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DETERMINER DELETION IN THE JAKARTA POST, THE JAKARTA GLOBE AND INTERNATIONAL NEW YORK TIMES
A THESIS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree in English Language Studies
by Maria Septiyani Student Number: 126332001
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2015
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A THESIS
DETERMINER DELETION IN THE JAKARTA POST, THE JAKARTA GLOBE AND INTERNATIONAL NEW YORK TIMES
by
Maria Septiyani
Student Number: 126332001
Approved by
Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd., M.A.
Advisor August 11, 2014
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A THESIS
DETERMINER DELETION IN THE JAKARTA POST, THE JAKARTA
GLOBE AND THE INTERNATIONAL NEW YORK TIMES
Presented by Maria Septiyani Student Number: 126332001
Defended before the Thesis Committee and Declared Acceptable.
THESIS COMMITTEE
Chairperson : Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. ______
Secretary : Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A. ______
Member : F.X. Mukarto, Ph.D. ______
Member : Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D ______
Yogyakarta, February 27, 2015 The Graduate Program Director Sanata Dharma University
Prof. Dr. Augustinus Supratiknya
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STATEMENT OF WORK‘S ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full consequences including degree cancellation if she took somebody else’s ideas, phrases, sentences without proper references.
Yogyakarta, August 11, 2014
Maria Septiyani
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Maria Septiyani NIM : 126332001
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
DETERMINER DELETION IN THE JAKARTA POST, THE JAKARTA GLOBE AND INTERNATIONAL NEW YORK TIMES beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal : 11 Agustus 2014
Yang menyatakan
Maria Septiyani
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First, I would like to thank Jesus Christ and Mother Mary for the guidance, for the love, for the blessing and for strengthening me to complete my thesis. My very deepest gratitude also goes to my thesis advisor Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for his time, patience, help, and suggestions in completing this thesis.
I am also very thankful to have wonderful lecturers while studying in the
English Language Studies of Sanata Dharma University, especially to Dr. B.B.
Dwijatmoko, M.A., Prof. Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo, Dr. J. Bismoko, Dr. Fr.
B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. and other lecturers whom I cannot mention. I am grateful to have learned a lot of new things from them. Their sharing and discussion in class have enriched my knowledge and also my experiences. I would like to thank
Maria Adelheid Lelyana for her help during my study time in the English
Language Studies.
This thesis would not be completed without the help and support from many people around me. My deepest gratitude also goes to my beloved father
Yohanes Supardjan, my beloved mother Helena Suprapti, and my grandmother. I thank them for their continuous love, their continuous prayer and their continuous support which really strengthen my motivation in finishing this thesis. I also would like to thank my friends in Linguistic Class of 2012 Simon, Irene, Agnes,
Bu Intan, Mbak Reny, Mbak Ruth, Rina and Mas Eko. I feel grateful for the wonderful time that we have shared in class. I wish the very best for each of us.
My special gratitude goes to Bu Intan, who is really very helpful and caring during our struggle. I also would like to thank all my friends who always cheer me
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Eli, Siwi, Clara Aurora, Mbak Lia, all ELS friends Nindy, Mbak Laras, Yuki,
Mbak Mera, and others whom I cannot mention. May God always bless them.
Last but not least, I would like to thank Paulus Joko Sambodo for his love, his support and his care during the process of writing this thesis. I also thank him for always being a very wonderful sharing and discussion partner. May Jesus bless him.
Maria Septiyani
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ...... i
APPROVAL PAGES ...... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY...... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... viii
LIST OF TABLES ...... xi
LIST OF FIGURES ...... xii
LIST OF APPENDICES ...... xiii
ABSTRACT ...... xv
ABSTRAK ...... xvii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1
A. Background of The Study ...... 1
B. Problem Formulation ...... 8
C. Research Objectives ...... 8
D. Research Benefits...... 9
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ...... 11
A. Review of Related Literature ...... 11
1. The Concept of Style and Stylistics...... 11
2. The Type and Organization of Newspaper Texts ...... 13
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3. Stylistic Analysis Theory ...... 17
4. Determiners ...... 19
a. The Articles ...... 21
b. The Demonstratives ...... 26
c. Possessives ...... 27
d. Quantifiers ...... 28
5. Ellipsis in Noun Phrase and Apposition Name Phrase ...... 28
6. Effects of Determiner Deletion in Newspaper Writing ...... 31
7. Review of Related Studies ...... 32
B. Theoretical Framework ...... 34
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 37
A. Type of Study...... 37
B. Type of Data...... 38
C. Source of Data...... 38
D. Size of Data ...... 39
E. Data Analysis Method...... 40
CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 44
A. The Context of Determiner Deletion in The Jakarta Post,
The Jakarta Globe and International New York Times ...... 44
B. The Possible Effects of The Deletion...... 59
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...... 63
A. Conclusions ...... 63
B. Suggestions...... 65
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 67
APPENDICES ...... 69
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LIST OF TABLES
Page Table 3.1. Classification of Determiners ...... 41 Table 4.1. Determiner Occurrence in Sport-themed Article in The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 46 Table 4.2. Determiner Occurrence in Entertainment-themed Article in The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times …………………………………………………………………….. 46 Table 4.3. Determiner Occurrence in Travel-themed Article in The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 47 Table 4.4. Determiner Occurrence in Science-techonology-themed Article in The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times...... 48 Table 4.5. Determiner Occurrence in Health-themed Article in The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 49 Table 4.6. The Details of Determiner Occurrences in Article in The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 50 Table 4.7 Examples of Determiner Deletion in Phrase Found in The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 53 Table 4.8 The List of Appositional Name Phrase Found in The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe and International New York Times ...... 55 Table 4.9 The Effects of Determiner Deletion in The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe and International New York Times...... 59
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page Figure 2.1 The Beginning of Inverted-pyramid Style ...... 16 Figure 3.1 Classification of Determiners ...... 41
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 The Sport-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 69 APPENDIX 2 The Sport-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 72 APPENDIX 3 The Sport-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 75 APPENDIX 4 The Entertainment-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 78 APPENDIX 5 The Entertainment -themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 81 APPENDIX 6 The Entertainment-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 83 APPENDIX 7 The Travel-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 85 APPENDIX 8 The Travel -themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times...... 87 APPENDIX 9 The Travel-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 90 APPENDIX 10 The Science Technology-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times . 93 APPENDIX 11 The Science Technology -themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times . 95 APPENDIX 12 The Science Technology -themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times . 97 APPENDIX 13 The Health-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 99 APPENDIX 14 The Health-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 102
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APPENDIX 15 The Health-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 105 APPENDIX 16 List of Determiner Deletion in Appositional Name Phrase Found in Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 108 APPENDIX 17 List of Determiner Deletion in Phrases Found in Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times ...... 109
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ABSTRACT
Maria Septiyani. 2014. Determiner Deletion in The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe and International New York Times. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies. Graduate Program. Sanata Dharma University.
Style in linguistics has gained prominence in at least two branches of linguistics, sociolinguistic and stylistic. However, the focus is different. In sociolinguistic, style may have the effect on the society. In traditional stylistic, the focus is on the style itself. This research is a stylistic study on how determiner deletion occurs in English-language newspapers published in Indonesia. Determiner itself is one of the distinctive features in a text since it used to express the reference of noun and noun phrase in a text. In this research, the texts used are news articles from three English-language newspapers. Two are published in Indonesia, namely The Jakarta Globe and The Jakarta Post. The other one is International New York Times. The first two are the most leading English- language newspapers in Indonesia, and the last is a global newspaper which exemplary can be found in Indonesia. International New York Times is used as a comparison of the writing style and also type of deletion between Indonesian English-language newspapers and global English-language newspapers. There are two research problems in this research (1) in what contexts are determiner deleted in The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe and International New York Times and (2) what possible effects determiner deletions may have related to the news-writing style in The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe and International New York Times. To answer those questions, document analysis is employed. In this case, the documents are fifteen newspaper articles gathered from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. The writer is the instrument who sorted the determiners and the possible deletions. The results of the study show that identifiers, as one of the determiners, are used more than the other determiner, the quantifiers. Among the identifiers, the definite article the is used the most compared to the indefinite article a/an. The reasons are due to its nature as reference backward and also as context identifier. Related to the context of the determiner deletions, the study shows that the determiner deletion occurs in two contexts. The first context is the deletion in coordination phrase. The second context is the appositional name phrase. In the context of coordination phrase, the results also show that as the most used determiner, the also has the highest possibility to be deleted as a result of being economic. Then, in the context of appositional name phrase, the result shows that determiner deletion on naming apposition may bring title given which are in the same level to President or Professor. The first possible effect that may occur because of the determiner deletion is efficiency. This study is focusing on online articles. In online articles, space is very important because it needs to be shared with hyperlink to a video, a photo or it needs to be shared with advertisements. It is also related to the fact that determiner has a low information style. It leads to another possible effect is
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reputation gained from the readers. The less determiner deletion occur in a news- article, the more dependable the newspaper is. The third effect is new titles and status raising. The results of this study are also expected to be beneficial for fellow students of English Language Studies to conduct deeper stylistic study, for news article writers in Indonesia and for English teachers in Indonesia.
Keywords: determiner deletion, English-language newspapers, Indonesia
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ABSTRAK
Maria Septiyani. 2014. Determiner Deletion in The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe and International New York Times. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies. Graduate Program. Sanata Dharma University.
Style dalam linguistik sangat menonjol dalam dua cabang linguistic yaitu sosiolinguistik dan juga stilistika. Walaupun fokusnya pun berbeda untuk setiap bidangnya. Dalam sosiolinguistik, fokusnya lebih berkaitan antara style dan masyrkat. Sedangkan tradisional stilistika minitikberatkan pada style itu sendiri. Penelitian ini adalah sebuah penelitian stilistika yang menitikberatkan pada penghilangan kata penentu (determiner) dalam surat kabar berbahaa inggris yang terbit di Indonesia. Determiner sendiri penting dalam sebuah teks karena merupakan referensi sebuah kata benda maupun frasa kata benda. Dalam penelituian ini, tiga surat kabar berbahasa lokal yaitu The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe dan satu surat kabar bahasa Inggris internasional International New York Times digunakan sebagai objek penelitian. Alasannya karena The Jakarta Post dan The Jakarta Globe adalah surat kabar berbahsa Inggris terkemuka di Indonesia. Sedangkan International New York Times digunakan sebagai pembanding cara penulisan artikel dan jenis penghilangan determiner antara surat kabar berbahasa Inggris lokal dan surat kabar berbahasa Inggris yang terbit secara global. Ada dua permasalahan yang hendak dicari jawabannya melalui penelitian ini (1) dalam konteks apa saja penghilangan determiner dalam The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe dan International New York Times 3) apa saja efek yang timbul melalui penghilangan determiner terhadap gaya penulisan surat kabar The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe dan International New York Times. Untuk menjawah pertanyaan tersebut, maka analisis dokumen sebagai metode penelitian dipilih. Sebagai data, ada lima belas artikel yang dipakai dari ketiga surat kabar yang sudah disebutkan diatas. Penulis penelitian ini juga sebagai instrumen penelitian yang menyortir determiner apa saja yang digunakan beserta penghilangannya. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari dua jenis determiner, identifier dan quantifier, identifier lebih sering digunakan dalam surat kabar. Diantara identifier tersebut, kata penentu the lebih sering digunakan daripada a/an. Alasannya karena the mempunyai fungsi sebagai referensi dan juga sebagai penentu menurut konteks. Hasil lainnya menunjukkan bahwa penghilangan determiner berfungsi membawa fungsi ‘gelar’ yang setara dengan Presiden dan Professor. Efek yang mungkin timbul melalui penghilangan determiner ini adalah efisiensi. Karena data yang digunakan adalah artikel online, maka tempat sangat penting. Karena dalam media online, terdapat banyak sisipan link, video maupun iklan. Hasil dari penelitian ini juga diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat untuk sesama mahasiswa yang ingin melaksanakan penelitian stilistika, juga untuk guru bahasa Inggirs dan juga penulis berita di Indonesia.
Kata kunci: determiner deletion, English-language newspapers, Indonesia
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of four parts, namely the background of the study, problem formulation, research objectives and research benefits. Each part contributes important points to this thesis.
A. Background of the Study
Language varies according to its uses as well its users, according to where it is used and to whom, as well as according to who is using it (Holmes,
2001: 223). Therefore, the addressees and the context will affect the choices of code or variety. The code and variety itself can be in form of language, dialect or style. The illustrations about the choices of variety can be seen in the example about three different requests for information as follows:
1. From a friend Where were you last night? I rang to see if you wanted to come to the party? 2. In a court from a lawyer Could you tell the court where you were on the night of Friday the seventeenth of March? 3. From a teacher to his pupils in school on the day after Halloween. I know some of you went ‘trick-or-treating’ last night and so I thought we might talk a bit today about how you got on. Did you go out last night Jimmy? (Holmes, 2001: 223)
The three examples above are actually asking the same matter. The addresser, the one who is asking the question, asks the addressees whether they are out at night.
The difference between the three utterances are stylistic differences.
Style in linguistics has gained prominence in at least two branches of linguistics, sociolinguistics and stylistics. The focus of style in those two branches of linguistic is different depending on the point of view. In sociolinguistic, style of language may have the effect on the society since sociolinguistic studies the
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language which is used by society. Furthermore, stylistic features also reflect people’s group membership. Moreover, it also reflects the contexts in which language is used. The context here means the context of the addressee. Addressee plays important role in deciding someone’s style, especially the age of addressee and the social background of the addressee (Holmes, 2001: 223).
Related to the age of addressee, many speakers use different styles in addressing different people. In addressing elderly people, whether in spoken or written text, people will use more complicated words and use longer and more complex sentences. In the other hand, in addressing the youngsters especially children, people tend to use more common words and use shorter and simpler sentences. Therefore, it can be concluded that different addressees clearly influence the language used (Holmes, 2001: 226).
Further, Holmes also gives examples on how social background of the addressee can also affect the people’s style of language. This fact is illustrated by the utterances pronounced by newsreaders from different radio stations in
Australia. The pronunciation has been recorded and scripted as follow:
1. Last week the British Prime Minister Mrs Margaret Thatcher met the Australian Premier Mr Bob Hawke in Canberra…Their next meeting will not be for several months. 2. Las’ week British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher met Australian Premier Bob Hawke in Canberra…Their nex’ meeting won’t be for sev’ral months (Holmes, 2001: 228).
The illustrations above show some differences in terms of pronunciation and grammar. In example (b), compared to example (a), there is simplification of consonant clusters, so the word last [lɑːst] becomes [lɑːs] and the word next
[nekst] becomes [neks]. Furthermore, in example (b), the definite article the is
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omitted before the titles Prime Minister and Premier and the honorifics Mrs and
Mr disappear and there is the contraction won’t (Holmes, 2001: 228).
As an addition, the utterances above are performed by newsreaders in different radio stations in New Zealand. Example (a) is performed by a newsreader in a prestigious National Radio Network whose audiences are older and better-healed. Meanwhile, example (b) is performed by a newsreader in a middle-of-the-road station whose audiences are from the lower and end of spectrum. In other words, it can be said that the audiences for example (a) is more educated and they have a higher social status compared to the audiences for example (b). Based on the example, it can be seen that although the news is the same but the style of the newsreaders is different due to the different audiences as well. This illustration is able to proof that different addressees or audience is a very significant influence on a speakers’ style (Holmes, 2001: 228).
To this point, it can be seen that the concept of style in linguistic field has an extensive existence in sociolinguistic field. However, as far as the writer can note, the concept of style occurs not only in sociolinguistics but also in stylistics itself. Outside the boundary of linguistics, the concept of style also occurs, as for instance in the history of art and in literary criticism, and it also exists as an everyday term with a rather imprecise meaning and ambiguous edges (Jucker,
1992: 1). Thus, it is very common to use the word style with reference to the shape or design of something, for example the minimalist style of a house. Or else, it is very common to use the word style to describe the way something is presented and to describe someone’s manner of writing, speaking or performing.
Finally, style can be used to say the quality that someone owns on fashion,
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smartness or a superior manners, like ‘He dresses in style’ or ‘They live such a luxurious style’ (Verdonk, 2002: 1). Due to its ambiguous meanings edges, the concept of style should be defined appropriately depending on the area of discussion.
