly upon marine bivalve mol­ luscs (especially those less than 4cm long) that live on the surface or within the upper 3cm of clean, coarse, sandy substrates in waters less than 20m deep. Although there is a large energetic cost to diving, han­ dling and crushing such prey prior to digestion, such sedentary prey items often occur in very high densities, offering a locally abundant and predictable feeding resource. Since single species often dominate the diet, but dominant food items differ between feeding areas, it seem s likely that scoters simply take whatever prey is locally available in suffi­ cient abundance to fulfil nutritional needs. Large differences in docu­ mented prey size frequency distributions suggest that scoters may not select for specific prey size classes below an upper digestive limit. However, in the absence of any precise understanding of how scoters obtain their prey, nor any simultaneous studies of available benthic food abundance and size class distributions in scoter diets, it is not possible to confirm if differences simply reflect differences in profitability between different prey at different sites at different times of the year. There remains a considerable need to study the basic feeding ecology and the behaviour of scoters and their prey if their patterns of distribu­ tion and abundance are to be better understood. Key Words: feeding ecology, Common Scoter, Velvet Scoter, bivalve molluscs, diving ducks © Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Wildfowl (2003) 54: 163-182 164 Diet and habitat use of scoters Of all the factors determining the cient profitability to the predators. In distribution of organisms, the extent this case, sufficient profitability' is and availability of food is assumed to be defined as prey that yields sufficient of central importance. For Common energy/nutrient gain per unit handing M elanitta nigra and Velvet Scoters M. time to ensure profitable foraging fusca, which spend the majority of their (sensu Zwarts et al. 1992). This is espe­ time in shallow marine waters, food cially important am ongst organism s supply is likely to play a major role in that crush the tough outer shells of determining how birds are distributed ingested molluscs in a muscular giz­ in time and space. Although little is zard to obtain nutrients and energy. In known about the potential predators of the Comm on Eider Somateria moltissi­ these birds, it seem s likely that the ma, Nehls (1995) showed that 50-60% response to risk of natural predation of the ingested energy was expended in plays at best a secondary role in deter­ capturing, handling, processing and mining how scoters distribute them­ digesting prey. In birds that dive to feed selves at sea. Certainly, the role of on benthic organisms in the open sea, quasi-predator stimuli (such as human physiological limits on the depths to disturbance) apparently can play a which predators can dive may further major modifying role in the distribution affect the availability and profitability of of scoters locally. In order to under­ prey in deeper water. Energetic models stand why scoters occur where they do, and empirical observations suggest when they do, it is important to under­ that diving ducks show strong prefer­ stand what features of the food supply ences for foraging in the shallowest characterise those areas where scoters waters, but that prey depletion may are especially abundant or remain for force birds to shift to deeper waters as prolonged periods of time. So what pre­ a season progresses (Lovvorn & Jones cisely are the major features that char­ 1991; van Eerden ef at. 1997; de Leeuw acterise moulting and wintering habi­ 1997, 1999; de Leeuw et at. 1999). tats used by scoters in the Western Hence, selection of rich prey resources Palearctic? may change in time and space because This question needs to be of changes in water depth and deple­ addressed in a number of ways. Firstly, tion of the food base. Furthermore, prey there is a need to be able to determine items may be too cryptic, lie too deep in the diet and link the abundance of the sediment or dig themselves too dietary prey species to the habitats that deep to be easily accessible or available support the greatest densities of those to the predators (Piersma 1994; Kube prey items. Secondly, there is a need to 1996). Hence, an apparently suitable understand the way in which the birds rich benthos exhibiting high biomass exploit their prey, since conditions may may effectively lie beyond the reach of restrict the availability of prey of suffi­ the feeding apparatus of foraging scot- Diet and habitat use of scoters 165 ers. Even when abundant and available degree (Schricke 1993; Aulert & to predators, the size of prey (eg too Sylvand 1997). Crustaceans (isopods, small to be profitable or too large to be amphipods and small crabs), annelids, physically ingested) may affect the echinoderms and fish may also figure profitability of predation. Prey biomass in the oesophagus contents (Cramp & alone may thus not reflect the suitabil­ Sim m ons 1977; Stempniewicz 1986; ity of a given area to a given predator. Schricke 1993; Byrkjedal et al. 1997; Indeed, in one of the larger investiga­ Frengen & Thingstad 2002; Zydelis tions of benthos communities and scot­ 2002). Several observers report a more er distributions, Degraer et al. (1999) varied diet amongst Velvet Scoter and found no good correlation between consider that this is because they tend bivalve and scoter densities, perhaps to forage closer to the coastline than because water depth played such a sig­ Common Scoter, resulting in a more nificant role in determining the distri­ diverse diet and more prey items typical bution of the predators. For this reason, of rocky or stony shores (eg Madsen this synthesis draws on unpublished 1954; Cram p & Sim m o ns 1977). grey and published literature to briefly Nevertheless, in both scoter species, consider not merely the favoured prey molluscs comprised more than 95% of species of scoters, based on existing the diet by frequency and 80% by vol­ information, but also their abundance ume, so it is clear that these represent and habitat use, and those factors like­ the dominant prey items. ly to affect the suitability of the avail­ The composition of prey items able prey. varies considerably between studies - for instance in Lithuania, Common Diet Scoter was found to have consumed most frequently Macoma balthica, with Studies show that both Common relatively high proportions of poly- and Velvet Scoter consum e many chaetes and isopods, whereas Velvet bivalve molluscs (Madsen 1954; Cramp Scoter took mainly Mya arenaria & Simmons 1977; Stempniewicz 1986; (Zydelis 2002). In contrast, in the Gulf of Bräger & Nehls 1987; M eissner & Gdansk, Poland, Stempniewicz (1986) Bräger 1990; Durinck et al. 1993; found that Mya arenaria, Macoma baltica Schricke 1993; Bräger et al. 1995; and Cardium lamarcki were the most Leopold et al. 1995; Leopold & van der important items for both scoters. This Land 1996; Hughes et al. 1997; Degraer contrasts with the dominance of Spisula et al. 1999; Zydelis 2002). The most fre­ in North Sea coasts of Denmark and quently reported species are those list­ the Netherlands (Offringa 1991; ed in Tables 1 and 2. In addition to Durinck et al. 1993; Leopold et at. 1995; bivalve molluscs, gastropods (such as Leopold 1996). Analyses of the whelks Nassarius and periwinkles oesophageal content of shot scoters Littorina} are also taken to a lesser 166 Diet and habitat use of scoters Table 1. Commonly reported mollusc species present in the diet of Common Scoter, giving typical sediment type used by each organism (based on McMillan 1973 and other sources), the origin of the study and the source reference. Species Substrate Region Macoma balthica Mud/sand Belgium', Britain7, Danish Baltic4, Sweden5, Lithuania*, German Baltic12, Danish Baltic13 Cardium edule Sand Danish Wadden Sea3, Britain', Poland1, German Baltic1', Danish Baltic13 Mytilus edulis Various Danish Baltic4, Britain7, White Sea1", German Baltic1’ Mya arenaria Sand Lithuania'1, Poland", German Baltic1', Danish Baltic11 Spisula subtruncata Sand Belgium', Netherlands2, 8, Danish Wadden Sea3 Cyprina islandica Sand Geman Baltic1*, Danish Baltic'3, Danish Wadden Sea13 Donax vittatus Sand Belgium1, Britain7 Tellina tenuis Sand Belgium', Britain7, Littorina spp. Various Danish Baltic4, Britain7 Venus gallina Sand Danish Baltic4, Britain7 Mactra corallina Sand Netherlands7, Britain7 Pharus legumen Sand Britain7 Spisula elliptica Sand Britain7 Lutraria lutraria Mud/sand Britain Scrobicularia plana Estuarine mud Britain7 Gibbula cineraria Various Britain7 Cardium echinatum Sand Britain7 Abra alba Mud/sand Belgium' Tellina fibula Sand Belgium' Barnea candida Wood/peat/day Belgium1 Nassarius reticulatus Various Danish Baltic4 Cardium scarbrum Sand Danish Baltic4 Nucella sp. Various Danish Baltic4 Neretina fluviatilis Brackish Danish Baltic4 Musculus nigra Sand Danish Baltic4 Mya truncata Sand German Baltic'3 Cardium lamarcki Sand Poland" Ensis sp. Sand Danish Wadden Sea13 Taxonomy follows McMillan (1973]. Source references: 'Degraer ef al. (19991, 'Leopold et al. (19951, ‘Durinck et al. (1993) "Madsen (1954), 5Nilsson (1972), “Zydelis I2002), ’Hughes et al. (1997), “Offinga (1991), 'Bottelier 11938), "'Bianki (1992), "Stemniewicz (1986), 1 Meissner & Bräger (1990), "see text.
