Histrionicus Histrionicus, Harlequin Duck

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22680423A132527785 Scope: Global Language: English

Histrionicus histrionicus, Harlequin Duck

Assessment by: BirdLife International

View on www.iucnredlist.org

Citation: BirdLife International. 2018. Histrionicus histrionicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680423A132527785. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018- 2.RLTS.T22680423A132527785.en

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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Animalia Chordata Aves Anseriformes Anatidae

Taxon Name: Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Regional Assessments: • Europe

Common Name(s): • English: Harlequin Duck, Harlequin Taxonomic Source(s): Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Assessment Information

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1

Year Published: 2018

Date Assessed: August 7, 2018

Justification: This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern.

Previously Published Red List Assessments 2016 – Least Concern (LC) http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680423A85993924.en

2012 – Least Concern (LC)

2009 – Least Concern (LC)

2008 – Least Concern (LC)

2004 – Least Concern (LC)

2000 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)

1988 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)

Geographic Range

Range Description: The Harlequin Duck is found in north-western and north-eastern North America, eastern Russia, the Aleutian Islands, southern Greenland and Iceland. It can winter further south, being found off Korea, northern California and North Carolina (U.S.A.) (del Hoyo et al. 1992).

Country Occurrence: Native: Canada; China; Greenland; Iceland; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Mexico; Russian Federation (Eastern Asian Russia); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; United States

Vagrant: Austria; Belgium; Croatia; Denmark; France; Germany; Italy; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Montenegro; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Serbia; Slovakia; Svalbard and Jan Mayen; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; United Kingdom

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Histrionicus histrionicus – published in 2018. 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680423A132527785.en Distribution Map Histrionicus histrionicus

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Histrionicus histrionicus – published in 2018. 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680423A132527785.en Population The global population is estimated to number c.190,000-380,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2015), the population in Russia is estimated at c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 wintering individuals (Brazil 2009). The European population is estimated at 4,000-7,000 pairs, which equates to 8,000-14,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015).

Trend Justification The overall population trend is increasing, although some populations may be stable and others have unknown trends (Delany and Scott 2006). This species has undergone a small or statistically insignificant increase over the last 40 years in North America (data from Breeding Bird Survey and/or Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven 2007). The population trend in Europe is unknown (BirdLife International 2015). Current Population Trend: Increasing

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) This species is found breeding on swift torrents and rapid streams of rugged uplands, normally wintering on rocky coastlines. It feeds mainly on insects and their larvae in summer, catching molluscs and crustaceans in winter. Feeding mostly occurs by diving, but also dabbling and head-dipping in shallow water. Breeding begins in May or June, nesting on the ground concealed in vegetation (del Hoyo et al. 1992).

Systems: Terrestrial, Freshwater, Marine

Threats (see Appendix for additional information) Wintering areas are highly clustered, and the species demonstrates very high site fidelity (95% of radio- tracked females remained in the same region in which they were tagged [Iveson and Esler 2006]), which makes the species vulnerable to the impacts from large oil spills. Number of wintering birds were 25% lower in oiled areas following the Exxon Valdez spill, and still showed reduced survival rates 11-14 years after the incident, suggesting chronic oil contamination. Full recovery after the catastrophic Exxon Valdez spill was estimated to take 24 years (Iveson and Esler 2010). The species is threatened by the development of hydroelectric schemes which result in the diversion and siltation of rivers (Tucker and Heath 1994, Carboneras and Kirwan 2013). Damming is affecting populations in Europe, Newfoundland and to a lesser extent, the West coast of North America. One colony has already been lost due to diversion of the river Thorisos, following the installation of a hydroelectric dam. Hunting occurs at low levels throughout the species’ range, with small bag limits in most areas (e.g. 134 annually in western Washington between 2004-2014), and although more than 1,000 are taken annually in Alaska (Sea Duck Joint Venture 2015), the annual level of subsistence harvest is estimated at an additional 2,080 birds (Rothe et al. 2015). The large-scale introduction of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo samar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) can result in competition for blackfly larvae and pupae, the duck's main food source. In the 1930s American Mink (Mustela vison) were introduced to the European range and may have reduced breeding success although the impact has not been quantified (Tucker and Heath 1994). Dredging for minerals in Lake Mývatn may affect algal blooms which form another important food source (Tucker and Heath 1994).