In linguistics, in spite of the differences between the concept of style, it is generally agreed that “style is a comparative concept in that it describes some relevant differences between a text or a discourse and some other texts or discourses; or, in some methodological frameworks, with some kind of implicit or explicit norm” (Jucker, 1992: 4). Therefore, style generally applies to language that has been produced by speakers with their beliefs, aims and goals in specific situations and in particular physical, social and temporal environments. In other words, the concept of style applies to real language or parole (Saussure, 1965) and performance (Chomsky, 1986). Based on this definition, the concept of style can always be found in the final product of speakers’ performance, such as in written texts and spoken discourse since it is the realization of the language knowledge that speakers have owned.
According to some experts in linguistics such as, Chomsky, the study of the real language is not interesting at all and it gains no significance and it has no status at all in linguistic theory (Jucker, 1992: 4). Furthermore, Chomsky explains why real language is not interesting at all. The reasons are because “it appears to have no significance and it has no status in linguistics theory” (Jucker, 1994: 1).
However, the realization of the real language in written texts or spoken discourse has a systematic variation and it is highly organized. These two points, the variation and the organization of the texts and discourse, may lead to stylistic
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investigation. Therefore, a stylistic investigation is “addressed first and foremost to the problem of uncovering some of the regularity underlying the variation and seeming unorderliness of E-language” (Jucker, 1994: 1).
Hence, it can be said that style in linguistics has gained prominence in at least two branches of linguistics, sociolinguistics and stylistics. The focus of style in those two branches of linguistics is different depending on the point of view. In sociolinguistics, style of language may have the effect on the society since sociolinguistic studies the language which is used by society (Jucker, 1992: 4).
However, in traditional stylistics, the focus is on the style itself. Style here means the language features which are used in certain literary texts. Those language features are distinctive and they are also thoughtfully chosen by the authors.
Therefore, stylistics, the study of style, can be defined as the analysis of distinctive expression in language and the description of its purpose and effect
(Verdonk, 2002: 4).
Distinctive expression in a text may have different forms. The forms might be in the forms of typography, repeated vowels and consonants, choice of words, grammatical structures and many others. Writers who understand and appreciate the rules of the language know how to break the rules to create certain distinctive features in a text. Poets, for example, break the rules with unorthodox indentations, mid-sentence capitalization and other departures from Standard
English which serve their purposes (Itule and Anderson, 1999: 176).
Therefore, this research aims to explore one of the language features which is distinctively found in a text, especially in the newspaper article. The reason why newspaper articles are chosen is that news writers, like poets, have
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their own rules to depart selectively from the ‘standard English’ which is emphasized in composition courses. Another reason is that newspaper language has often been the subjects of linguistic investigations. Study on newspaper itself can be considered as a media study. As O’ Keeffe (2011) says that media itself is a very board term since it compasses print and broadcast genres, that is anything from newspaper to chat show. The academic area of media studies cuts across a number of disciplines including communication, sociology, political science, cultural studies, and philosophy. According to O’Keeffe as well, the study of media also comes under the radar of linguistics because “at the core of these media is language, communication and the making of meaning, which is obviously a great interest to a linguist.”
Over the years, many studies of language and the media have been focused on the written genres, particularly newspapers. The reason why newspapers are used is that they are more readily available for analysis compared to spoken media discourse. The investigations are either using just one newspaper or comparing two different newspapers usually a broadsheet paper and a tabloid.
Some experts have conducted some studies on newspaper language. O’Keeffe
(2011) notes down several studies of written texts, Toolan (1988) examines the language of press advertising, Wallace (1977), Ghadessy (1988) and Bhatia
(1993) examine sport reporting in newspapers. McQuail (1994) and White (1997) examine how newspapers have created a model of social order.
One of the distinctive features that can be examined in written texts is grammatical features (Crystal, 2006: 8). According to Crystal, grammatical features means, “the many possibilities of syntax and morphology, defines in
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terms of such factors as the distinctive use of sentence structure, word order, and word inflections.” As an addition, grammatical features are also considered as one of the categories in stylistic study (Leech and Short, 1981: 6). This study is conducted to explore more on one of the grammatical features which can be found in the written texts, the determiner deletion. Thus, it will try to explore more about determiner deletion in English language newspapers. Determiner deletion here means the dropping of the articles like ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’.
The dropping of the articles and other linguistic items is called as ellipsis.
In the interest of economy in written communication, especially in newspaper reporting, good usage of English accepts the omission of certain pattern or words.
However, the omission should obey certain rule in order to enhance the meaning
(Ayodele, 1988). In newspapers, where the nature of communication is in a hurry and governed by time (deadlines and timelines) and by space (story size and item position), often practices ellipsis and one of the items which is omitted is the determiner. This pattern will not be seen clearly, unless depth observation is conducted. Therefore, this thesis aims to observe the phenomenon of the deletion in English language newspapers, especially those which can be found in
Indonesia.
There are three English language newspapers which are going to be used as the objects of this study, namely The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe and
International New York Times. The first two are local English newspapers and the last one is a global English newspaper. The writer of this research is going to take only five articles from each newspaper. The length of each article itself is more less 800-900 words. International New York Times is used in this research as a
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comparison to the local newspaper. The reason is due its status as a global newspaper. Therefore, the news writers who write for International New York
Times are native speakers of English or people who have a very good mastery of
English. Then, International New York Times can be compared to the local
English-language newspapers whose news writers are mostly Indonesian.
For that reason, this research aims to find out about what determiners are used in the articles, which determiner deletion occurs in those three newspapers and what are the possible effects from the determiner deletion. Later, the findings are also hoped to show the different style between Indonesian news writers and foreign news writerss in terms of determiner deletion.
B. Problem Formulation
The problems of this research are formulated as follows.
1. In what context are determiners deleted in The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta
Globe and International New York Times?
2. What possible effects do the determiner deletions have related to the news
writing style on The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe and International New
York Times?
C. Research Objectives
This research studies determiner deletion which occurs in three English- language newspapers, two are Indonesian English-language newspapers and one is global English-language newspaper. Then, related to the problem formulation, there are several objectives which would like to be achieved through this research.
The first objective is finding the determiners in the news articles. It is related to find in what context the determiners are deleted in the newspaper. Context here
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means the situation which initiates the process of deletion. In order to find the context, the determiners found in the news articles will be classified and categorized so that the exact number of the determiners used in the articles will be discovered. The classification of the determiners will be done based on the theory of the kinds of determiners. It is important to find the number of the determiners since they are one of the distinctive features in news writing style. Moreover, they are the main objects of the research.
The second objective is finding the determiner deletion context. As what have been discussed in the background of the study, deleting the determiners is one of the rule breaking which is done by the news writers. Moreover, it becomes the style which is done by the news writers. Finding out the number of the deleted determiners will be able to reveal which newspaper has the most deletion in its article. Later, the result of the number of deletion will be beneficial to compare the news writing style of those three newspapers, which is also one of the main points of this research.
The third objective is finding the possible effects of the determiner deletion. After gaining the number of the determiners which are used and the number of the determiners which are deleted in those three newspapers, this research aims to compare the result. The comparison result is hoped to show the different style applied by local news writers and also foreign news writers in terms of determiner deletion.
D. Research Benefits
There are two kinds of benefits of this research, theoretical and practical benefit. As for the theoretical benefit, this research is hoped to give more insight
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on stylistics research. Considering its main focus, this research will give an insight on how determiners can affect the newspaper writing style. Therefore, the result of this study should give another insight on the study of style in a text, especially in newspaper.
As for the practical benefit, this research is expected to help fellow linguistics students who are also interested in conducting research on stylistics.
This research is expected to trigger more research on style of newspaper writing style. Moreover, the result of this study is also able to help news writers in
Indonesia to improve their writing skill of English-language article. It is important since English is not the main language of most local news writers who work in the
Indonesia English-language newspapers.
This research is also expected to give benefit for fellow language teachers. The result on the use of determiners is also expected to give more insight for teachers whenever they are teaching English grammar for their students.
Moreover, they can also use the result of the study as a reference whenever they need to write texts or discourses similar to those examined in this study.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter will review some related theories and also previous studies.
The theories presented here are necessary to answer the problems presented in the previous chapter. These theories later on will be constructed into a framework which will be the ground to answer the problems.
A. Review of Related Literature
1. The Concept of Style and Stylistics
Stylistics is the study of style in language (Verdonk, 2002: 3). However, the word style itself, without specific references, is used commonly in the daily conversation and in everyday writing. Therefore, the word ‘style’ frequently appears whenever people want to describe the shape or design of something, such as the classic style of a house. Furthermore, people also use the word ‘style’ whenever they describe someone’s manner of writing, speaking, or performing, such as she writes in a vigorous style. The word ‘style’ is also used whenever people say their opinion on fashionable elegance, smartness or a superior manner, for example one can eat in style here. Then, these discussions about style make a good point to explain more about what style actually is.
Verdonk (2002: 3) defines that style in language is a distinctive language expression. Therefore, according to Verdonk, “stylistics, the study of style, can be defined as the analysis of distinctive expression in language and the description of its purpose and effect.” This definition of style is the same as what is stated by
Leech and Short (1981: 11). They define stylistics as “the linguistic study of style,
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is rarely undertaken for its own sake, simply an exercise in describing what use is made of language.”
As an addition, Jeffries and McIntyre (2010: 1) also have defined stylistics as a “sub-discipline of linguistics that is concerned with the systematic analysis of style in language and how this can vary according to such factors, as for example, genre, context, historical period and author.” They also add that the term style in an individual distinguishes one writer from another. Therefore, the styles associated with particular genres (e.g. newspaper language or the gothic novel), or the characteristics of what might constitute ‘literary’ style.
Then, the definitions above will be best applied to the most specific domain of style, which is the style of text. A text, whether it is considered as a whole work or just an extract from a work, is the nearest access to a homogenous and specific use of language. Therefore, in a text, the study of style can be done more detail with a more systematic attention to what words or structures are chosen. (Leech and Short, 1981: 12). Furthermore, they also mention another reason why texts are the natural focus for stylistics study, “within a text it is possible to be more specific about how language serves a particular artistic function.” The last reason mentioned by Leech and Short becomes the nature of stylistics. The text which can varies from different genres or types of text containing specific features of style create particular effect. Therefore, the text which may become the object of the study of stylistics might be newspapers, poetries, proses, dramas, and many other texts (Verdonk, 2002: 4).
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2. The Type and Organization of Newspaper Texts
Recently, printed newspapers are experimenting with ways to survive in the digital age. Their efforts to stay alive are directed at two areas: cutting costs and increasing revenue. Cost-cutting efforts have ranged from mild to the extreme. Sharing certain stories is one of them. This has been done by two
American newspapers, The Washington Post which shares stories with The
Baltimore Sun. The most drastic cost-cutting step of all is dropping the print edition altogether and becoming an online-only publication. The example is the
Ann Arbor News in Michigan, stopped its printed operation and become
AnnArbor.com (Dominick, 2010: 114-115).
Talking about online newspapers, Dominick (2010: 121) explains that there are three main types of online newspaper web sites: (1) news aggregators,
(2) online web sites associated with a local or national print newspaper and (3) online-only sites. News aggregators are sites that take information from many sources and meld it into a news presentation. According to Dominick, there are two types of news aggregators. First, sites that use an automatic formula to scan news publications and group related stories together, such as Google News and
Yahoo! News. Second, sites that use humans to scan and select the stories, such as
The Huffington Post. These sites typically carry headlines, photos, video, a lead sentence or two, and links to the full story.
The second type, online Web sites associated with a local or national print newspapers are the most common one. Dominick (2010) further explains that the vast majority of online newspapers are affiliated with traditional print
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newspapers, either dailies or weeklies. Sometimes, this type also posts pictures and video links along with the articles. The structure of this online newspaper varies. Some sites have a stand-alone organization with staffers who work only for the online site. Other sites combine the print and online operations so that one person may work for both. Based on this explanation, it can be deduced that the effectiveness of the workers is also varied. If they work for both print and online newspapers, they have to be very effective in writing the article in terms of time and space. They have to be able to manage their words so that it can be adjusted for both types.
Dominick also further explains that the writing style for online media is highly variable. Some newspaper sites may simply post the print version post the story without minor editing. Meanwhile, other sites might post the headline and a couple of sentences highlighting the main points of the story with a link to the rest of the story. “The newspaper inverted-pyramid style is generally used, and photos and video are integrated to the text” (Dominick, 2010: 319).
According to Blake, Inverted-pyramid style is one of the styles in newspaper writing. Inverted-pyramid means when the news is written, the most newsworthy information is put at the beginning of the story and the least newsworthy information is put at the end. The decision of putting that comes as the most trustworthy is by considering its news value.
(http://kelab.tamu.edu/spb_encyclopedia/data/Inverted%20pyramid%20story%20f ormat.pdf). Therefore, the idea of inverted writing style is putting all information about “what”, “when”, “where”, “who”, “why”, and “how” at the beginning of the
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newspaper article. Then, the detailed information will be put on the following paragraphs. Here is the example of inverted-pyramid style taken from
(http://kelab.tamu.edu/spb_encyclopedia/data/Inverted%20pyramid%20story%20f ormat.pdf).
Figure 1. The beginning of inverted-pyramid style
A Murfreesboro man died Monday afternoon when his car spun out of control on rain-slickened Broad Street, crashed into a utility pole and threw him through the windshield. The example above summarizes the points that should be included in the beginning of a story using inverted-pyramid style. The “what” there is there is a man died. The “when” and “where” is on Monday afternoon and on Broad Street.
The “who” is a Murfressboro man. The “why” is he died because his car spun out of control and crashed into a utility pole and threw him through the windshield.
By looking at the example above, there is an advantage of having inverted- pyramid style in a newspaper article. The advantage is that readers who are in a hurry can grasp the information needed by reading the first paragraph only.
Related to the style of writing, news writers are usually faithful to the conversations of good English except when departing from the rules help them communicate better with their mass audience. Itule and Anderson (1999: 177) say that writers who understand and appreciate the rules of language know when to break the rules and enhance effectiveness. If poets do it with unusual indentations, mid-sentence capitalization, news writers take the liberties of the language by dropping the articles like “a” and “the”, using colons and single quotation marks
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to indicate attribution and so on. They provide examples of these liberties which are taken from USA Today during the 1991 Persian Gulf War: a. Troops set; Bush ‘prepared’ for ground war b. Poll: Most support U.S in gulf war c. Bush ‘prepared’ for Ground War
The examples above show the liberties which are often taken by news writers. In example (a), the semicolon (;) is used in order to show two different actions which still has relationship to one another. In example (b), the colon (:) is possibly used to replace the verbs ‘says’ or ‘states’ and it is possibly used to shorten the sentence since it is a headline. In example (c), the single quotation mark is put on the verb ‘prepared’ because it possibly signs that Bush has been ready since a long time ago to face Ground War.
The examples below are the examples of another liberty takes by news writers, it is the determiner deletion. The study of determiner deletion in newspaper is proposed by Bell (2011): a. (the) Finance Minister Bill English b. (a) City Council spokesperson Richie Moyle c. (its) Chief Executive Roger Sutton.
The examples given by Bell include initial mentions of people in the news which usually take the form of two appositional noun phrases. The first noun phrase is the descriptive of the person and it is followed by an appositional noun phrase which names the person. In language of news reporting, the deletion of the first of
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the appositional expressions is often defined as something unique. The deletion restructures the apposition because it elevates the name to equal status with the description.
3. Stylistics Analysis Theory
Leech and Short (1981: 74) say that every analysis of style, in their terms, is an attempt to find the artistic principles underlying a writer’s choice of language. Therefore, it is useful to have a checklist of features which may or may not be significant in a given text. The categories of analysis are placed under four general headings: lexical categories, grammatical categories, figures of speech and cohesion and context.
The main focus of this research is one of the distinctive features which can be found in the newspaper named determiner. According to Leech and Short
(2011: 75-78), there are nine categories which are placed under the grammatical categories, namely sentence types, sentence complexity, clause types, clause structure, noun phrases, verb phrases, other phrase types, word classes and general.
The first category is sentence types. This category concerns about some points, among others are whether an author uses only statements (declarative sentences) and whether an author also uses questions, commands, exclamations or minor sentence types. The function of the sentence type can be further investigated under this category.
The second category is sentence complexity. For this category, the complexity of sentences are investigated. Some points that can be addresses under
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this category are whether the sentences have a simple or complex structure, whether the complexity of the sentence vary strikingly from one sentence to another and whether the complexity is due to coordination, subordination or parataxis. The average sentence length can be also be addressed under this category.
The third category is clause types. In this category, there are some points which can be addressed. For example, what kind of clauses are favoured in the text and whether reduced or non-finite clauses commonly used in the text. Further investigation on clauses like the use of infinitive clauses, -ing clauses, -ed clauses can also be done under this category.