Recommended publications
  • International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Velvet Scoter Melanitta Fusca
    TECHNICAL SERIES No. 67 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Velvet Scoter (W Siberia & N Europe/NW Europe Population) Melanitta fusca Supported by: based on a decision of the German Bundestag Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) European Union (EU) International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Velvet Scoter (W Siberia & N Europe/NW Europe Population) Melanitta fusca AEWA Technical Series No. 67 December 2018 Produced by Lithuanian Ornithological Society (LOD) Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) Prepared in the framework of the EuroSAP (LIFE14 PRE/UK/000002) LIFE preparatory project, coordinated by BirdLife International and co-financed by the European Commission Directorate General for the Environment, and the UNEP/AEWA Secretariat, through a grant by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety of Germany (BMU) AEWA Technical Series No. 67 Adopting Frameworks: Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) European Union (EU) The International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Velvet Scoter Melanitta fusca (Western Siberia & Northern Europe/North-western Europe population) was prepared in the framework of LIFE EuroSAP (LIFE14 PRE/UK/000002), a LIFE Preparatory project, co-financed by the European Commission Directorate General for the Environment, the Secretariat of the African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement (UNEP/AEWA) through a grant provided by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), and by each of the project partners, and coordinated by BirdLife International. Preparation of this Single Species Action Plan was coordinated by the Lithuanian Ornithological Society (LOD) and supported by the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT).
    [Show full text]
  • Movements of Pre-Migratory Surf and White-Winged Scoters in Response to Pacific Herring Spawn Author(S): Erika K
    Movements of Pre-migratory Surf and White-winged Scoters in Response to Pacific Herring Spawn Author(s): Erika K. Lok, Molly Kirk, Daniel Esler, and W. Sean Boyd Source: Waterbirds, 31(3):385-393. 2008. Published By: The Waterbird Society DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695-31.3.385 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1675/1524-4695-31.3.385 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/ page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non- commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Movements of Pre-migratory Surf and White-winged Scoters in Response to Pacific Herring Spawn ERIKA K. LOK1, MOLLY KIRK2, DANIEL ESLER3 AND W. SEAN BOYD4 1Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia,
    [Show full text]
  • A 2010 Supplement to Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard Papers in the Biological Sciences 2010 The World’s Waterfowl in the 21st Century: A 2010 Supplement to Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World Paul A. Johnsgard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciducksgeeseswans Part of the Ornithology Commons Johnsgard, Paul A., "The World’s Waterfowl in the 21st Century: A 2010 Supplement to Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World" (2010). Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard. 20. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciducksgeeseswans/20 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. The World’s Waterfowl in the 21st Century: A 200 Supplement to Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World Paul A. Johnsgard Pages xvii–xxiii: recent taxonomic changes, I have revised sev- Introduction to the Family Anatidae eral of the range maps to conform with more current information. For these updates I have Since the 978 publication of my Ducks, Geese relied largely on Kear (2005). and Swans of the World hundreds if not thou- Other important waterfowl books published sands of publications on the Anatidae have since 978 and covering the entire waterfowl appeared, making a comprehensive literature family include an identification guide to the supplement and text updating impossible.
    [Show full text]
  • Scoter, White-Winged
    Waterfowl — Family Anatidae 77 White-winged Scoter Melanitta fusca Winter: From 1997 to 2002 we noted the White-winged Scoter only 13 times in San Diego County. Only three The White-winged Scoter was once a common win- sightings were of more than a single individual: eight at ter visitor to San Diego County, especially to San La Jolla (P7) 21 January 1999 (L. and M. Polinsky), three Diego Bay. Its almost complete disappearance since in the west basin of Batiquitos Lagoon (J6) 6 February the 1970s, in lack of reports of a catastrophic decline 1998 (C. C. Gorman), and 20 at San Onofre (C1) 27 in the species as a whole, suggests that the winter February 1999 (L. Ellis). At least the last, and possibly all range has shifted north, few individuals bothering three records, were of spring migrants rather than winter- to migrate this far south. ing birds. Surprisingly, only four of the birds were within 78 Waterfowl — Family Anatidae San Diego Bay, the traditional site for the species. More intensive surveys of the bay in the 1990s also yielded few White-winged Scoters. In spite of weekly or monthly surveys of north and central San Diego Bay 1993–95, Mock et al. (1994) and Preston and Mock (1995) found only a single individual in the north bay 4 April 1995. On the basis of weekly surveys of the central and south bay 1993–94, Manning (1995) recorded a cumulative total of 13 in the south bay, which could have included repeated sightings of the same individual(s).
