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1/9/2015 1 G Phylum Chordata Characteristics – May Be With 1/9/2015 Vertebrate Evolution Z Phylum Chordata characteristics – may be with organism its entire life or only during a certain developmental stage 1. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord 2. Flexible supportive rod (notochord) running along dorsum just ventral to nerve cord 3. Pharyngeal slits or pouches 4. A tail at some point in development Z Phylum Chordata has 3 subphyla W Urochordata – tunicates Z Adults are sessile marine animals with gill slits Z Larvae are free-swimming and possess notochord and nerve cord in muscular tail Z Tail is reabsorbed when larvae transforms into an adult 1 1 1/9/2015 W Cephalochordata –lancelets Z Small marine animals that live in sand in shallow water Z Retains gill slits, notochord, and nerve cord thru life W Vertebrata – chordates with a “backbone” Z Persistent notochord, or vertebral column of bone or cartilage Z All possess a cranium Z All embryos pass thru a stage when pharyngeal pouches are present Lamprey ammocoete 2 2 1/9/2015 Jawless Fish Hagfish Lamprey Vertebrate Evolution 1. Tunicate larvae 2. Lancelet 3. Larval lamprey (ammocoete) and jawless fishes 4. Jaw development from anterior pharyngeal arches – capture and ingestion of more food sources 5. Paired fin evolution A. Eventually leads to tetrapod limbs B. Fin spine theory – spiny sharks (acanthodians) had up to 7 pairs of spines along trunk and these may have led to front and rear paired fins 3 3 1/9/2015 Z Emergence onto land W Extinct lobe-finned fishes called rhipidistians seem to be the most likely tetrapod ancestor Z Similar to modern lungfish and had gills and probably lungs to breathe air Z Teeth and limb bones closely resemble early amphibian bones 4 4 1/9/2015 W Modern “walking” fish include walking catfish, mudskippers, and lungfish Lungfish – found in Mudskipper South America, Africa, and Australia Walking catfish – from southeast Asia but now found in Florida W Earliest known amphibians were labyrinthodonts Z Had traits of lobe-finned fish and later tetrapods Z Most modern salamanders still cannot fully support themselves with their limbs and have unshelled eggs like fish 5 5 1/9/2015 Z Evolutionary timeline: W Jawless fish – Cambrian Period (530 MYA) W Jawed fish – explosion of fish diversity in Silurian Period (425 MYA) W Terrestrial amphibians – Devonian Period (400 MYA) Z Adaptations of some lobe-finned fish that allowed emergence onto land: 1. Limbs with digits 2. Lungs 3. A primitive neck Z Fish-like ancestors probably evolved these traits in shallow swamps with stagnant water 6 6 1/9/2015 W Competition and an abundance of unexploited resources may have drove vertebrates onto land W Another theory is that early amphibians lived and fed in water but deposited eggs in moist places on land for better survival of eggs and larvae 7 7 1/9/2015 W The amniotic egg: reptiles, birds, mammals Z Carboniferous Period (320 MYA) Z To this day, amphibian eggs are still very similar to those of fish and must be placed in moist areas to develop with no protective shell Fish Frog Z Seems to have developed to increase protection of terrestrial eggs from microbes Z First, a fibrous shell evolved then, as added protection, a calcerous layer was added Z All modern-day reptiles deposit calcium crystals in a fibrous matrix 8 8 1/9/2015 Z Today, most reptile eggs must absorb moisture from the environment to complete development Z It is not clear whether extraembyronic membranes evolved within primitive eggs or female’s oviducts Z Earliest amniotes were a group of labyrinthodonts called anthracosaurs (below) Z Amniotes – extraembryonic membranes W Do not need water to reproduce, no larval stage W Chorion, amnion, and allantois provide metabolic support for developing embryo W Yolk sac provides food 9 9 1/9/2015 Z Early reptiles – Carboniferous Period (300 MYA) W During this time, plants were becoming abundant and diverse on land providing a food source W Until then, vertebrates were primarily carnivorous, as most living primitive fishes (catfish, lungfish, gar, bowfin) and amphibians are today Z The only terrestrial animal prey available was fast- moving invertebrates (spiders, centipedes, and mites) Z An explosion of reptile species began (adaptive radiation) when they became herbivorous Z Earliest reptiles were cotylosaurs, represented by Hylonomus which still had many amphibian-like traits such as its skull, limbs, and girdle 10 10 1/9/2015 Therapsida – the earliest mammals Permian Period 250 MYA Reptiles to Birds W Earliest known bird is Archaeopteryx lithographica which lived 155 MYA W Range in size from a 2 gram hummingbird to a 100,000 gram ostrich (200-300 lbs.) 11 11 1/9/2015 Z Similarities: 1. Both have single occipital condyle which attach the skull to the vertebral column in a