The fourth category is clause structure. For this category, the stylistic analysis can be done by following a point, such as whether there is anything significant about clause elements, for example frequency of objects, complements or adverbials. Some other points that are useful under the clause structure category are whether there are any unusual orderings or whether special kinds of clause construction occur.
The fifth category is noun phrases. For noun phrases category, the issues which can be addressed to get the data are whether the phrases are simple or complex or where the complexities of the phrases lie. Listing the occurrences of the adjective sequences, the coordination or apposition also can be done under this category.
The sixth category is verb phrases. For verb phrases, the analysis can be done under issues such as whether there are any significant departures from the
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use of the simple past tense. This can be done later by comparing the number of past tense occurrences to other verb phrase types such as the present tense, the progressive aspect, and other verb phrases.
The seventh category is other phrase types. This category tries to find out about other phrase types and their significance for the text such as prepositional phrases, adverb phrases, and adjective phrases.
The eighth category is word classes. Since a major or lexical word class has been already considered in the previous category, considering minor word classes is also important. The examples of minor word classes here are prepositions, auxiliaries, determiners, conjunctions, pronouns, interjections.
The ninth category is general category. For the last category, the point that is possible to consider is whether any general types of grammatical construction are used to special effect, for example comparative or superlative constructions, coordinative or listing constructions, appended or interpolated structures.
Crystal (2006) also adds that grammatical features also become one of the types of stylistic approaches in written language. Crystal explains that in grammatical features, the many possibilities of syntax and morphology may become the object of stylistic study. Therefore, from all of the categories above, it can be seen that stylistic investigation on determiner is possible to do. The reason is because determiner belongs to one of the distinctive features which is word classes. Furthermore, what are important from these nine categories are the occurrences and the effects to the style of the text (Leech and Short, 1981).
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4. Determiners
The English articles are part of a larger system of reference and determination.
“Articles are sometimes called determiners, although the term is also used generically to refer to a larger class of items which determine noun status in similar ways (e.g. this; that), but which can be used more flexibly (e.g. as pronouns) than the articles proper.” (Wales, 2001: 30).
Quirk et al defines determiner as “words which can determine nouns and they form a set of closed –system items that are mutually exclusive with each other” (1985: 137). Furthermore, Quirk, et al explains the exclusiveness in determiners. It means that there cannot be more than one determiner occurring before the noun head. Therefore, both a the boy and a some boy are ungrammatical.
Related to Wales’ explanation on determiner, he also explains that articles only have little lexical meaning. Therefore, in certain contexts they can be easily omitted to save space or time, e.g. newspaper headlines, small ads, note-taking and many more (2001: 30). However, though the articles have little lexical meaning, they are central to the class of determiners in that they have no function independent of the noun they precede. It means that determiner will be meaningful only when they are attached to the noun or noun phrase. For example:
I want the ink here is the
I want some ink here is some
In the example above, the determiners in the second column does not have any meaning since it is not followed by either noun or noun phrase. Quirk et al also
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further explain that the articles solely contribute definite or indefinite status to the nouns they determine but the dependence is not unilateral (Quirk et al, 1985: 137)
Determiners can be discussed under the headings identifiers and quantifiers. Identifiers consist of the articles, the possessives and the demonstratives. Whereas quantifiers consist of definite and indefinite quantifiers.
The articles consist of the indefinite article, the definite article and the zero article.
For quantifiers, the definite quantifiers are marked by the numeral and the indefinite quantifiers are marked by some, any, much, many and some other quantifiers (Close, 1977: 128). In English, the definite and indefinite articles are used to identify new and given information. Given information, tends to take the definite article, while new information tends to take the indefinite article (Celce-
Murcia and Larsen-Freeman, 1999: 271).
As what has been stated before, Close (1977) has classified determiners into two, identifiers and quantifiers. Identifiers include the articles, the demonstratives and the possessive form of the personal pronouns. a. The articles
There are three kinds of articles which are used in English Grammar. The first is the indefinite article a and an. According to Close (1977: 129), the indefinite article is a or an when the head of a nominal group is a singular count noun: a is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound and an before a vowel sound, for example: a man, a red apple, an apple, an uncle and many more.
Furthermore, he also explains about its characteristics, as explained in the followings
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Close also mentions several other characteristics of the indefinite article a/an. The first is that A (n) + noun can refer to class of thing as a whole, as in: a cat in a cat is a small domesticated animal. Close defines this as a typical form of definition. The second is that A (n) + noun can also refer to the idea of one example of the class, as expressed in: May I have an apple, please? The third characteristic of indefinite article a (n) is that it is A (n) is obligatory when a count noun singular is an indefinite complement of BE, as it can be seen in example a cat is a small domesticated animal and in sentence Mr Cartwright was a famous surgeon. The last is that A + one occurs exceptionally in colloquial English, as in
Oh, you are a one! The ‘a one’ means amusing or daring person.
Related to the concept of indefinite article a(n), Yule (2004) explains that the indefinite article a(n) is closely connected, both historically, to the number one. Therefore, in many cases, “the basic meaning of a(n) X is single instance of the X type of thing.” (Yule, 2004: 33) Further, he also explains that indefinite articles is used in a process named classifying. Classifying is a process by which a thing or things are named to belong to a certain class of objects. Then, the example of classifying objects signalled by indefinite articles is as follows there’s a farmhouse with a horse, a dog and an old truck.
The second article in English grammar is the definite article the.
According to Close (1977: 133-135), the definite article, the, can be used before a count singular, a count noun plural, or a mass noun. One of its main functions is to indicate that the speaker is referring to a particular example, or to particular examples, of a class of thing. In using the, the speaker assumes that his audience
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can identify the particular examples to which he is referring. The word the alone is sufficient to identify the examples. However, the definite article the also indicates that something already said or reference backwards. The example of reference backwards can be seen in the following example:
Here is a glass, some water and three coins. Watch! I pour the water into the
glass, then drop the coins one by one into the water.
In that example, the water, the glass and the coins refer to glass, water and coins which are mentioned in the previous sentence.
The definite article the also indicates that something about to be said or reference forwards. According to Close, there are three patterns which can explain the occurrence of the as reference forwards. The first is when the speaker assumes there is only one single thing according to his own thought, for example: The light is on in the dining room. When it is said, then the speaker assumes that there is only one light in the room. Second, the may appear in mass nouns, especially abstract nouns, which are often modified by a prepositional phrase beginning with of , e.g. the history of China. Third, an adjective only attracts the if it serves definitely to identify the thing mentioned, for example There are three coats here, which one is yours? The grey coat is mine. Reference forward can also be made by a superlative, by an ordinal number and by next and same, e.g. Tokyo is now the largest city in the world, That’s the third time you’ve trodden on my toe,
Woodside Road is the next turning on your right, The same thing happened to me yesterday.
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The definite article the + noun frequently occurs when the speaker is referring to some object or person that he assumes the hearer can identify in the environment which they share, for example I’ll meet you at the post office, or at the bank. The is also used as a signal that the speaker is distinguishing one part of his environment from another, for example He speaks of living in the town is distinct from living in the country.
Related to the explanation on definite article provided by Close, Yule
(2004) explains that the definite article the is closely connected, historically and conceptually to the demonstrative that. Therefore, the basic meaning of the X is
‘that particular X’. According to Yule, while indefinite articles mark the classifying process, definite article is used to mark the identifying process.
Identifying is a process by which a thing or things are referred as distinct from other members of the same category of class of objects. As a definite reference, the has a distinguishing effect and is usually intended to pick out a specific thing or things (Yule, 2003: 33).
Yule also makes a number of implications based on his explanations on indefinite and definite article. However, the most powerful implication is that, in communicative terms, the definite article signals more than the indefinite article.
When definite article is used, it means that the classification has already been completed since the whole entity has already been identified (Yule, 2003: 34).
The classifying and identifying process marked by the indefinite and definite article is important in this study to answer the first research question that is the context how determiner deletion can occur. Since indefinite is typically
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classifying things, it is often used with the first reference. Meanwhile, the definite article is typically identifying things, it is often used with the second or later references. Therefore, it can be said that indefinite article introduces new information in an English text while definite articles introduces given information.
They have important role in news report writing. New information itself can be defined as information that the speaker presents as a new to the hearer. Then, given information can be defines as information that the speaker treats as currently known to the hearer. Therefore, in a news report, it always begins with the introduction of several new things which are going to be the highlight of the story. Later, as the report continues, many of the entities then can be treated as already known or ‘given.’
The last article in English grammar is the very important phenomenon named the zero article. Close defines zero article as the absence of article and it serves as an indefinite identifier. It occurs in several patterns, such as before a count noun plural noun referring to a class as a whole, e.g. cats, as in Cats like fish, don’t they? The example states a characteristic of cats in general. A similar pattern can be used for definitions, especially in Grapes are kind of fruit. It also occurs before a count noun plural referring not to the class as a whole but to a number of indefinite of indefinite examples, e.g. people in Don’t stand in the doorway. There are people waiting. Zero article also occurs before a count noun plural, e.g. engineers in Mr Cartwright’s sons were engineers (1977: 133).
Related to the explanation on zero article provided by Close, Yule also has the same argument. According to Yule, zero article is the absence of indefinite
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and definite articles in some common phrases, and it is treated as significant for the interpretation of ‘no differentiation required’ (Yule, 2004: 24). Though Yule has mentioned that given information is marked by the definite article, he adds that the clearest given information is sometimes marked by the absence of the article. It can be observed clearly in texts providing instructions and also in recipes.
From the theory above, it can be concluded that there are three basic articles which exist in English grammar. They are the indefinite article, the definite article and the zero article. Indefinite article is used to mark the new information and definite article is used to mark the given information. The zero article is used to mark the clearest given information which is commonly found in instructions and recipes.
In using the articles with the noun, the basic forms of articles in English can be summarized as follow
1) The indefinite article a is used for common noun, which is countable and
singular, and the noun begins with consonant. Meanwhile, Indefinite article an
is used for common noun, which is countable and singular, and the noun begins
with vowel
2) The definite article the is used for common noun, which takes the singular or
plural countable and non-countable form and the noun begins in either
consonant or vowel
3) The zero article is used for proper and common noun. For the common noun, it
takes the plural countable noun and non-countable noun.
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Knowing the nature of the articles is important in since one of the attempts of the study is to know which articles appear the most in the English language newspapers. Looking at the nature of the indefinite article, the definite article and also zero article, it is very possible that the definite article the will occur the most, due to its nature to identify entities and as a given information. It will be proved through the analysis later. b. The Demonstratives
The demonstratives are also one of the determiners. They belong to the identifiers. There are four demonstratives this, these, that and those. Those four can refer to an object or objects, animate or inanimate. The differences between four of them are the plurality and the distance to the speaker. This and that are used for singular object, whereas these and those are used for plural object.
Furthermore, this and these are used when the object or objects are near to the speaker. Meanwhile, that and those are used when the object or objects are farther away from the speaker. (Close, 1971: 138)
The interesting idea about this and that is noted by Yule (2004).
According to Yule, indefinite demonstrative this seems to have developed in contemporary English as an article to highlight a particular thing as the main focus of attention. It becomes an example of grammatical innovation that is becoming extremely common in conversational English (Yule, 2004: 43). Strauss
(1993), in Yule (2004: 43) has done a research on the use of this/these and that/those as determiners occurs 60 percent of the time. Strauss got the result after he conducted a study based on spoken data which used 37 different data sets and
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over 40, 000 transcribed words. Knowing the status of demonstratives as one of the determiners, the writer also will observe the number if their occurrences in the news articles. c. Possessives
Possessives means own. It shows that a thing belongs to person or animal. It can take two forms. The first is the common possessives such as my, your, his, her, our, their, its. The second is a noun with apostrophe s which can act as a premodifier or as an pro-form such as George’s camera, Taylor’s house
(Close, 1971: 139).
d. Quantifiers
There are two kinds of quantifiers which Close explains related to determiners. The first is numeral, which can take either ordinal or cardinal number. The second is indefinite quantifiers which take forms like many, much, few, little, a lot and many others.
Numeral may take two forms of number, cardinal and ordinal. The example of the numeral usage such as the first three boys, the first questions, twelve bottles of milk, seven kilograms of rice. The first two sentences are ordinal numbers, while the last two examples are using cardinal numbers (Close, 1971:
140).
The examples of quantifiers which can be used as determiners are many, much, a lot of, a little, a few and other quantifiers. These quantifiers can be used
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with count plural nouns. Some of them can be used only with mass nouns and some with either count or mass. (Close, 1971: 140)
Having known about kinds of determiners in English grammar is very important because they have important role in constructing sentences. The different occurrences of determiners are easily observed in the written English, especially the articles (Yule, 2004: 29). Therefore, it becomes the main concern of this study. Later, the writer will attempt to seek the occurrences of these determiners in the news articles. Finding the occurrences of the determiners will be very helpful to answer the first research question.
5. Ellipsis in Noun Phrase and Apposition Name Phrase
Ellipsis of determiners are very common and it can be seen as grammatical omission. Ellipsis itself can be defined as “omission of part of an utterance or grammatical structure, which can be readily understood by the hearer or reader in the context or the co-text, and which can be recovered explicitly”
(Wales, 2001: 121).
Therefore, it is common to say a cup and (a) saucer, a knife and (a) fork, a hat and (a) coat, a raincoat and (an) umbrella. However, such ellipsis will only occur when the objects referred to are normally associated with each other, not in an example like I found a hat and a camera in the car. Are they yours? The sentence is impossible to undergo ellipsis process since the objects are not normally associated together, a hat and a camera. A similar ellipsis will occur with other determiners, e.g., the first and (the) second, my mother and (my) father, and so on.
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Related to the main focus of this research, which is determiner deletion in
English-language newspapers, Allan Bell (1991: 107) explains one of the examples related to determiner deletion. According to Bell, a rule characteristics of news language deletes the determiner in appositional naming expressions of the form:
[the] Australian entrepreneur Alan bond
[a] Spanish tourist Josefa Morelli
[his] fellow left-winger Bob Cryer
Bell gathered this data from 4000 tokens of noun phrase which meet the structural description of the determiner deletion rule.
The process of deletion which is proposed by Bell is related to appositive. Appositive itself is a noun that immediately follows and renames another noun in order to clarify or classify it. The function of appositive is to reduce wordiness, add detail and add syntactic variety to a sentence (Andersen,
2012). Andersen gives some examples such as Ms. Wood, Sally’s favourite teacher in high school, is friendly and approachable. Therefore, referring to explanation, the examples above are actually appositives. The first example, [the]
Australian entrepreneur Alan Bond is a restricted appositive because there is no comma there. Then, this restricted appositive undergoes the determiner deletion process. The definite article the is deleted in the first example.
Another example from Bell is also shown in the example below:
the Neighbour star Kylie Minogue Neighbour star Kylie Minogue
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According to Bell, the syntactic change accomplished by the rule is not just determiner deletion. The deletion of the determiner brings a subtle but definite semantic change and confers on the descriptive NP which it did not previously have: titleness (Bell, 1991: 196).
Therefore, based on the explanations proposed by Close (1971) and Bell
(1991), deletion of determiner is very possible to happen. It may happen in name noun phrase apposition, as in the neighbour star Kylie Minogue into neighbour star Kylie Minogue, and in this case the is deleted. The result of deleting the determiner is the person belongs to a class which can be categorized as an executive class. Besides, deletion of determiner is also possible to happen in a cup and a saucer which becomes a cup and saucer, and in this case a is deleted in the second noun phrase. The determiner in the second phrase is possible to be deleted because both nouns share the same association. Only things which are usually associated together may have determiner deletion when they are combined.
The deletion of the article in the appositional noun phrase which indicates a unique role or task is also discussed by Quirk et al (1985). Quirk et al gives the examples as in Chelsea centre-forward Milton and the Chelsea centre- forward, Milton Smith. They explain that in the restrictive apposition, the article is generally omitted, whereas in the non-restrictive apposition it is not. Then, it is linked to the former construction to the institutional use of titles as in Doctor
Smith, Chairman Mao, King George. According to Quirk as well, the use of article deletion preceding a name is a characteristic of the journalistic style sometimes is knows as ‘Timestyle’ because of its association with Time magazine.
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6. Effects of Determiner Deletion in Newspaper Writing
Related to the determiner deletion in appositional naming expressions, according to Hewings and Hewings (2005: 32), there is an effect related to new phenomenon found in newspaper writing style. “Determiner deletion has the effect of giving the person more news value, providing the naming expression with a status similar that of title such as ‘President Bush..” (Hewings and
Hewings, 2005: 32). Furthermore, they also explain that this style is a more popular style and it is more typical of the North American media. In America, determiner deletion is usual in the ‘prestige’ media though it is less formal. This phenomenon even copied by the British mass press.