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Duck Curriculum Revised
    Sea Ducks of Alaska Activity Guide Acknowledgments Contact Information: Project Coordinator: Marilyn Sigman, Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies Education: Written By: Sea Duck Activity Guide, Teaching Kit and Display: Elizabeth Trowbridge, Center for Alaskan Coastal Marilyn Sigman Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies Studies P.O. Box 2225 Homer, AK 99603 Illustrations by: (907) 235-6667 Bill Kitzmiller, Conrad Field and Fineline Graphics [email protected] (Alaska Wildlife Curriculum Illustrations), Elizabeth Alaska Wildlife Curricula Trowbridge Robin Dublin Wildlife Education Coordinator Reviewers: Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game Marilyn Sigman, Bree Murphy, Lisa Ellington, Tim Division of Wildlife Conservation Bowman, Tom Rothe 333 Raspberry Rd. Anchorage, AK 99518-1599 (907)267-2168 Funded By: [email protected] U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Coastal Program and Scientific/technical Information: The Alaska Department of Fish and Game, State Duck Tim Bowman Stamp Program Sea Duck Joint Venture Coordinator (Pacific) The Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies would like to thank U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service the following people for their time and commitment to sea 1011 E. Tudor Rd. duck education: Tim Bowman, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Anchorage, AK 99503 Service, Sea Duck Joint Venture Project, for providing (907) 786-3569 background technical information, photographs and [email protected] support for this activity guide and the sea duck traveling SEADUCKJV.ORG display; Tom Rothe and Dan Rosenberg of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game for technical information, Tom Rothe presentations and photographs for both the sea duck Waterfowl Coordinator traveling display and the activity guide species identifica- Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game tion cards; John DeLapp, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Waterfowl in Iowa, Overview
    STATE OF IOWA 1977 WATERFOWL IN IOWA By JACK W MUSGROVE Director DIVISION OF MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES STATE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT and MARY R MUSGROVE Illustrated by MAYNARD F REECE Printed for STATE CONSERVATION COMMISSION DES MOINES, IOWA Copyright 1943 Copyright 1947 Copyright 1953 Copyright 1961 Copyright 1977 Published by the STATE OF IOWA Des Moines Fifth Edition FOREWORD Since the origin of man the migratory flight of waterfowl has fired his imagination. Undoubtedly the hungry caveman, as he watched wave after wave of ducks and geese pass overhead, felt a thrill, and his dull brain questioned, “Whither and why?” The same age - old attraction each spring and fall turns thousands of faces skyward when flocks of Canada geese fly over. In historic times Iowa was the nesting ground of countless flocks of ducks, geese, and swans. Much of the marshland that was their home has been tiled and has disappeared under the corn planter. However, this state is still the summer home of many species, and restoration of various areas is annually increasing the number. Iowa is more important as a cafeteria for the ducks on their semiannual flights than as a nesting ground, and multitudes of them stop in this state to feed and grow fat on waste grain. The interest in waterfowl may be observed each spring during the blue and snow goose flight along the Missouri River, where thousands of spectators gather to watch the flight. There are many bird study clubs in the state with large memberships, as well as hundreds of unaffiliated ornithologists who spend much of their leisure time observing birds.