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Histrionicus histrionicus – published in 2018. 4 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680423A132527785.en Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) Conservation Actions Underway CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. The following information refers to the species's European range only: The species is protected against hunting and egg-collecting in Iceland. The core area, River Laxá, is partly protected by law, is an Important Bird Area (IBA) and a Ramsar Site (Tucker and Heath 1994).

Conservation Actions Proposed The following information refers to the species's European range only: The identification of other rivers with high numbers of breeding pairs is needed and these should be protected from development. A study of the effect of the American Mink on the species should be undertaken (Tucker and Heath 1994). Research should also be undertaken on resource use on the coast, individual females and the survival of small young and the relationship between breeding, moulting and wintering sites (Gardarsson 2008). Credits

Assessor(s): BirdLife International

Reviewer(s): Westrip, J.

Facilitators(s) and Bennett, S., Butchart, S., Calvert, R., Ekstrom, J., Fjagesund, T., Hermes, C., Martin, Compiler(s): R., Stuart, A.

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Histrionicus histrionicus – published in 2018. 5 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680423A132527785.en Bibliography BirdLife International. 2015. European Red List of Birds. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.

Brazil, M. 2009. Birds of East Asia: eastern China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, eastern Russia. Christopher Helm, London.

Carboneras, C. and Kirwan, G.M. 2013. Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. and de Juana, E. (eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

Delany, S.; Scott, D. 2006. Waterbird population estimates. Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands. del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

Gardarsson, A. 2008. Harlequin Ducks in Iceland. Waterbirds 31(sp2): 8-14.

IUCN. 2018. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2018-2. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 15 November 2018).

Rothe, T. C., Padding, P. I., Naves, L. C., & Robertson, G. J. 2015. Harvest of sea ducks in North America. Ecology and Conservation of North American Sea Ducks 46: 417.

Sea Duck Joint Venture. 2015. Harelquin Duck. Species Status Summary and Information Needs. December 2015. Available at: https://seaduckjv.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/HARD-status- summary-Dec-2015-FINAL.pdf. (Accessed: 19/02/2018).

Tucker, G.M.; Heath, M.F. 1994. Birds in Europe: Their Conservation Status. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.

Citation BirdLife International. 2018. Histrionicus histrionicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680423A132527785. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680423A132527785.en

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External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.

Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Major Season Suitability Habitat Importance? 5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.1. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Breeding Suitable Yes Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)

9. Marine Neritic -> 9.2. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs Non- Suitable Yes breeding

9. Marine Neritic -> 9.3. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel Non- Suitable Yes breeding

9. Marine Neritic -> 9.4. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy Non- Suitable Yes breeding

9. Marine Neritic -> 9.5. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud Non- Suitable Yes breeding

9. Marine Neritic -> 9.7. Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp Non- Suitable Yes breeding

9. Marine Neritic -> 9.9. Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged) Non- Suitable Yes breeding

12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.1. Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline Non- Suitable Yes breeding

12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.6. Marine Intertidal - Tidepools Non- Suitable Yes breeding

Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping Ongoing Minority (50%) Negligible declines Low impact: 4 terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is the target) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water Ongoing Minority (50%) Negligible declines Low impact: 4 management/use -> 7.2.10. Large dams Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 9. Pollution -> 9.2. Industrial & military effluents -> Past, likely Minority (50%) Causing/could Past impact 9.2.1. Oil spills to return cause fluctuations Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Histrionicus histrionicus – published in 2018. 7 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680423A132527785.en Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning

Action Recovery plan: No

Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes

In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range

Occur in at least one PA: Yes

Invasive species control or prevention: No

In-Place Species Management

Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No

Subject to ex-situ conservation: No

In-Place Education

Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No

Included in international legislation: Yes

Subject to any international management/trade controls: No

Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends

1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology

1. Research -> 1.5. Threats

Additional Data Fields

Distribution Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No

Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 36200000

Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Histrionicus histrionicus – published in 2018. 8 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680423A132527785.en Distribution Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No

Population Continuing decline of mature individuals: Unknown

Extreme fluctuations: No

Population severely fragmented: No

Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No

All individuals in one subpopulation: No

Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Unknown

Generation Length (years): 7.9

Movement patterns: Full Migrant

Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Histrionicus histrionicus – published in 2018. 9 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680423A132527785.en The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22680423A132527785 Scope: Global Language: English

The IUCN Red List Partnership

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.

The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™