The common omission of determiner in a text is categorized as structural ellipsis which often occurs in personal letters, in lecture notes, diaries, and telegrams (Mugair and Abbas, 2012). Furthermore, Mugair and Abbas give example as in US heading for new slump. Mugair and Abbas argue that the sentence misses the determiner the and a. Therefore, the original sentence should be the US is heading for new slump. This kind of ellipsis which depends on knowledge of grammatical structure as shown in the example is defined as structural ellipsis. Quirk et al (1985: 900) also give explanation to structural ellipsis. They say that such structural ellipsis is restricted to written style and it functions as devices of economy through the ellipsis of items that have a low information style, in this case is determiner.
7. Review of Related Studies
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Some experts in linguistics have done some studies on determiner deletion in newspaper. Ryden (1975) investigates the use of noun phrase name appositions in newspaper language. It focuses particularly on the deletion of the determiner which can create apposition phrase without a preceding determiner.
Further, Allan Bell has conducted this kind of study as well. Allan Bell has conducted a study on determiner deletion in 1974. His study was conducted based on the conversation of the radio announcers of Auckland radio stations in
1974. There were four radio stations which became his object of the study. In his study, he focuses on determiner deletion in naming apposition. He says that in initial mentions of people in the news usually take the form of two appositional noun phrases. The first NP is descriptive of the person, followed by an appositional NP which names the person. However, a variable syntactic rule which operates on these expressions is characteristic of perhaps unique to-the language of news reporting. The uniqueness in it is it deletes the determiner in the first of the appositional expressions, as in (the) Finance Minister Bill English. The deletion, according to Bell, restructures the apposition, elevating the name to equal status with the description. It treats the description as a pseudo-title, equal to
‘President’ or ‘Professor.’
This implies an exclusivity for the class of persons described by the title, parallel to the exclusivity of full titles. It means that a person’s entitlement is newsworthy. Bell reveals his finding on his study in 1988. According to Bell, among the four stations used as the object of the study, namely BBC Overseas
Radio, National Radio, ZB Community Station, ZM Rock Music Station. His
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study shows that the more formal the radio is, the less determiner deletion happens. In his case, BBC Overseas Radio serves an absolute norm with zero deletion.
However, Bell revisited his study in 2011 and he still used the same radios as the objects of the study. The result has changed. Even in the year of
2011, BBC Overseas Radio which had been well known for the zero deletion, had four percent of deletion. However, the number was the lowest compared to the other radio stations. The study by Bell, has only been done in New Zealand and through radio stations
Jucker (1992) adds the explanation on determiner deletion, especially in name apposition. He gave the example Labour Leader Neil Kinnock. In the example, according to Jucker, the determiner-slot is empty and it makes the apposition partial because only one appositive could be omitted without violating the grammar. Further, he also says that the deletion process always happen in restrictive appositive. This construction has the advantage of not having any implications as to whether the referent is familiar or unfamiliar to the audience.
Then, the deletion process creates a title-like quality to all kinds of everyday nouns used to refer to people’s role in society. Later, there are not just Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher and Opposition Leader Neil Kinnock but also goalkeeper Peter Guthrie, fashion designer Norman Blackweek, pensioner Gerry
Doherty (Jucker, 1992: 212).
The previous studies above will be good references for the writer since the writer attempts to investigate more on how determiner deletion works in local
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English-language Newspapers. Indonesia does not belong to the inner circle of world English and it belongs to the expanding circle, English has been a foreign language in Indonesia. The fact that Indonesia only belongs to expanding circle, makes English has no wide use in the society especially as a medium of communication (Lauder, 2008: 11). Therefore, this research is important to see how the Indonesian journalist writes the news articles when they are not used to
English as their main language. Moreover, the style of deleting determiner in name phrase apposition is relatively recent and is in Britain largely (Jucker, 1992:
40). The present researcher is eager to know whether this style exists in English- language newspapers published in Indonesia.
B. Theoretical Framework
Having known the nature of stylistics study, that is analysing distinctive features of language and the description of its purpose and effect in the text as the nearest domain where the homogenous and specific of languages exists, this research aims to conduct a stylistic study on one of the texts, which is newspaper.
Since there are four categories which are proposed by Leech and Short (1981) in conducting stylistic analysis, this research will only take one. It is the grammatical features. Under the grammatical features itself, there are nine categories which are proposed to conduct. However, this research will take only one, namely determiner which belongs to the word classes.
In analysing the determiners and also the deletions, the further analysis uses the theory of articles and determiners proposed by Close (1977), Yule (2004) and Quirk et al (1985). Bell’s model theory of determiner deletion on descriptive
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noun phrase (NP), in apposition with a second noun phrase will also be used.
Bell’s theory will be supported by other studies that are done by Ryden (1975),
Jucker (1992) and other relevant studies on newspaper language. However, it will not be the only focus of this research. This research focuses on finding any determiner deletion in the newspaper articles. It may be deletion related to noun phrase name appositions or deletion in any noun phrases. This theory helps the present researcher to answer the first research question related to the context of the determiner deletion, especially related to the name apposition which has become the style of newspaper writing (Quirk et al, 1985: 276).
The analysis is applied to online newspaper articles, which are taken from the second type of online newspapers. The three English-language newspapers in this research used as the object of the study are The Jakarta Post,
The Jakarta Globe and International New York Times. Those three English- language newspapers have both print and online edition. However, this research only takes the online edition in order to make the analysis easier, especially in counting the determiners and the words used. Moreover, in terms of provided space, online edition is more limited. Therefore, the news writers have to able to make use of the provided space well. Related to this fact, the deletion process is more likely to happen in order to fulfil the limited space of writing. These facts will be found out through the analysis later.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
There are five points which this chapter will try to explain. The first is the type of study. It will give a slight overview on kind of research that this study has. The second is type of data. It will also give a slight overview on type of data used in this research. The third is source of data. It will give a slight overview on the sources of data. Then, the last is the data analysis method. It will give a slight insight how the data will be analysed.
A. Type of Study
This research is categorized as a descriptive stylistic study since it describes the natural use of language in real life, in this case language use in newspaper. This study belongs to stylistic study because it attempted to find the artistic principles underlying a writer’s choice of language. In a stylistic study, there were four general headings: lexical categories, grammatical categories, figures of speech and cohesion and context (Leech and Short, 1981:74). The focus of this research, the determiner and its deletion, belonged to the grammatical categories. Therefore, in this research, the determiner was used in order to try to reveal the artistic principles owned by the news writers.
This study was also a descriptive research since it “attempts to describe, explain and interpret conditions…and to examine a phenomenon that is occurring at a specific place(s) and time”
(http://www.mu.ac.in/myweb_test/Research%20Methadology-Paper-3/Chapter-
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5.pdf). The phenomenon being discussed in this study was the determiner deletion which exists in news articles.
B. Type of Data
Since this research attempted to find determiner deletion in English- language newspapers, the main data of this study were the newspaper articles themselves. However, the data were only the articles, excluded the title and the headline of the newspaper. Therefore, the type of data was in a form of words since they were taken from the newspaper articles.
C. Source of Data
The research data were gathered from three English-language newspapers: two were Indonesian English-language newspapers and the other one was global English-language newspapers. However, the ones which would be used was the online edition of those three newspapers. The online websites of those three newspapers were categorized as type 2 by Dominick. They were online newspapers which also had the print edition newspapers.
The two Indonesian English-language newspapers are The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe. The Jakarta Post is a local English-language Newspapers which was firstly published in 1983. Up to now, The Jakarta Post has become a widely relied upon newspaper by the international community in Indonesia.
Through the time, The Jakarta Post also has become the largest English-language newspaper in Indonesia.
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The Jakarta Globe is a relatively new Indonesian English-language newspaper. It was firstly published in 2008 and it has claimed to be the
Indonesia’s most-read English-language newspaper. Since these two are the most reliable English-language newspaper in Indonesia, they are chosen to be the object of the study. However, though both newspapers have the title ‘Jakarta’, the coverage of the news is not only about Jakarta, but it covers the news from all regions in Indonesia and it also covers worldwide issue.
The International New York Times is an English-language international newspaper. The newspaper combines the news from its own correspondent and the news of The New York Times. It is printed at 38 sites throughout the world, for sale in more than 160 countries and territories. The reason why it is chosen is because the print edition is also available in Indonesia. The print edition can be easily found in an imported-book bookstore in Indonesia. Therefore, it is more reliable rather than other foreign newspapers like USA Today, the printed edition of which is difficult to find in Indonesia
The online edition was chosen due to the effectiveness in analysing the data later. Having had the online edition, it was easier to count the words in order to make same exact length for the articles used as the data. Moreover, it was easier as well to count the number of determiners used in the articles.
D. Size of Data
There were fifteen articles which were used as the data. These fifteen articles were gathered from those three online English-language newspapers.
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Therefore, there were five articles which were taken from each newspaper. The length of the articles was more less 800-900 words. The articles used in this research were taken from five categories, namely: sports, entertainment, health, science and technology and travelling. Then, from the three newspapers, the writer would find articles which suited the length and the chosen category.
Therefore, each category would have three articles from The Jakarta Post, The
Jakarta Globe and International New York Times. The reason why the articles were placed into categories was to make the analysis more relevant.
The writer of the research collected fifteen articles from the newspapers’ websites, with 800-900 words length considering that they would be enough to represent the data. Out of 800-900 words, the number of determiners would be enough to observe the existed determiner and the deletion. The existed determiner and the deletion itself could be found in a noun and a noun phrase (NP). As an addition, the size of data would give enough determiner deletion to describe the effect on the newspaper writing style after the deletion later.
E. Data Analysis Method
In analysing the news articles, the writer employed the document analysis method. Therefore, there were some steps which were done to analyse the data.
The first step was choosing the articles. In choosing the articles, the writer searched through the online edition of The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe and
International New York Times. Then, the writer searched the articles based on the decided topic. After an article was chosen, they were copied into Microsoft Word
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in order to count the length of the article. Once the article fulfilled the requirement set by the writer, having approximately 800-900 words, then it was saved into a folder.
The second step was reading the articles. It was done in order to match the content of the articles to the decided topics. While reading the articles, the nouns and also the noun phrases were also underlined to make ease for the next step.
The third step was classifying the determiners. In classifying the determiners, the articles were read once again to ensure that they matched the topics. This step was a crucial part of the research since classifying the determiners would answer the first and second research problems on kinds of determiners used in the articles and the possible deletion occurred in the articles.
In classifying the determiners, the theory from Close was employed. The writer made a checklist based on the definition of determiners and their division from Close. Below was the example of the checklist which was used to classify the determiners and the deletion.
Figure 3.1. Classification of Determiners
No. Noun/Noun Determiner Dele Phrase Identifiers Quantifiers tion Articles Dem Poss Nume Inde a/an the zero ral finit e
Total
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The figure above was the example of the table used as the checklist for the articles. The determiners a or an represented the indefinite articles, while the represented the definite article. In the figure, Zero refers to the zero article. Dem refers to demonstratives, while Poss refers to possessives. Then, there were the numeral and indefinite, which meant indefinite quantifiers. The last column was to check the possible deletion occurred in the news articles. Since the determiners had been identified in the second step, the process of classifying was meant to verify the identification while inputting the data into the tables.
The fourth process was re-reading through the articles. This process was done in order to verify that no determiners and no deletions were left out during the process. The last step was comparing the data. This step was also crucial for the study since it provided the answers for the third research problem on discovering the possible effects that might occur toward the determiner deletion occurrences in The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe and International New York
Times.
Below was the example of the full table of the classification of noun and noun phrases to find out the determiners used and also the possible deletion which occurred. The table below was taken from Appendix 3 which classified the determiners and the deletion from The Jakarta Post’s article on the sport topic.
No. Noun/Noun Determiner Dele Phrase Identifiers Quantifiers tion Articles Dem Pos Num Inde a/an the zero s eral finit e 1. Doctors √ 2. a grim √ assessment
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3. Michael √ Schumacher's head injuries 4. the Formula One √ 5. his skiing √ accident 6. the French Alps √ 7. a medically √ induced coma 8. his brain √ The table above was not complete. The complete analysis was presented in the appendix. This table presented the findings that the writer got during the process of classifying the data.
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CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter will explain about the analysis of the finding of the data.
Furthermore, it will also try to answer the research problems.
A. The Context of Determiner Deletion in The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta
Globe and International New York Times
In order to answer the first question about the context of determiner deletion in The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe and International New York
Times. The context in this study means the situation where the determiner deletion occurs. Related to this, the writer employed the theory from Close (1977), Yule
(2004) and Quirk et al (1985) to answer the first question.
Close (1977) mentions that determiners are divided into two, identifiers and quantifiers. The identifiers consist of articles, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Articles itself consist of the indefinite article a/an, the definite article the and the zero article. Demonstratives consist of this, that, these and those.
Meanwhile, possessive form of the personal pronouns consists of my, your, our, their, his, her, its, one’s. Quantifiers include numerals and indefinite quantifiers such as some, many, much. Based on this theory, the writer tried to make a table to find which determiners appeared the most in the news articles. Finding what determiners appeared the most is important since it would be used to find out which determiner often omitted to meet the newspaper writing style.
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Then, related to the first question that is finding the context of determiner deletion in the newspaper articles, the writer has selected the news articles. There are fifteen news articles which are used in this research. Each of them has 800-900 words length. The news articles are collected from three English-language newspapers which can be found in Indonesia, they are The Jakarta Post, The
Jakarta Globe and International New York Times. In choosing the articles, the writer has decided to have them under five different topics. The topics are sport, travel, entertainment, science-technology and health. Since there are three different newspapers and there are five topics, the writer chooses an article from each newspaper for one topic. Therefore, there are three different articles from three different newspapers for one topic, for example: for the health topic, there is one article taken from The Jakarta Globe, one article taken from The Jakarta Post and one taken from International New York Times. The articles are selected randomly. However, they should meet the requirement of the decided topics.
After choosing the articles, the classification of what determiners are used in the article is important. It is crucial to do since the writer needs to know which determiner used the most in the newspaper article. Afterwards, the findings can be used to identify the possible deletion of the determiner, which is the main focus of this research. As what have been stated in the previous chapter, in order to find out what determiners are used, a checklist is needed. The checklist is constructed based on Close’s theory of determiners. Then, after doing the research, here are the results of the classification.
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Table 4.1. Determiner Occurrence in Sport-themed Article in The Jakarta Globe,
The Jakarta Post and International New York Times
No Newspapers Determiner Deletion
Identifiers Quantifiers
1. The Jakarta Globe 131 6 13
2. The Jakarta Post 118 3 6
3. International New York Times 113 3 1
Total 462 12 20
From the first table, it can be seen that there are four hundred and seventy four determiners occurred in the news articles from The Jakarta Globe, The
Jakarta Post and International New York Times. Meanwhile, there are twenty deletions occur in those three newspapers. From the table as well, it can be seen that The Jakarta Globe has the most number of determiners but it also has the most number of the determiner deletion. There are one hundred and thirty one determiners and there are thirteen possible deletions in the sport-themed articles.
Table 4.2. Determiner Occurrence in Entertainment-themed Article in The Jakarta
Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times.
No Newspapers Determiner Deletion
Identifiers Quantifiers
1. The Jakarta Globe 109 2 4
2. The Jakarta Post 80 5 8
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3. International New York Times 109 9 1
Total 298 16 13
From the second table, it can be seen that there are three hundred and fourteen determiners occurred in The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and
International New York Times. The total number is divided into two hundred and ninety eight identifiers and sixteen quantifiers. Meanwhile, there are thirteen possible deletions occur in the three articles which have entertainment theme. The most deletion occurs in The Jakarta Post, whereas the least deletion occurs in
International New York Times. The Jakarta Globe and International New York
Times share the same number of determiner occurrences, while The Jakarta Post has the least number of determiner.
Table 4.3. Determiner Occurrence in Travel-themed Article in The Jakarta Globe,
The Jakarta Post and International New York Times.
No Newspapers Determiner Deletion
Identifiers Quantifiers
1. The Jakarta Globe 86 7 0
2. The Jakarta Post 103 8 2
3. International New York Times 92 6 1
Total 281 21 3
From the third table, it can be seen that the total number of determiner occurrences is three hundred and two. The number is divided into two hundred 47 PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
and eighty one identifiers and twenty-one quantifiers. The Jakarta Post has the most number determiner occurrences, while The Jakarta Globe has the least number of determiner. Unexpectedly, there are only five possible deletions occur in travel-themed articles. All of the deletions occur in The Jakarta Post.