    [Show full text]
  • HELCOM Red List
    SPECIES INFORMATION SHEET Melanitta nigra (wintering) English name: Scientific name: Common scoter Melanitta nigra (wintering population) Taxonomical group: Species authority: Class: Aves Linnaeus, 1758 Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae Subspecies, Variations, Synonyms: – Generation length: 7 years Past and current threats (Habitats Directive Future threats (Habitats Directive article 17 article 17 codes): codes): Breeding: Competition and predation (K03.04) Breeding: Competition and predation (K03.04) Wintering: Oil spills (H03.01), Bycatch Wintering: Oil spills (H03.01), Bycatch (F03.02.05), (F03.02.05), Hunting (F03.01), Hunting (F03.01), Extra-regional threats (overfishing of bivalves in Extra-regional threats (overfishing of bivalves in North Sea, XO), Mining and quarrying (C01.01), North Sea, XO), Mining and quarrying (C01.01), Construction (C03.03, D03.03), Water traffic Construction (C03.03, D03.03), Water traffic (D03.02) (D03.02) IUCN Criteria: HELCOM Red List EN A2b Category: Endangered Global / European IUCN Red List Category EU Birds Directive: LC / LC Annex II B (DK, DE, EE, FR, IE, LV, FI, SE, UK), Annex III B Protection and Red List status in HELCOM countries: Hunting not allowed in all EU Member States (Annex II B). Denmark: – (on the 1997 Danish Amber List as a species of national responsibility outside the breeding season), Estonia: NA, Finland: LC (listed as “Threatened Species” in the Nature Conservation Decree Annex 4), Germany: “particularly protected” under Federal Species Protection Decree (Bundesartenschutzverordnung)/–, Latvia: –, Lithuania: –, Poland: –, Russia: –, Sweden: LC (breeding) Range description and general trends The common scoter breeds from Iceland and the UK / Ireland through northern Eurasia to East Siberia. The species was recently split from Melanitta americana, which breeds further eastward and in North America (Bauer et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Determining Fine-Scale Use and Movement Patterns of Diving Bird Species in Federal Waters of the Mid-Atlantic United States Using Satellite Telemetry
    OCS Study BOEM 2017-069 Determining Fine-scale Use and Movement Patterns of Diving Bird Species in Federal Waters of the Mid-Atlantic United States Using Satellite Telemetry US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Office of Renewable Energy Programs OCS Study BOEM 2017-069 Determining Fine-scale Use and Movement Patterns of Diving Bird Species in Federal Waters of the Mid-Atlantic United States Using Satellite Telemetry Authors Caleb S. Spiegel, USFWS Division of Migratory Birds (Project Manager, Editor) Alicia M. Berlin, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Andrew T. Gilbert, Biodiversity Research Institute Carrie O. Gray, Biodiversity Research Institute William A. Montevecchi, Memorial University of Newfoundland Iain J. Stenhouse, Biodiversity Research Institute Scott L. Ford, Avian Specialty Veterinary Services Glenn H. Olsen, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Jonathan L. Fiely, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Lucas Savoy, Biodiversity Research Institute M. Wing Goodale, Biodiversity Research Institute Chantelle M. Burke, Memorial University of Newfoundland Prepared under BOEM Intra-agency Agreement #M12PG00005 by U.S. Department of Interior U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Migratory Birds 300 Westgate Center Dr. Hadley, MA 01035 Published by U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Office of Renewable Energy Programs 2017-069 DISCLAIMER This study was funded by the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Environmental Studies Program, Washington, DC, through Intra-agency Agreement Number M12PG00005 with the US Department of Interior, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Birds, Hadley, MA. This report has been technically reviewed by BOEM and it has been approved for publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Diving Ducks
    Fact Sheet 611 Diving Ducks “Bay ducks” and “sea ducks” are what the waters of the Chesapeake Bay, its tributaries, 12 species of Diving Ducks that most com- and the coastal waters of the Shore primar- monly inhabit the Eastern Shore are often ily during winter. None nest here. They all called. Bay ducks include the bufflehead, dive for their food and, in taking wing, do canvasback, common goldeneye, greater not spring directly upward but must patter for some distance across the surface to gain scaup, lesser scaup, redhead, ring-necked momentum to get under way. duck, and ruddy duck. The sea ducks include the black scoter, common eider, old-squaw, This fact sheet describes bay ducks and sea surf scoter, and white-winged scoter. The ducks found on the Eastern Shore and details some management problems for these Diving common eider is seen rarely on the Eastern Ducks. Shore. All of these species use the open Bay Ducks Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) Other names: Butterball, dipper Size: 12 to 16 inches Field Id.: The male (drake) is small with a white body, black back, and dark purplish head with a large white patch extending to the back of his crest from the eyes. He has large, conspicuous white wing patches while in flight. The female (hen) is brown, with a white spot on each cheek and white wing patches in flight. Habitat: It prefers ponds, rivers, and lakes, as well as protected marine areas in winter. Range: The bufflehead is widespread from the Arctic southward. It breeds mainly in Canada and Alaska and winters mainly in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Scoter: Species Information for Marine Special Protection Area Consultations