ball-and-socket fashion (mammal 2) 2. Both have a simple middle ear with one ear bone, the stapes (mammals have 3 middle ear bones) 3. Both have lower jaws composed of 5 or 6 bones on either side (mammal jaws are 1 bone) 4. Scales on the legs of birds are similar to reptile scales 5. Both lay shelled eggs 12 12 1/9/2015 6. In both, females have the hetergametic sex chromosome combination ZW (in mammals, it’s the males that have this condition with XY combination) 7. Both have nucleated red blood cells (mammals lack nuclei in red blood cells) Z Fossil record W 5 complete Archaeopteryx fossils have been found, all from central Europe, that date from 135-155 MYA during the Jurassic period when Europe had a tropical climate W It was a crow-size, bipedal “reptile” with a blunt snout and small reptilian teeth W Paleontologists believe it was similar to modern strong- running, terrestrial birds that could leap into trees and make short flights between branches and trees W Primary wing feathers were asymmetrical as with modern birds capable of flight Z Flightless birds have symmetrical vanes 13 13 1/9/2015 Possible Feather Evolution Possible Reptilian Ancestors 14 14 1/9/2015 Z Today, birds have evolved into many forms to utilize different food resources in different habitats (adaptive radiation) 15 15 1/9/2015 Class Aves 1. Warm-blooded, endothermic, homeotherm 2. Descended from bipedal, lizard-like reptiles a) Lay eggs b) Have scales on beaks and legs c) Feathers are specialized scales 3. Highly variable size: largest is ostrich (330 lbs) and smallest is scintillant hummingbird (0.08 oz.) 4. Adaptations to flying (all geared toward high power and low weight) a) Mostly hollow bones with strut supports (some birds’ feathers weigh more than skeleton) b) Fused bones - hip girdle with sacral vertebrae, hand bones of wings are absent or fused c) Breast bone (sternum) modified into keel for attachment of large flight muscles d) Feathers are extremely well-suited for insulation, streamlining, weight reduction, and flight 5. About 9,020 species worldwide and about 400 species that are found in MS, including migrants 16 1 1/9/2015 Z Bird are very diverse with: W 31 Orders W 186 Families W 2,029 Genera Z We will cover 22 Orders Z Order Rheiformes - rheas W Family Rheidae - all in one family; only 2 species Z Largest living New World birds (5 ft, 50 lbs) Z Flightless and live in grasslands of South America Z Order Struthioniformes - ostrich W Family Struthionidae - 1 sp. living Z Largest living bird (8 ft, 300 lbs) Z Flightless and lives in grasslands of Africa Z Order Casuariiformes – large flightless birds of New Zealand and Australia W Family Casuariidae – cassowaries (3 species) W Family Dromaiidae - emu (1 sp.) 17 2 1/9/2015 Z Order Dinornithiformes - kiwis W Family Apterygidae - 3 living species Z Short, stocky, flightless birds of New Zealand Z Forage at night on the ground for invertebrates and roost and nest in burrows Pied-billed grebe Z Order Podicipediformes - grebes W Family Podicipedidae - only family with 21 species Z Foot-propelled diving birds Z Occur worldwide with one in MS (pied-billed grebe) Z Order Sphenisciformes - penguins W Family Spheniscidae - only family with 18 spp Z Occurs only in southern oceans and northern limit is Galapagos Islands on the equator off of Ecuador Z Wing-propelled diving birds that eat fish Z The emperor penguin can dive to 900 ft. and stay under for over 20 minutes Emperor Galapagos 18 3 1/9/2015 Z Order Pelecaniformes - pelicans, cormorants, snake birds W Long beaks with throat pouches that hold fish W Nest in large colonies Anhinga W Family Pelecanidae – pelicans Brown pelican Z 8 species worldwide and 2 in MS (brown, American white) W Family Phalacrocoracidae – cormorants Z 33 species worldwide, 1 in MS (double-crested) Z Once was rare but now common and a nuisance for catfish farmers W Family Anhingidae - snake bird/anhinga/water turkey Z 4 species worldwide and 1 in MS Z Order Ciconiiformes - herons, egrets, stork, ibis, spoonbill W Long-necked and long-legged waders W Nest in colonies along shores and marshes W Family Ardeidae - herons, egrets, and bitterns Z 64 species worldwide, 12 in MS W Family Ciconiidae - storks, 1 species in MS (wood stork) W Family Threskiornithidae - ibises and spoonbills, 3 species in MS (white and glossy ibis and roseate spoonbill) 19 4 1/9/2015 Roseatte spoonbill Tricolored heron Scarlet ibis Bittern Wood stork Z Order Anseriformes W Family Anatidae - ducks, geese, and swans Z Broad bills with many tactile nerve endings Z Body covered in down and oily feathers Z 158 species worldwide, about 26 in MS Canada goose Mute swan Canvasback 20 5 1/9/2015 Z Order Falconiformes – vultures, eagles, hawks, falcons W Diurnal birds of prey with strong bill that is hooked at tip and feet with sharp curved
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