From the three tables above, it means that there are already nine articles which are observed. Up to this point, the writer can see that the nine articles share the same important point on the occurrence of the determiner. The writer can observe that the identifiers occur more often than the quantifiers do.
Table 4.4. Determiner Occurrence in Science-technology-themed Article in The
Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times.
No Newspapers Determiner Deletion
Identifiers Quantifiers
1. The Jakarta Globe 67 2 0
2. The Jakarta Post 103 6 4
3. International New York Times 92 0 1
Total 262 8 5
For the science-technology-themed article, the writer noted that there are two hundred and seventy determiners occur. The number is divided into two hundred and sixty-two identifiers and eight quantifiers. The Jakarta Post has the most determiner occurrences, while The Jakarta Globe has the least determiner occurrences. The possible deletion occurs the most in The Jakarta Post. There are four possible deletions occur in The Jakarta Post.
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Table 4.5. Determiner Occurrence in Health-themed Article in The Jakarta Globe,
The Jakarta Post and International New York Times.
No Newspapers Determiner Deletion
Identifiers Quantifiers
1. The Jakarta Globe 79 2 0
2. The Jakarta Post 68 2 0
3. International New York Times 91 4 2
Total 238 8 2
From the fifth table, it can be seen that the total number of the determiner occurrences is two hundred and forty six. The total number consists of two hundred and eight identifiers and eight quantifiers. International New York Times has the most determiner occurrences whereas The Jakarta Post has the least determiner occurrences. There are only three possible deletion occurs and the deletions occur in International New York Times.
To this point, it can be seen that in writing news article identifiers are used more often than quantifiers are. Then, the identifiers that appear the most in the news article are the indefinite article a/n and the definite article the. However, between these two articles, the definite article the is used more than the indefinite article a/an. The proof can be seen in table 4.6. below.
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Table 4.6. The Details of Determiner Occurrences in article of The Jakarta Post,
The Jakarta Globe and International New York Times.
No Noun/Noun Determiner Dele Phrase Identifiers Quantifiers tion Articles Dem Poss Num Indefi a/a the zer eral nite n o 1. Sport-themed, 27 68 16 0 20 4 2 13 The Jakarta Globe 2. Sport-themed, 35 50 9 0 24 3 0 6 The Jakarta Post 3. Sport-themed, 25 55 5 5 23 1 2 1 International New York Times 4. entertainment- 32 39 8 6 23 1 1 4 themed, The Jakarta Globe 5. entertainment- 18 42 4 1 15 3 2 8 themed, The Jakarta Post 6. entertainment- 33 46 7 2 21 5 4 1 themed, International New York Times 7. travel-themed, 30 31 7 5 13 4 3 0 The Jakarta Globe 8. travel-themed, 25 55 6 12 5 4 4 2 The Jakarta Post 9. travel-themed, 31 39 9 4 9 3 3 1 International New York Times 10. Science- 25 26 4 3 9 2 0 0 technology- themed, The Jakarta Globe 11. Science- 17 22 0 2 15 4 2 4 technology- themed, The Jakarta Post 12. Science- 14 29 4 5 15 0 0 1 technology-
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themed, International New York Times 13. health-themed, 26 43 0 1 9 1 1 0 The Jakarta Globe 14. health-themed, 19 41 3 0 5 4 0 0 The Jakarta Post 15. health-themed, 25 39 0 2 25 1 3 2 International New York Times
From the table above, the highlight is the occurrence number of the definite article the and the indefinite article a/an. It can be seen that the definite article the appears the most compared to the indefinite article a/an and the other determiners. The writer also notices that the occurrence number of the definite article the is constant, starting from the first article up to the last article.
The possible reason for this is due to the function of definite article the as reference backward. As stated by Close (1971), one of the functions of definite article the is as a signal that identifies something is already said, for example: it has three arms: one camera arm and two instrument arms. The instrument arms have a “joint” system called the endowrist instrument which allows 520 degrees of rotation…( Appendix 17). In this example, the function the instruments arms there is to refer back to two instrument arms. Then, the endowrist instrument there is to refer back to a “joint” system.
Another possible reason to explain why the definite article appears more than indefinite article is due to the context when the writer is referring to the some object or person that the writer and the readers can identify in the environment which they share. Therefore, it can be said that once the writer considers that the
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readers share the same environment, the definite article will be preferred more than the indefinite article.
As what have discussed before, Yule (2004) also says that the indefinite article is often used with the first reference to an entity and classifying it. Whereas definite article is used with second or later references to the same entity and identifying it. Therefore, in an English text, the nature of the indefinite article is to introduce the new information. Then, the nature of the definite article is to present the information that the writer treats as currently known to the readers. It explains why the number of the definite article is more than the indefinite article because whenever news writers writes the articles, they will present the new information first to the readers then they give explanation by referring to given information.
After the research is done, the writer finds out that there are forty-three determiner deletions process happen in the fifteen articles. Out of those forty-three deletions, the most deletion occurs in sport-themed articles. In the sport-themed articles, there are twenty deletions, and it occurs the most in The Jakarta Globe’s article. The least deletions occur in International New York Times with one occurrence only.
In the entertainment-themed articles, there are total thirteen deletions. In this topic, the most deletion occurs in The Jakarta Post with eight deletions.
Meanwhile, the least deletion occurs in International New York Times with only one occurrence. The Jakarta Globe has only four deletions under this topic.
In the travel-themed articles, there are only three deletions in total. The deletion occurs only in The Jakarta Post. There are five deletion processes occur
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in The Jakarta Post. Meanwhile, in International New York Times and The
Jakarta Globe, the writer does not observe any deletion occurs.
In the science-technology themed articles, there are five deletion processes. The most deletion occurs in The Jakarta Post, with total four deletions.
The least deletion occurs in International New York Times, with one deletion only.
Meanwhile, in The Jakarta Globe, there are two deletion processes occur.
The last topic, the health topic, has the least deletions. There are only two deletions occur in the articles. The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe shares the same number with zero deletion. Meanwhile, there are three deletion processes occur in International New York Times.
The deletion processes happen the most because of the ellipsis process.
Ellipsis is the process of deleting determiner which occurs to the objects normally associated with each other. Close (1971) gives the example as in a knife and (a) fork, a cup and (a) saucer. The news writers also do this ellipsis process as one of the writing styles. Here are the examples of ellipsis process done by news writers of The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times.
Table 4.7. Examples of Determiner Deletion in Phrase Found in The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times No. Phrase Deleted Possible Phrase Without Determiner deletion 1 The better jumper and The better The better jumper and the better twister twister 2 His personal and His His personal and his political political 3 Schumacher's age and Schumacher’s Schumacher's age and fitness fitness 4 the circumstances and the the circumstances and the cause cause of the accident of the accident 5 the days and nights the the days and the nights
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From the examples above, it can be seen clearly that the ellipsis in the context of coordination phrase occurs. It means that when there are the same objects associated together, the process of determiner deletion occurs. In the first example, phrases the better is deleted before the word ‘twister’. The possible reason is because the writer does not want to make redundant expression since jumper and twister refer to the same person who was described as someone who is better in jumping and twisting.
In the second example, the deleted determiner is his which occurs before political reputation. The ellipsis happens because the news writer considers that political and personal reputation share the same association, which both owned by a person.
In the third example, the deleted determiner is possessive pronoun
Schumacher’s in the second phrase. The complete sentence should be
Schumacher’s age and Schumacher’s fitness. The possible reason why the determiner is deleted is because the ‘age’ and the ‘fitness’ in the sentence shares the same condition. Both of them refer to the same person, Schumacher.
Therefore, it is possible that the news writer wants to make the sentence efficient by deleting the determiner in the second phrase.
In the fourth example, the deleted determiner is the definite article the.
The article is possibly deleted because of the principle of deletion explained by
Close. Therefore, the in the second phrase is deleted because the news writer considers that ‘circumstance’ and ‘cause’ of the accident share the same condition. The condition is that they need to be determined as the goal. In the fifth
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example, the deleted determiner is also the definite article the. It is possible deleted since both ‘days’ and ‘nights’ are normally associated each other since both of them are time of the day. The examples of deletion processes show that the process of ellipsis does occur in a real text. In the newspaper article, in this case the ones taken from online sources, ellipsis becomes a writing style which is used by the news writers.
Another interesting deletion, which is proposed by Bell and Quirk et al, also occurs in the news article. Bell (1991) proposed a special deletion which can bring a new title a person, for example the Neighbour star Kylie Minogue
Neighbour star Kylie Minogue. It is also supported by Quirk et al, according to
Quirk et al (1985), the news-article writers also do the ellipsis process as one of the writing style. However, the ellipsis process done by the news-article writers create a unique role or task in appositional name phrase. The term of this journalistic style is known as ‘Timestyle’ (Quirk et al, 1985: 276).
Related to deletion in appositional name phrase, the writer finds that there are twenty examples of appositional name phrase from the fifteen articles. The examples are presented in the table below.
Table 4.8. The List of Appositional Name Phrase Found in The Jakarta Post, The
Jakarta Globe and International New York Times
No. Sentences 1. American snowboarder Shaun White 2. American Bill Demong 3. Silver medallist Tajana Huefner 4. Teenager Dara Howell 5. Freestyle skiing pioneer Sarah Burke 6. President Vladimir Putin
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7. Russian Olga Fatkulina 8. Former goaltending great Vladislv Tretyak 9. Company President Luca di Montezemolo 10. Race team leader Stefano Domenicali 11. Former Ferrari teammate Felipe Massa 12 British former F1 champion Jenson Button 13. Coach Jose Mourinho 14. Indonesian photographer Christina Phan, or Yaya 15. composer Erwin Gutawa 16. young gamelan orchestra singer Woro Mustiko Siwi 17. noted filmmaker Riri Riza 18. political observer J. Kristiadi 19. human rights activist Usman Hamid 20. Indonesian artists Basoeki Abdullah
In the examples above, the pattern that Bell (1991) and Quirk et al (1985) have proposed, occurs in the articles. In the first example, American snowboarder
Shaun White misses the determiner the. Without having definite article, American
Snowboarder now becomes a title and share the same position as President,
Professor. The examples above also prove Jucker’s argument on determiner deletion in noun phrase name apposition. As what Jucker (1992) explains that the deletion of determiner is possible to happen when the noun phrase name apposition is restrictive. Restrictive means in the apposition there is no comma.
The examples above fulfil the requirement to have the determiner deletion since all of the examples are restrictive apposition. Therefore, due to deletion in the apposition, it raises title that Jucker says as ‘title-like quality to all kinds of everyday nouns used to refer to people’s role in society’ (Jucker, 1992: 212).
Then, the deletion in the noun-phrase name apposition that the writer has found in this research raises twenty title-liked qualities, as what have been presented above. The new titles that are brought by the newspaper imply
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uniqueness and the label may stick to the person (Bell, 1991: 196). Therefore, whenever people talk about Andy F. Noya, then people remember that he is a journalist and talk show host. Whenever people talk about Shaun White, then people remember that he is an American snowboarder.
Therefore, based on the explanations above, the answer of the first question can be elicited. Related to the context of the determiner deletion, the writer found out that deletions happen in the context of coordination phrases where there are two objects can be associated together. It corresponds to the explanation on the ellipsis process proposed by Close (1977). In the noun phrase, the determiner is deleted whenever the objects can be associated under the same category. This ellipsis process leads to another possible context of having determiner deletion. It is the economisation factor. Deleting the determiners may become an option for journalists in order to save spaces in writing news article, especially for the web articles, which become the object of this study. When journalists write an article for the news web site, besides considering the article itself, they should consider other aspects such as hyperlink to the related news, pictures and advertisements. Therefore, whenever they write the news articles, they need to consider the space they have for the news articles. Then, the available space is related to the number of characters they should have in writing the news.
When the journalists have to cover all the important information in the available space, deleting the determiner may become the possible style to save the space. It is supported by Quirk et al (1985: 900), who said that determiner, which has a low information style in written style, is often omitted through the proses of ellipsis.
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Then, related to the determiner deletion which raises new titles, it happens in the context of journalistic style known as ‘Timestyle’ (Quirk et al,
1985: 276). According to Quirk et al, the name ‘Timestyle’ is derived from its association with Time magazine, which is a very well-known magazine in
America. In the ‘Timestyle’, the article is generally omitted in the restrictive apposition, for example FBI Chief J. Edgar Hoover and Chelsea centre-forward
Milton Smith. According to Quirk et al, the appositional noun phrase is indicating a unique role or task. Then, from the research result, it can be seen that The
Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe, and International New York Times also have similar appositional noun phrases which are the result of the determiner deletions.
It is understandable if International New York Times does ‘Timestyle’ since they come from the same country which probable means that the journalists there share the same standard of newswriting style. However, the ‘Timestyle’ is also found in
The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe. Therefore, it shows that the ‘Timestyle’ is also followed by Indonesian journalists. It shows that the newspaper writing style in Indonesia tries to follow the ‘standard’ writing style.
When other journalists follow ‘Timestyle’, there will be a lot of unique role or task which can be promoted. Therefore, there will be many titles which will have similar status to the existing titles which indicate royalty (eg: Queen), or the titles which indicate political, clerical or judicial office (eg: President). From the research result, there are several new titles which can be promoted as unique roles or task. American snowboarder, race team leader, silver medallist, former
Ferrari teammate, British former F1 champion can be promoted as titles which indicate activity in sport. Then, Indonesian photographer, Journalist, talk-show
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host, young gamelan orchestra singer, noted filmmaker can be promoted as titles which indicate well-known job.
Then, from the explanations above, it can be said that there are three contexts where determiner deletions may happen. First, it is in coordination phrases where there are two objects share the same categories. Second, determiner deletion may happen due to the economization factor. At last, determiner deletion may happen because the journalists follow the ‘Timestyle’ journalistic style writing.
B. The Possible Effects of the Deletion
Out of forty-three cases of determiner deletion occurring in fifteen articles used in this study, there are two effects which can be concluded. The analysis of the results is presented in the table below.
Table 4.9. The Effects of Determiner Deletion in The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta
Globe and International New York Times
No. Effect Number Example
Occurence Percentage
1. The promotion of 20 46.5% Coach Jose name expression into Mourinho status 2. The increase of 23 53.5% his personal and newsworthiness of the political articles and the reputation newspapers Total 43 100%
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The first effect is the promotion of name expressions into status similar to title such as ‘President,’ ‘Doctor,’ ‘Lady,’ and many other. For the first effect, there are twenty name phrase appositions out of forty-three determiner deletion cases. These twenty cases are related to the ‘Timestyle’ apposition name phrase writing style. As what Quirk et al (1985) say that ‘Timestyle’ promotes the use of appositional name phrase as a characteristic of the journalistic style. Since this kind writing style is adopted by Time magazine, which is a well-known American magazine, it has more possibility to be adopted by other journalists. The possibility to be a standard writing style which promotes appositional name phrase is proved by the twenty new titles found in The Jakarta Globe and The
Jakarta Post. This also may proves that the Indonesian news writers try to make their writing in English flawless by following ‘Timestyle.’ Besides, these new titles may promote additional title categories to the existing titles which indicate royalty (Queen), rank of nobility (Lord, Lady), military rank (major, inspector) or academic or professional status (doctor, judge). From the twenty appositional name phrases presented in the table above, there are some titles which can be promoted into new title categories. The first title category includes apposition name phrases which indicate activity in sport (freestyle skiing pioneer, race team leader, coach, British former F1 champion, former Ferrari teammate, former goaltending great, silver medallist). The second titles category includes those which indicate well-known or noticeable job (human right activist, Indonesian artist, political observer, young gamelan orchestra singer, composer, Indonesian photographer). The third title category includes those which indicate nationality
(American, Russian). Then, there is a new title which can be added to title
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category which indicates political, clerical or judicial office, it is First Lady.
These new variations of title category may get acknowledgement as new categories in grammar and writing style.
The second effect of the determiner deletion is the increase of newsworthiness of the articles and also the newspapers. “If determiner deletion is not done excessively, it can show that the text of a news exhibits ‘clarity, brevity and colour’ and if the language is ‘crisp’ and ‘tight’, its newsworthiness will be enhanced” (Ljung, 2002: 188). Based on the research results, there are forty-three deletion cases which happen in two context, noun phrases and appositional noun phrases. Out of these forty-three deletions, thirty-nine deletions occur in The
Jakarta Globe and The Jakarta Post. The other nine deletions occur in
International New York Times. Therefore, it has some indications related to the newsworthiness. In the case of the two Indonesian English-language newspapers,
The Jakarta Post has almost the same number of deletions as The Jakarta Globe.