    Natural England Technical Information Note TIN143 Common scoter: species information for marine Special Protection Area consultations The UK government has committed to identifying a network of Special Protection Areas (SPAs) in the marine environment by 2015. Natural England is responsible for recommending SPAs in English waters to Defra for classification. This and other related information notes have been prepared and will be available at meetings and online so that anyone who might be interested in why the SPA is being considered for classification can find out more about the birds that may be protected. For more information about the process for establishing marine SPAs see TIN120 Establishing Marine Special Protection Areas. Background northernmost Europe and Russia, including north and west Scotland. The Birds Directive (EC Directive on the conservation of wild birds (2009/147/EC) requires member states to identify SPAs for: rare or vulnerable bird species (as listed in Annex I of the Directive); and regularly occurring migratory bird species. The common scoter, Melanitta nigra, is a regularly occurring migratory bird in Europe. It is between 44 and 54 cm long with a wingspan of 79-90 cm1. The typical lifespan of this species is unknown, Female common scoter © www.northeastwildlife.co.uk but the oldest recorded individual was over 13 They are strongly marine outside of the breeding years old2. season, wintering in coastal waters in the Conservation status Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic Sea. UK red-listed bird of conservation concern (for In the UK common scoters are widespread along the breeding population)3. the UK coastline, particularly in shallow waters with sandy substrate4.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Limits Within the Genus Melanitta, the Scoters Martin Collinson, David T
    A paper from the BOURC Taxonomic Sub-committee Species limits within the genus Melanitta, the scoters Martin Collinson, David T. Parkin,Alan G. Knox, George Sangster and Andreas J. Helbig Dan Powell ABSTRACT As part of its reassessment of the taxonomy of birds on the British List, the BOURC Taxonomic Sub-committee has assessed all six recognised taxa of scoters Melanitta against its previously published Species Guidelines (Helbig et al. 2002).We consider that, on the basis of evidence currently available, at least five species should be recognised: Common Scoter M. nigra, Black Scoter M. americana,Velvet Scoter M. fusca,White-winged Scoter M. deglandi and Surf Scoter M. perspicillata.The taxonomic status of the Asian subspecies of White-winged Scoter (stejnegeri) is uncertain, owing to insufficient information on several aspects of its morphology and behaviour. Provisionally, we suggest that it is best treated as conspecific with M. deglandi. © British Birds 99 • April 2006 • 183–201 183 Species limits within the genus Melanitta Introduction regarded as separate species (BOU 1883, 1915; Six taxa of scoters Melanitta are generally recog- Dwight 1914). nised within the seaduck tribe Mergini (Miller For brevity, these taxa will henceforth be 1916; Vaurie 1965; Cramp & Simmons 1977; referred to by their subspecific names, i.e. nigra table 1). The Surf Scoter M. perspicillata is (Common or Eurasian Black Scoter), americana monotypic. The other taxa have traditionally (American and East Asian Black Scoter), fusca been treated as two polytypic species by both (Velvet Scoter), deglandi (American White- the American and the British Ornithologists’ winged Scoter), stejnegeri (Asian White-winged Unions: Velvet (or White-winged) Scoter M.
    [Show full text]
  • Yukon Flats Scoter Timing Survey
    REPLICATE AERIAL SCOTER SURVEYS OF THE YUKON FLATS, ALASKA - 2002 FINAL REPORT U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Waterfowl Management 1412 Airport Way Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 REPLICATE AERIAL SCOTER SURVEYS OF THE YUKON FLATS, ALASKA - 2002 Edward J. Mallek, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Waterfowl Management, 1412 Airport Way, Fairbanks, AK, 99701 Abstract: Replicate aerial scoter surveys of the Yukon Flats of Alaska were completed for the third consecutive year in 2002. Four surveys were conducted from 26 May to 18 June, 2002. These surveys were conducted to investigate temporal fluctuations of scoter densities within the Yukon Flats during the breeding season. White-winged scoters and surf scoters accounted for 98.7 and 1.3% of the indicated-total scoters observed during the four surveys, respectively. Observations of indicated-total and indicated-breeding white-winged scoters followed similar trends with high numbers occurring during the second and third surveys (2 and 8 June), respectively. Key Words: aerial survey, white-winged scoters, scoters, Alaska, Yukon Flats, replicate March 2003 INTRODUCTION Standard waterfowl breeding population surveys have been flown in Alaska for over 46 years (Conant and Groves 2002). Generally, waterfowl breeding population surveys are conducted when a representative sample of the local breeding population can be obtained for the greatest number of duck species. These surveys do not begin until the majority of transient species migrate through the survey area and most late-arriving species are occupying breeding territories in the survey area (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service 1987). The timing of waterfowl breeding pair surveys is critical to estimating local breeding populations and is dictated by the phenology of the majority of local breeding birds.
    [Show full text]