Though The Jakarta Post has been published for some time, while The Jakarta
Globe can be categorized as new English-language newspapers, these two newspapers try hard to maintain their reputation. Having English as their publication language, means that these two newspapers are aimed to readers who can understand English well. Therefore, the newspaper are meant for foreigners who stay in Indonesia and also Indonesian readers who have good English mastery. Related to Ljung’s theory, the news editors and the news writers of The
Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe do not delete many determiners in order to maintain their reputation as reliable and trustworthy newspapers in Indonesia. It can be seen as well from International New York Times, which has one to three
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deletions in every article. International New York Times itself has been known to be one of the top three largest newspapers in the United States along with The
Wall Street Journal and USA Today.
The increase of newsworthiness of the articles and the newspaper because of determiner deletion is also possible to relate to the effectiveness and the economical of space. Both The Jakarta Post and also The Jakarta Globe has already had the printed edition newspapers. However, both of them also have the online websites which are associated with the printed newspaper. Therefore, The
Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe are the types of newspapers which combine the print and online operations, and the online newspaper usually carries photos and videos (Dominick, 2010: 121). Then, according to Dominick, determiner deletion possibly happens in the online newspaper due to its being economical to the site since there are photos or videos needed to be attached. It could happen since the deletions reduce the number of the words and it will provide more spaces for the hyperlinks and the attached videos and photographs. This is also related to the fact of the nature of newspaper which is governed by time and space. Journalists have to fulfil the required space of writing. Having ellipsis, especially omitting the determiner, is one of the ways that journalists can do to save the space. Therefore, determiner deletion can be promoted as a new writing style to maximize the available space.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is the conclusion part which summarizes the result of the study. The second is the suggestion part which gives several appropriate suggestions.
A. Conclusions
The study of style in a text always finds the distinctive features in a text and also finds out about the purpose and the effect of those distinctive features.
Determiner deletions is one of the distinctive features which can be found in a text especially in the newspaper. News writers often break the rules to omit the determiners due to the effectiveness in writing the article.
Related to the number of determiners, the number of identifier occurrences in the news articles is more than the number of quantifiers. Among the identifiers, the definite article the is used the most, compared to the indefinite article, the zero article, the possessive and also the demonstratives. Comparing the definite article and also the indefinite article, the definite article appears more due to its nature in
English as to represent given information. While, the indefinite article is used to introduce the new information. Therefore, in a news report or a news article, the indefinite article only occurs at the beginning when the news writers need to introduce the event. Then as the report continues, the definite article is used more often because there is already given information (Yule, 2004: 39).
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The deletion in the newspaper may happen in two contexts. The first context is the coordination phrase. News writers tend to eliminate the determiners whenever they have to connect two objects which share the same association. The second context is the apposition name phrase. News writers also delete the determiner on apposition of person noun phrase. This process may bring an effect named title given (Bell, 1991). Since the title-given is unique, it may stick to the person. Therefore, the media, in this case the newspapers, plays important role to create such title which Jucker (1992) says taken from everyday nouns which refer to people’s role in society. Therefore, titles such as human right activist, noted filmmaker, neighbour star, may become exclusive and unique.
There are two effects which are caused by the deletion, such as being economical and having a good reputation and the promotion of new ‘status’.
Being economical is related to the space and number of characters which are required in writing an online article. By deleting the determiner, news writers can save the space, especially in the online newspaper. Space is very valuable since it can be filled in with a hyperlink to a video or it may be used for advertisements.
However, news writers should be careful in deleting the determiner. Since the deletion of determiner may affect the reputation of the newspapers. A good reputation will be achieved by newspaper which has less deletion in the article.
This is a contradictory to the fact that deletion in noun phrase name apposition has become a relatively recent format in newspaper style writing. Therefore, news writers who are able to perform this may prove the flawless in writing and to enhance the ‘tight’ and also the ‘crisp’ of the language (Ljung, 2002: 188). New title such as coach, gamelan singer can be promoted into new status similar to
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‘President’ due to the determiner deletion in name phrase apposition. However, it is the uniqueness of newspaper writing style called the ‘Timestyle,’ which is started by Time magazine (Quirk et al, 1985: 276). If, there are more journalist using ‘Timestyle’, then there will be more new ‘titles’ created by the journalists.
B. Suggestions
As a distinctive feature in the news article, determiners play important roles. In a text, determiners are used to express the reference of a noun or a noun phrase in the context. However, they are often omitted in writing. In the case of news article writing, determiner deletion is often done by news writers. Therefore, having known the result of the study, there are two suggestions which can be given.
The first is that further study on news-writing style is expected to be developed more based on this research. Determiner is only one of the features in news article. There are many more features which can be investigated under the stylistic features. The data from this research can also be used to investigate similar research in other newspapers. Fellow researchers may also develop a research on the articles, especially the definite and indefinite article. Further researchers may conduct a research on the occurrence of the articles in a newspaper and relate it with the nature of the articles as a mark of new information and a mark of given information.
The second suggestion is for news writers of English-language newspapers published in Indonesia. The result of the study may become an insight for them when they are writing news. It may be used as well to improve their skill
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in writing English-language articles. Writing in English is complicated for most
Indonesians because English is not practiced as their daily language. Moreover, the news writers are required to write good English news since it will be read by many people, especially foreigners and also Indonesian people who master
English well. These people may criticize the newspapers if they find errors in the writing style.
The insight on how to employ determiner deletion may help the news writers to write a more ‘English’ news although it is written by local news writers, since it has become relatively recent format in writing the news. Flawless writing style is needed if the newspapers want to gain a good reputation from the readers.
However, there are another point which makes the newspaper more reliable for example: trustworthiness of the news content.
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REFERENCES
Abbas, Nawal Fadhil and Sarab Kadir Mugair. 2012. Elliptical Analysis between Linguistic Economy and Attention Focus. Language in India. Vol. 12. 46- 59. Andersen, Sarah. 2012. Appositives. Retrieved from the World Wide Web http://www.sjsu.edu/writingcenter/docs/Appositives.pdf. Accesed on July 23, 2014. Ayodele, Olumuyiwa. 1988. African Print Media Misuse of The English Definite Article ‘The’: A Content Analysis of Seven Nigerian Newspapers’ Lead Items in African Media Review Vol. 2 No.3. Retrieved from http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/africa%20medi a%20review/vol2no3/jamr002003007.pdf. Bell, Allan. 1991. The Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell. Bell, Allan. 2011. Leaving Home: De-europeanisation in a post-colonial variety of broadcast news language. Standard Languages and Language Standards in a Changing Europe. Oslo, Norway: Novus, 177-198. Celce-Murcia, Marianne and Diane Larsen-Freeman. 1999. The Grammar Book: An ESL/EFL Teacher’s Course. 2nd ed. Boston: Heinle & Heinle. Close, R.A. 1977. A Reference Grammar for Students of English. London: Longman Group Limited. Crystal, David. 2006. Language and the Internet. New York: Cambridge University Press. Dominick, Joseph.R. 2010. The Dynamics of Mass Communication. 10th ed. New York: McGraw Hill. Hewings, Ann and Martin Hewings. 2005. Grammar and Context: An Advanced Resource Book. Hove: Psychology Press. Holmes, Janet. 2001. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Itule, Bruce.D and Douglas A. Anderson. 1999. News Writing and Reporting for Today’s Media. New York: McGraw Hill. Jeffries, Lesley and Dan McIntyre. 2010. Stylistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jucker, Andreas. H. 1992. Social Stylistics: Syntactic Variation in British Newspapers. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
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Lauder, Allan. 2008. The Status and Function of English in Indonesia: A Review of Key Factors. Leech, Geoffrey N. and Michael H. Short. 1981. Style in Fiction. London: Longman. Ljung, Magnus. 2002. What vocabulary tells us about genre differences: A Study of lexis in five newspaper genres. Language and Computers: Studies in Practicl Linguistics. No. 40. 181. McQuail, D. 1994. Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage. O’ Keefe. Anna. ND. The Media. Retrieved from The World Wide Web http://dspace.mic.ul.ie/bitstream/10395/1717/2/O'Keeffe,%20A.(2011),%2 0'The%20Media'(Book%20Chapter). PDF. Accessed on July 25, 2014. Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman. Ryden, Mats. 1975. Noun Name Collocations in British English Newspaper Language. Studia Neophilogica 47/1: 14-39. Verdonk, Peter. 2002. Stylistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wales, Katie. 2001. A Dictionary of Stylistics. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Yule, George. 2004. Explaining English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://www.thejakartapost.com/ http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/ http://international.nytimes.com/ http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0073526142/363043/Chapter3a.pdf http://kelab.tamu.edu/spb_encyclopedia/data/Inverted%20pyramid%20story%20f ormat.pdf
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Appendix 1: Sport-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times Snowboard Star White Misses Medal, Mild Weather a Worry American snowboarder Shaun White, one of biggest draws at the Winter Olympics and favorite to win his third straight halfpipe title, bowed out without a medal on Tuesday in the biggest upset of the Games so far. The 27-year-old was criticized for withdrawing from the slopestyle event to avoid risk of injury and the strategy backfired when Switzerland’s Iouri Podladtchikov was comfortably the better jumper and twister in the floodlit final. “I am disappointed,” White said after the event. “I hate the fact that I nailed it in practice, but it happens. It’s hard to be consistent.” The drama unfolded while the women ski jumpers fought it out for the first-ever Olympic medals, after campaigning for 13 years to be included alongside the men. Germany’s Carina Vogt collapsed in tears, then was mobbed by jubilant team mates, when her narrow win was confirmed following a tense wait at the bottom of the hill. That brought to a close the fourth day of thrilling competition at the February 7-23 Games, with most of the action set among the peaks of the Caucasus Mountains. Mild temperatures left many competitors complaining about poor snow conditions, and the number of tumbles across disciplines ranging from cross- country to freestyle skiing slopestyle appeared to back them up. The final training session for Wednesday’s women’s downhill was canceled due to the conditions, and ahead of the Nordic Combined competition on the same day, American Bill Demong said of the snow: “It’s not even slushy, it’s just mushy.” Temperatures are expected to rise to at least 15C (59 Fahrenheit) later this week, potentially posing more problems. Darya Domracheva gave her rivals no chance as she powered to victory in biathlon’s 10km pursuit, becoming the first woman to win a Winter Olympic gold for Belarus. Germany’s Natalie Geisenberger was as dominant in securing victory in the women’s luge, but in a rare display of discord, compatriot and silver medalist Tatjana Huefner said the winner was favored by her federation.
*) yellow shaded parts are appositional name phrases *) blue shaded parts are the phrases with determiners
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Appendix 1: Sport-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times Teenager Dara Howell of Canada won the inaugural women’s freestyle skiing slopestyle. Several skiers crashed out spectacularly, including Howell’s compatriot Yuki Tsubota, who suffered a suspected broken jaw when falling heavily in the final. Howell paid tribute to freestyle skiing pioneer Sarah Burke, who died in a training accident in January 2012. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) earlier banned athletes from wearing stickers in her memory. “She was such an inspiration to me and everyone else in free skiing, I just think that she would be so proud and happy,” said Howell. “It’s truly an honor.” It was Canada’s fourth gold of the Games but they trailed in the overall table after Norway won both the men and women’s cross-country sprints. Russia lingered in seventh position with a solitary gold, three silver and three bronze medals. The hosts are desperate to improve on their woeful performance at the last Winter Olympics in Vancouver when just three gold medals left them ranked 11th. President Vladimir Putin has staked his personal and political reputation on holding a successful Games, and sporting glory would go a long way to convincing his countrymen that the project’s huge price tag was worth it. Back in Sochi, Russian Olga Fatkulina came close to an upset in the 500 meters speed skating, but the overwhelming favorite and world record holder, South Korea’s Lee Sang-hwa, retained her title and left an army of home supporters in the Adler Arena crestfallen. The Olympic title coveted more than any other in Russia would be the men’s ice hockey. The Russians, Canadians and Americans were all paraded before the world’s media on Tuesday, whipping up a frenzy of anticipation before a single puck had been shot. “I participated in four Olympic Games and I don’t remember such an interest in ice hockey players,” former goaltending great Vladislav Tretyak, now president of the Russian Ice Hockey Federation, told reporters. Attention was already turning to Saturday’s mouth-watering clash between the United States and Russia. *) yellow shaded parts are appositional name phrases *) blue shaded parts are the phrases with determiners
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Appendix 1: Sport-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times That game will bring back memories of the “miracle on ice” at Lake Placid in 1980 when a U.S. team made up of amateur and college players, stunned the dominant Soviets, who had won five of the previous six Olympic titles. The Sochi Games have cost an estimated $51 billion, making them the most expensive Olympics ever, although that figure has been questioned and would anyway include long term infrastructure projects in the region. The buildup to the Games was overshadowed by threats of militant violence, an international outcry over a contentious “anti-gay propaganda” law and allegations of widespread corruption and profligacy. Once they got underway that hostility quickly evaporated, although a militant Islamist group has urged followers to pray for an earthquake in Sochi during the Olympics to avenge Muslims who died there fighting “Russian infidels”. “We know how the Russian infidels – those who we have been fighting for centuries in the Caucasus – have become arrogant and decided to hold the Satanic Games on the ground of the companions who brought Islam,” said an appeal from a local branch of the militant group Caucasus Emirate. “May Allah give the infidels in Sochi the last earthquake of their lives,” it said. On a more positive note, the International Olympic Committee lifted a ban on the Indian Olympic Association, which was suspended when a corruption-tainted official was voted in as secretary general in 2012. It means that the three Indian athletes in Sochi who marched under the Olympic banner in the opening ceremony will carry their own flag at the closing event. The Jakarta Globe
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Appendix 2: Sport-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times Doctors give no prognosis for Michael Schumacher Doctors offered a grim assessment of Michael Schumacher's head injuries Monday, providing no prognosis for the Formula One driving great after his skiing accident in the French Alps. Schumacher has been placed in a medically induced coma to relieve pressure on his brain, which suffered bruising and bleeding when the retired seven-time world champion fell and struck a rock Sunday while skiing during a family vacation. "We cannot predict the future for Michael Schumacher," Dr. Jean-Francois Payen, the doctor in charge of Grenoble University Hospital's intensive care unit, said at a news conference. "He is in a critical state in terms of cerebral resuscitation," said Payen, the chief anaesthesiologist treating the 44-year-old German driver. "We are working hour by hour." Schumacher's wife, Corinna, daughter Gina Maria and son Mick were at his bedside. "The family is not doing very well, obviously. They are shocked," his manager, Sabine Kehm, told reporters. Schumacher earned universal admiration for his uncommon driving talent, which led to a record 91 race wins. His single-minded dedication to victory sometimes meant he was denied the same affection during his career that he received Monday. Schumacher "gave the image of someone indestructible, powerful," France's four- time F1 champion Alain Prost said on iTele TV channel. "It's a banal accident compared to what he's done in the past. It's just a dumb thing that ended badly." Schumacher and his 14-year-old son were skiing Sunday morning in the French Alpine resort of Meribel, where the family has a chalet. He fell and hit the right side of his head on a rock. By wearing a helmet, Schumacher had given himself a chance of survival, Payen said, though the protection was not enough to prevent serious injury. Gerard Saillant, a trauma surgeon who operated on Schumacher when he broke his leg in a 1999 race crash, was at the hospital as a visitor. He told reporters that Schumacher's age and fitness should work in his favor.
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Appendix 2: Sport-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times Schumacher, who turns 45 on Friday, retired from the track for the second time only last year, after a three-season comeback. Still, the hospital's neurology team, which is recognized as among the best in France, was cautious about Schumacher's prospects. Doctors lowered his body temperature to between 34 and 35 degrees Celsius (93.2 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit) as part of the coma, which essentially rests the brain, slowing its metabolism to help reduce inflammation after an injury. The hospital, in a city that is the gateway to the French Alps, sees a large number of skiing accidents every year. Schumacher has been seriously hurt before. In addition to the broken leg in a crash at the 1999 British Grand Prix, he also suffered neck and spine injuries after a motorcycle accident in 2009 in Spain. An expert skier, Schumacher fell in a section of trails that slice down through a vast and, in parts, very steep snowfield. Although challenging, the snowfield is not extreme skiing. The runs are broad and neatly tended, and the ungroomed area in between — where the resort said Schumacher was found — is free of trees. "He was in the deep snow. But it was not an off-piste track," Kehm said, suggesting Schumacher had not taken undue risks. "They were skiing on pistes, but in the moment that it (the accident) happened, it was not on the piste." Meribel resort officials said Schumacher was conscious when first responders arrived, although agitated and in shock. After the fall, Payen said Monday, Schumacher was not in a "normal state of consciousness." He did not respond to questions, and his limbs appeared to move involuntarily, the doctor said. He was airlifted to a local hospital and then later brought to Grenoble. Doctors said that stopover was typical and did not affect his condition. The French prosecutor in Albertville has opened an investigation into the accident, according to the Mountain Gendarmerie in Bourg-Saint-Maurice. The goal is to determine the circumstances and cause of the accident.
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Appendix 2: Sport-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times Formula One drivers and fans rushed to wish Schumacher a quick recovery. "Like millions of Germans, the chancellor and members of the government were extremely dismayed when they heard about Michael Schumacher's serious skiing accident," German Chancellor Angela Merkel's spokesman, Steffen Seibert, said in Berlin. Sebastian Vettel, the Formula One racer for whom Schumacher was a boyhood idol, told German news agency dpa: "I am shocked and hope that he will get better as soon as possible." Ferrari, which Schumacher raced for, also expressed its concern. Company President Luca di Montezemolo and race team leader Stefano Domenicali were in contact with the family, the company said in a statement. Former Ferrari teammate Felipe Massa, who himself recovered from life- threatening head injuries at the Hungarian Grand Prix in 2009, wrote on Instagram: "I am praying for you my brother!! I hope you have a quick recovery!! God bless you, Michael." British former F1 champion Jenson Button posted that "Michael more than anyone has the strength to pull through this." Some fans gathered outside the hospital Monday. Nuravil Raimbekov, a student from Kyrgyzstan who is studying in Grenoble, said Schumacher has been an inspiration to him. "I'm worried, of course ... But I still hope, and I will pray for him," he said. During his career, Schumacher set an array of Formula One records. After initial success with the Benetton team, winning his first two championships in 1994 and 1995, Schumacher moved to Ferrari. There, he helped turn the storied Italian team into the sport's dominant force. After initially retiring in 2006, he made a comeback in 2010 and raced for three years with Mercedes.
The Jakarta Post
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Appendix 3: Sport-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times A Return to the Good Old Days for Liverpool LONDON — Not since 1990 has Liverpool’s stadium been known as Fortress Anfield. The stadium has barely changed since then, and the 44,000 fans who feed off hope are still there every match day. But now, with a side too young to have witnessed the days and nights when Liverpool regularly stormed European soccer, there is reason to believe that the good times can come again. On Saturday, Liverpool knocked Arsenal off the top of the Premier League. It was a sacking rather than a mere victory. The Liverpool coach, Brendan Rodgers, had asked his side for intensity, great vigor and relentless attacking and not to let Arsenal settle into its own serene passing rhythm. The start was as overwhelming as the rains that keep battering England. Four times within the first 20 minutes, Liverpool had penetrated Arsenal’s defenses, and the eventual 5-1 final score was almost a reprieve for Arsenal’s overwhelmed defense. The key was youth and exuberance, aided and abetted by some woefully slow, surprisingly negligent Arsenal defending. The first two goals, following a free kick and a corner kick, were both scored by Martin Skrtel, the big, powerful Slovak who is built for defending. The next two, still within the opening 20 minutes, were finished off by fleet-footed English players, Raheem Sterling and Daniel Sturridge. And shortly after halftime, young Sterling outran the Arsenal central defense yet again to make it five goals. Arsenal was simply blown away. The attacks abated before the storm did, but that was more because Liverpool seemed satisfied with its own supremacy. Many on this Liverpool team — along with many of the supporters in the stadium — were not even born the last time the red tide was in such flow. Sterling is just 19, and Liverpool’s last English championship was in 1990. Philippe Coutinho, the architect of so many of Liverpool’s moves, is a 21-year-old from Rio de Janeiro whose slight built is outweighed by his sleight-of-foot passes.
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Appendix 3: Sport-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times Yet, even in the English game, which is still more physical than most around the world, this young Brazilian stands out. He is barely 5-foot-7, but what does physical stature matter when the brain, the eye and the feet can turn midfield into a goal-scoring opportunity at a single stroke? Coutinho’s pass for the Sturridge goal was struck — no, caressed — from the halfway line. It divided Per Mertesacker and Laurent Koscielny, the big German and the swift Frenchman who have been quite effective this season in Arsenal’s defense. And Sturridge, a Chelsea reject, was so fleet of foot, and so sure of his finish with the left foot, that the Arsenal keeper Wojciech Szczesny might as well have stayed in London and not made the journey north for this encounter. Poor Szczesny. He is having his best season, and he pulled off a magnificent two- handed save to prevent a cunning free kick by Luis Suárez from entering the top corner of his net. However, before Christmas, Arsenal conceded six goals in a loss to Manchester City, just down the road from Liverpool, and now it was giving up five. The consolation of a penalty goal for Arsenal’s Mikel Arteta came too late, and it was far too little to paper over the cracks for Arsenal’s nondefense. “Congratulations to Liverpool,” the Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger said in his televised postgame press conference. “They played very well, but the performance from us was not acceptable. “It raises some questions. We were caught many times, and we were a bit naïve defensively. Every acceleration from Liverpool seemed deadly for us. We have to make sure it doesn’t happen again.” Indeed they must, because next Sunday the teams meet again in the fifth round of the F.A. Cup, at Arsenal’s Emirates Stadium. This is how February has become for the Gunners of North London. They have to work out how to counter Liverpool’s quicksilver counterattacks within a week, but before that Arsenal meets Manchester United in a league match on Wednesday. And a week after that, Arsenal hosts Bayern Munich, the European champion, in the Champions League.
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Appendix 3: Sport-themed articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times The defensive instability could not have come at a worse time, and Arsenal’s own stylish attacking game has been disrupted by injuries to Aaron Ramsey and Theo Walcott, and to a loss of form, an apparent tiring both mentally and physically, by Mesut Ozil. Ozil’s physical stamina was often questioned by Coach José Mourinho, who substituted the playmaker before most games ended last season when both were employed by Real Madrid. Both have moved on to England, Ozil to a faster and physically more demanding league, and Mourinho back to Chelsea. And it is Chelsea, despite Mourinho’s insistence that it cannot win the Premier League this season, that is now in the top spot. After mastering Manchester City last Monday, Chelsea devoured Newcastle United 3-0 in London on Saturday. Eden Hazard, the Belgian who can do no wrong on a soccer field at the moment, scored all three and took home the match ball. Swift, superbly balanced, and single-minded, Hazard is one of the Belgians tipped by many to excel at the World Cup in Brazil. Right now, the tournament seems a world away. Hazard, just 23, is Chelsea’s star by a distance. He revives memories of the way that the Dutch winger, Arjen Robben, danced his way to match-defining performances during Mourinho’s first spell in charge of Chelsea. Maybe Robben had more tricks. But when Hazard cuts in from his wing, his finish comes with such calm deadliness. The Belgian is, in short, everything that Mourinho wants — a game winner who buys in to his work ethic. International New York Times
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Appendix 4: Entertainment-themed News Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. Our Soulmates, Our Selves A common saying in Indonesia — “ kalau jodoh, mukanya mirip” — implies that your significant other will most likely be your soulmate if your faces show similar features. This notion is by no means exclusive to Indonesia alone. In fact, scientific research has shown that couples began to resemble one another the longer they have been together. Based on this observation, Indonesian photographer Christina Phan, or Yaya, as she is usually referred to, has created a photo series that is now exhibited in her first solo exhibition called “Eksposisi Satu,” currently on display at Marsio Fine Art Gallery in Menteng until Friday. “I like to see little things, for instance, I find it very interesting how each member of a family can have the same-shaped mouth; or how the gestures of a mother and a daughter can be so similar,” she said. “When it comes to love, people often say that we are looking for someone who is not too different from ourselves, somebody who is compatible,” Yaya added. The scientific side supports the argument that there is an adjustment process among couples that reflect in their faces, she explained. For her exhibition, Yaya took portraits of 26 couples; she then merged the two halves of their faces to become one in a montage. The results were surprising: in some cases, the couples look so alike that it is almost eerie. Sure, the male half of the face may have stubble, while the female side has trimmed eyebrows but the essence, sometimes maybe just the look in their eyes, is the same — those of soulmates. It is especially interesting that an interracial couple — an Indonesian man from Malang and his French wife — have the exact same nose, jawline and teeth. “It’s amazing how two people from such different parts of the world can look so alike. When I was working on the project and put together the faces, I sometimes was almost scared because they looked so similar,” Yaya said. Some of the couples are good friends of hers while others have been references. The process of taking photos was a great experience for her, she says. “I could see firsthand how different couples interact with each other,” Yaya explained. “I also hope that for the couples, this project was a good reflection on themselves, as they had to revisit the theme of soulmates. When they saw the results, many of them were surprised too at how similar they actually looked.”
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Appendix 4: Entertainment-themed News Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. It took Yaya quite some time to reach this point in life. As a young girl, she used to spend hours drawing, paying attention to the smallest details in her pictures. Years later, she caught a TV show that highlighted the behind-the-scenes work of a movie — and she was hooked. “I thought, that this is what I wanted to do; I never wanted to become a film director, but the director of photography,” she said. “I was amazed by what they do: they decide on the composition of a scene, the angle, the color, the lighting, they know how to set the mood.” Although she was keen to learn more about film and art, Yaya studied marketing at Atma Jaya University, following her parents’ wishes. “At that time, photography was not a well-developed field yet, so my parents didn’t allow me to follow my passion,” she recalled. “My dad was a businessman, and he was worried that I couldn’t earn any money if I was to follow the wrong path.” But her heart wasn’t in it. Whenever she could, Yaya dedicated her free time volunteering at film festivals, in order to set up a network for herself. At the same time, at Atma Jaya, she enrolled in a photography class. “There wasn’t any drama class, so I took photography instead because it was the closest to what I wanted,” she said. It wasn’t exactly filmmaking, but it seemed that Yaya had found her true calling. “While in films, the picture is always moving, in photography we have to capture one single moment, and the picture speaks for itself. In a movie, a message is conveyed through a scene.” After she had learned the basics and went photo hunting throughout the whole city, Yaya found herself most interested in shooting people, but it was still only a hobby. Following graduation from university, she first worked as a radio reporter and producer, and later, as photographer for several magazines, mainly for fashion spreads. However, a sense of restlessness and her free-spirited nature didn’t allow Yaya to stay for a long time at the same place — except the last magazine where she worked, DestinAsian, for whom she was as a photographer for six years. “I learned a lot there,” she said, but in the end, she decided strike out as a freelancer. It was her first dream come true, she said, while the second one was to have a solo exhibition. She was part of several group exhibitions before, including one in November 2011 titled “Mata Perempuan” (The Eyes of Women), that showcased the works of women photographers and was curated by Firman Ichsan, who Yaya names as one of her most important mentors.
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Appendix 4: Entertainment-themed News Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. “He taught me that in my work, I have to be honest and be able to open up,” she said. “The energy you are feeling at the time you are doing a project needs to be visible in your work.” It wasn’t easy for her at first to lay bare her soul in her photographs, but in the end, she said, it helped her a great deal — for “Mata Perempuan,” she contributed a series of photographs that showed herself crying; a direct result of a bad breakup. Her first solo exhibition also stays true to this concept of honesty. “I haven’t found my soulmate yet, but I hope I will someday, so I guess this exhibition expresses this wish of mine,” she said. As curator, Firman expressed his admiration for Yaya’s sharp observation skills when it comes to her surroundings. “[It is] a sensitivity that always urges her, despite her young age, to bring to the surface the important things we tend to overlook,” he said. “One the other hand, Yaya never allows herself to be arrested by one way of presentation. She is continuously looking for the right way to represent her work and self-expression; she is an art photographer that is free and knows no inhibition when she’s at work, creative and consistently exploring.” The exhibition opened on Jan. 24, which was her birthday — she thought it was the perfect present.
The Jakarta Globe
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Appendix 5: Entertainment-themed News Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. Concert captures art, political activism of Eros Djarot
An orchestra led by composer Erwin Gutawa presented the concert on Friday night at the Jakarta Convention Center. A display of theatrical music and stage performances, the show followed the life of a man whose conviction to art brought him to political activism.
Elfonda “Once” Mekel opened the concert, which started at 8:30 p.m., performing “Penghuni Malam” (Night Dweller), followed by Marcel who sang “Bisikku” (My Whisper), taken from Kawin Lari, a film by Teguh Karya, earned Eros the Citra Award for Best Original Score in 1976.
When “Bisikku” ended, the sound of keroncong (traditional Javanese rhythmic music) soon filled the ballroom as young gamelan orchestra singer Woro Mustiko Siwi emerged on the stage to sing “Kembang Mawar” (Rose), another song from the Kawin Lari album, which was originally performed by Eros’ band, Barong’s Band.
The first part of the show continued with performances from Eva Celia and Bunga Citra Lestari, singing “Semusim” (One Season) and “Baju Pengantin” (Wedding Dress), respectively.
The lights on the black-and-white stage were dimmed, and a light was centered on actress Christine Hakim, as she read her testimonial about Eros’ career in films, including directing Tjoet Nja’ Dhien, which Christine also starred in.
Soon after she left the stage, the hall was temporarily turned into a cinema as a screen displayed footage from Tjoet Nja’ Dhien, accompanied by the majestic sound of the movie’s original score performed by the orchestra.
Another testimonial about Eros as a director came from noted filmmaker Riri Riza who talked about his music documentary Kantata Takwa, which was based on the controversial Kantata Takwa concert that voiced resistance against Soeharto’s New Order regime in 1991.
Born in Rangkasbitung, Banten, in 1950, Eros formed the Barong’s Band in 1975 after returning from his study in Germany. He was later acclaimed for making music score for Kawin Lari and later involved in composing for many Indonesian films. Many of his songs became classics and covered by younger artists. Eros joined the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI), now known as PDI-P, before forming a new political party Bung Karno National Party (PNBK) in 2002.
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Appendix 5: Entertainment-themed News Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. Two songs were played in a unique collaboration between rock band The S.I.G.I.T. and the orchestra, “Moral” and “Kembalikan Masa Depanku” (Give Back My Future).
Eros’ involvement in politics was shown in the third part of the concert, featuring testimonials from political observer J. Kristiadi, human rights activist Usman Hamid, and journalist and talk show host Andy F. Noya. Andy appeared on the screen to talk about Eros as a journalist; he set up Detik magazine in 1993, but it was shut down a year later by the Soeharto regime due to its blunt reports. “To express his feelings about the shutdown, he turned to music again and produced the album titled Detik, but it was not commercially distributed,” Andy said. The songs in the album were presented through a musical play that involved former rock band Cokelat’s vocalist, Kikan Namara. Iwan Fals also had the honor of singing one of Eros’ politically-themed songs, “Yang Kita Inginkan Perubahan” (What We Want is Change), where he also enriched the show with his harmonica playing. Before continuing his performance, Iwan said his next song would have a correlation with the recent string of natural disasters in the country. He then played “Tuhan Ampuni Dosa Kami” (God Forgive Our Sins) with a great depth of emotion, in a performance that gave the audience goose bumps.
The next section of the concert turned to love as Eros’ wife, Dewi Djarot, suddenly appeared on the screen, talking about Eros as a loving husband. Pop band Alexa carried on the romantic feeling in the hall with their acoustic performance, singing ballads “Malam Pertama” (First Night) and “Selamat Jalan Kekasih” (Goodbye Lover), which prompted loud singing from the crowd. The final part of the concert presented a series of songs from arguably one of the greatest albums in Indonesia’s musical history, Badai Pasti Berlalu (The Storm Will Surely Pass), first released in 1977.
Glenn Fredly, Marcel, Eva and Once took turns to perform songs from the album, including “Merepih Alam” (Fusing with Nature), “Matahari” (Sun) and “Serasa” (Feel).
The original singer of the album, Berlian Hutauruk, closed the concert by performing “Ketika Cinta Kehilangan Kata” (When Love Loses Words) and “Badai Pasti Berlalu” with her outstanding soprano voice, generating standing ovations at the end of both songs.
Presenting more than 20 classics and one new song, the whole concert, from a concept conceived by Mira Lesmana with artistic design by Jay Subiakto, succeeded in reliving the brilliant works of Eros, despite the occurrence of several microphone glitches.
“Thank you. This concert would not have been this great without you all,” Eros said at the end of the show.
The Jakarta Post *) yellow shaded parts are appositional name phrases *) blue shaded parts are the phrases with determiners
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Appendix 6: Entertainment-themed News Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. A Finale Too Clever by Half and Still Satisfying ‘How I Met Your Mother’ Ends With Twists Expected and Sweet A thousand and one nights came to an end in less than 60 minutes. “How I Met Your Mother” closed down on Monday with an hourlong finale crammed with all the deflection, distraction and guile that made this CBS comedy the Scheherazade of prime time. The ending did have a surprise, after all. The last love of Ted (Josh Radnor) was not the mother of his children – though he did finally meet her early on in the episode. In the final few moments, the story took several twists, all the way back to the pilot when Ted fell for Robin (Cobie Smulders) and stole a blue French horn to impress her. On Monday night, Ted, gray-haired and six years a widower, raced to Robin’s window brandishing the same French horn. The long awaited, much-discussed mother, Tracy (Cristin Milioti), was a red herring. And that was a denouement very in much in keeping with the show’s patented balance of sentiment and sly self-awareness. The sweetness of friendships and love affairs on “How I Met Your Mother” was constantly undercut with ambitious comic experiments and riffs on the sitcom genre itself. The finale was too clever by half and still wholly satisfying. “How I Met Your Mother” is a landmark show and not just because it had an ingenious premise or because it kept so many viewers, including younger ones, spellbound for almost a decade. It was a Johnny-come-lately successor to “Friends” that became so popular it had its own legacy, including a planned CBS spinoff with an entirely new cast called “How I Met Your Dad.” That didn’t seem likely when the show had its premiere in 2005, the same year that “The Colbert Report,” began on Comedy Central, “It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia” hit FX and NBC took a chance with an American adaptation of the BBC mockumentary “The Office.” The Internet and premium cable were making so many innovations – and inroads – that any conventional primetime sitcom seemed doomed to irrelevance. The creators, Craig Thomas and Carter Bays, found inventive ways around the limits of the genre, bending sitcom conventions to their own comedy style and the tastes of viewers who were leaving network television for greener pastures. CBS made good use of a changing media landscape, puttingreruns on FX and entire seasons on Netflix. It had a good cast with some breakout stars, like Jason Segel and Neil Patrick Harris, and that helped. At the start, the show’s chief distinction was its complicated conceit: in 2030, a father is telling his two children the long, circuitous story of how he met their mother.
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Appendix 6: Entertainment-themed News Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. The narrative unfolded in a stop-start jumble of flashbacks and flash forwards; the cast ensemble was a variation on the “Friends” six-person template. “How I Met Your Mother” also starred three men and three women, only the third wasn’t seen or heard from until the finale of Season 8, when viewers, though not Ted, finally got a glimpse of the girl who would become the mother. In Monday’s episode, Ted discovered her as she played in the band at the wedding of Robin and Barney (Harris), and fell in love at first sight. He worked up the nerve to talk to her at the Farhampton train station, and that was about it for them. Most of the episode was taken up with snapshots from the passing years, including Robin and Barney’s later divorce and, in 2020, the birth of Barney’s baby girl, who was conceived after a one-night stand but who was at long last the real love of his life. Ted and Tracy are shown to have had a happy life, two children, and a “Love Story” moment in a hospital ward. And when Ted finally brought his story to a conclusion, his children, now teenagers, got the last word. They told him that he was obviously still in love with the woman they know as Aunt Robin and should follow his heart. Romance-minded viewers should be satisfied, but the entire ninth season was less about Ted’s finally finding his true love than it was a last chance for the writers to show off their virtuosity. Face-slapping was a recurring joke on the show. An episode titled “Slappointment in Slapmarra” was a high point of puns and inspired silliness, taking the characters into a mock martial-arts odyssey to masters of the art in Shanghai and Cleveland. And the most consistent theme of “How I Met Your Mother” was Ted’s cluelessness about his own heart, so the writers made the last episode a Rube Goldberg machine designed to keep his true love a secret from him as well as viewers. The success of “How I Met Your Mother” helped other shows put a contemporary spin on time-honored television comedy. And a little like the speed-talking “policy debate” trend on college campuses, rapid repartee became almost as important as wit on shows about single friends like “Happy Endings.” It’s not easily done. The finale was followed by the premiere of “Friends With Better Lives,” a CBS show about three men and three women that, judging by the pilot, should be called “Friends With Worse Writers.” ABC is trying out its own high-concept comedy, “Mixology,” which throws together 10 characters in search of love in one bar on one night. None of these new comedies seems fresh or inventive compared with “Silicon Valley,” which begins on HBO on Sunday, but then again, “How I Met Your Mother” also took time, and timing, to find its audience. International New York Times
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Appendix 7: Travel-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times Old Balinese Remedy for Modern Ailments As a woman born and raised in the rural part of Aceh I am quite familiar with many kinds of spices for either cooking or medicine. When I twisted a muscle, bruised myself from a fall, or caught a cold, mother would first grind some spices and smear the concoction onto the ill part of my body, never rushing me to the doctor. These childhood memories flashed through me when I tried a boreh treatment in Ubud, Bali. Boreh is a Balinese traditional medicine. It refers to a mixture applied to the body to treat pains or aches, or as one would say in Balinese, “maboreh ing angga ni ngilu.” “Boreh is formed by the words bo , meaning ‘already,’ and reh , meaning ‘fire’ or ‘enlivening.’ So after being treated with a boreh, one’s blood circulation will be invigorated,” said I Made Sumendra ,who owns the Boreh Massage Salon and Sauna on Jalan Gautama Selatan in Ubud. The house-turned-salon actually came across as modest, far from looking luxurious. Made is trying to revitalize the simple traditional boreh application that is rarely practiced by Balinese people themselves nowadays. Boreh treatments are now offered in many expensive salons and upmarket hotels, which he believes have left out the elements of tradition that should be preserved. Once I set foot inside, it immediately felt like I was looking at Made’s idealism. In the yard there were plants used to make the boreh mixture, each having its own name tag so guests could learn about them. It was in this yard as well that a traditional style gazebo was provided for those who wanted to have a massage in the open air. Across me stood a flaming stove that produced the steam for sauna. And it is no ordinary sauna. The steam comes from boiling spices that is good for your body to absorb through your skin and your lungs as you breathe. “The steam can cleanse the body from inside, good for urbanites who are much exposed to pollution, even more for smokers,” Made gave an explanation that made me not want to wait any longer to try. Guests are given a massage session first. Following the tradition, prior to the boreh treatment the body is massaged with a small amount of essential oil to improve the blood circulation and the lymphatic system. Apparently it has always been this way and although he could not tell when exactly, Made believes Balinese people have been using the boreh since the Kingdom Era hundreds of years ago. It is a little unfortunate that this knowledge was mostly spread through word of mouth only, as nobody ever wrote a widely distributed book on it. There are only rare palm-leaf manuscripts of medicines and medicinal plants and their properties, such as “Kitab Taru Pramana.”
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Appendix 7: Travel-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times There were two massage options offered to start with: a health massage and a relaxation massage. Without saying anything about our conditions, my friend Tria and I picked the former. Ketut Jaya, a therapist and Made’s business associate, is believed to be able to treat various internal diseases through massage. I did not usually appreciate this kind of thing, but I was surprised by how Ketut guessed our conditions correctly. When massaging my feet he pressed some neural points with an equal strength. However, I screamed in pain only on certain points. From that he knew that I had a head- related problem, to which I said yes because I often suffer from vertigo. The same happened with Tria, who screamed more loudly than me. Ketut said she had a lung problem and it was spot on. Just a week back she was in hospital for bronchitis. “That hurt a lot, but now I feel refreshed and light,” Tria told me later. I was scared hearing her shrieking in pain to the point that she was running out of breath. After the massage, our bodies were treated with a boreh, which is made of 50 different spices mixed with arak, vinegar, and charcoal water to warm the body and to wash off skin bacteria. Upon touching the skin, it felt cold and then gradually became warmer. The smearing itself turned out having certain rules to follow. Some points of the body, such as the backs of ears and temples, should be done first with more portions of the substance. While we were waiting for the boreh to dry, Made told us more about its health benefits. There are hundreds kinds of boreh with various ingredients, depending on the illness. In Bali illnesses are classified into three broad categories: those caused by kebus (heat), those caused by nyem (cold), and those caused by sebbaa (heat and cold). There are also two other categories for illnesses: those that are sakala (real) and those that are niskala (illusional), i.e. related to black magic. What is certain, according to Made, is that most illnesses come from the head (brain) and the stomach. That explains why a boreh is very often applied to the stomach, forehead, face, and crown. As for the ingredients, almost all of them are commonly found medicinal plants. Time fleeted and the boreh had dried. We were led into the sauna room. The steam from the boiling spices oozed out a different sensation. It did not really feel like normal sauna steam that often makes it hard for you to breath. Breathing in there was more like inhaling a shisha with an aroma of spices, giving your lungs cold and warm feelings at once. Tria told me to meditate. We sat there still, solemnly feeling every inhalation and exhalation. For a moment I thought I was inside a warm cloud. If it was not for Made calling us, we could have forgotten we were in a sauna room and had to finish this extraordinary session. What an uplifting experience. The Jakarta Globe *) yellow shaded parts are appositional name phrases *) blue shaded parts are the phrases with determiners
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Appendix 8: Travel-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times A weekend escape to Bogor, the rainy city Bogor, West Java, can be a fun destination in which to spend your precious weekend, after your long days at the office. Though the city is actually one of the main destinations for Jakarta-based companies to hold meetings, incentives, conferencing and exhibitions (MICE), it also offers a lot of fun for a weekend escape. Bogor is easy to reach from the capital city -- only 45 minutes by car via the Jagorawi toll road. If you are feeling adventurous and prefer public transportation, there are two commuter train lines connecting Bogor to Jakarta: the Bogor-Jakarta Kota route and the Bogor-Tanah Abang-Jatinegara route (though getting around the city using public transportation can be quite challenging for first-timers). Interested in embarking on a fun trip in Bogor? For your enjoyment, The Jakarta Post Travel has picked three activities suitable for a memorable two-day escape. Outdoor activities in Sentul Renowned as the biggest car racing circuit in Indonesia, Sentul also has plenty of entertainment spots and outdoor activities for leisure seekers. One of them is Taman Budaya, which offers several outdoor activities such as high ropes, paintball, trekking, as well as fun games and team-building activities. Besides paintball, other outdoor activities cater for both children and adults. Surrounded by hills and woods, Sentul’s green landscape also makes it a great option for camping. The area also features Bidadari waterfall, which is located in Bojongkoneng village, inside the Sentul Paradise Park site. As well as admiring the view of the majestic waterfall, visitors can play in the integrated water park. Jungleland, an adventure theme park, is also available in Sentul in addition to the outdoor activities. To fill up, you can head to Ah Poong, a one-stop culinary spot in Sentul, which has up to 45 food vendors serving different menu items. Situated on the edge of the Cikeas River, the food center is also a sight to behold, as it looks like it is floating on the water. Other than savoring your favorite meals there, you can also rent a small boat and enjoy floating along the calm river.
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Appendix 8: Travel-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times Historical excursion in Bogor Located in the center of the city, right beside the Bogor Botanical Gardens, the Bogor Presidential Palace is the landmark of Bogor and is probably the city’s most attractive building, as well as being the biggest of Indonesia’s five presidential palaces. Bogor Palace opens annually to the public on June 3 as part of the city’s anniversary celebrations. Visitors who would like to visit the palace on a different date can make an appointment beforehand by sending a request letter for a group tour, which should include the proposed time of the visit as well as the names of the group members, to the Head of Bogor Presidential Palace, Jl. Ir H Juanda No. 1, Bogor, West Java, or by fax to (+62) (251) 8328172. During my visit at the palace, my tour guide was Cecep Koswara, one of the palace’s staff members. According to Cecep, the palace was built in 1850. Originally known as Buitenzorg, it was the residence of the governor general of the Dutch East Indies during the Dutch colonial era. It was later used as the official residence of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles during the British colonial era. Former president Sukarno also lived at the palace for several years. Presently, it serves as a place to welcome world leaders and host international historical events. Cecep then showed me some areas that are open to the public. I found myself admiring not only the building’s classic interior and exterior, but also its art collections, which include paintings, sculptures and photographs. Most of the paintings are the work of legendary painters such as Indonesian artists Basoeki Abdullah and Ernest Dezentjé, as well as Konstantin Makovski from Russia. Beautiful sculptures can be found inside and outside the palace -- I found some in the palace complex’s 28-hectare park, surrounded by trees and green grass. One of the most popular sculptures at Bogor Palace is Si Denok by Trubus Soedarsono, an artist from Central Java. It is a nude sculpture of a beautiful lady, who has the face of the daughter of one of the palace’s staff members. There are also sculptures that were given by leaders from other countries, such as the former president of Yugoslavia, Josep Broz Tito. A photograph captured by First Lady Ani Yudhoyono is among the artworks as well. Another interesting -- and maybe rather unexpected -- feature of the palace is the 700 deer living in the palace’s park.
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Appendix 8: Travel-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times Culinary feast in Bogor Other than its local specialties such as asinan (pickled vegetable salad) and toge goreng (fried bean sprouts with tofu and sweet soy sauce), Bogor is also famous for its delicious klappertaart, a coconut pie that originates from Manado. Klappertaart Huize, located on Jl. Pangrango No. 8, offers many versions of this delicacy, with flavors including strawberry, blueberry, green tea and tapai (fermented glutinous rice). Where to stay? In Sentul, you can opt for the Neo+ Green Savana Hotel, which offers a combination of resort-style and budget accommodation. Located next to Taman Budaya, guests who do not feeling like going anywhere can simply enjoy the hotel’s three pools, which include a swimming pool, kids’ pool and the jacuzzi. While in Bogor, Favehotel Padjajaran Bogor on Jl. Cidangiang No. 1 has 109 standard rooms and suites that have nice facilities including stylish interiors, LCD TVs and complimentary WiFi but are still affordably priced. The hotel is also strategically located in close proximity to the Botanical Gardens, Bogor Presidential Palace, Botani Square shopping center and the Damri station, from which buses depart to Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Jakarta. When to go? As the name suggests, in the rainy city it rains frequently -- almost every day. But this should not discourage you from making your way to Bogor, because every day is a good day to visit this lovely town -- just make sure you bring an umbrella or raincoat. What can US$5 buy? Most dishes and beverages in Bogor are priced at less than US$5. You can also buy Bogor’s famous talas (taro) to bring home as a souvenir. Who to follow? There are several Twitter accounts that regularly tweet updates on events and even traffic conditions in Bogor, including @infobogor and @HalloBogor. The Jakarta Post
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Appendix 9: Travel-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times From Airlines to Hotels, a Quest to Help You Sleep At Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, new beds allow guests to play Goldilocks and choose one of three mattress toppers, from soft to firm, that feels just right. In the air, Etihad Airways — after almost two years of research with the American Center for Psychiatry and Neurology in Abu Dhabi — just introduced a sleep program that includes all- natural mattresses, mood lighting, noise-canceling headphones, pillow mist and calming pulse-point oil. And at sea, Celebrity Cruises has outfitted some suites with mattresses that can be adjusted at the whim of a passenger. Perhaps you’ve been too bleary-eyed to notice, but sleep is a trendy topic. And no wonder. We’re hardly getting any. “Everyone in our country is sleeping an hour and a half less than they did last generation,” said Russell A. Sanna, the executive director of Harvard Medical School’s division of sleep medicine. “Sleep is the enemy of capitalism,” he added, noting that you can’t produce or consume when you’re asleep. Add to that dictum a growing dependency on technology, including laptops, tablets and smartphones — tools Dr. Sanna calls “sleep stealers” because we cozy up with them at night and blue wavelengths from their screens suppress the secretion of melatonin (a hormone that influences circadian rhythm) more powerfully than other types of light. Mobile devices that enable us to be anywhere and respond to anything at all hours, he said, erase “boundaries and cycles between work, home, sleep, wake.” It’s hardly surprising, then, that the travel industry is dreaming up ways to woo weary consumers. Sleep was once the specialty of a handful of hotels (most notably Westin and its Heavenly bed,which was rolled out 15 years ago). Today cruise lines and airlines are also in the business of selling sleep with high-tech mattresses, slumber-inducing scents and relaxation techniques. Not to be outdone, hotels are hiring sleep consultants and devising sleep-related services. The Benjamin hotel in New York, for instance, offers reminder calls to guests to shut off their electronic devices in preparation for bedtime. In other words, sleep — a naturally recurring human state for hundreds of thousands of years — is now being treated as if it’s a luxury amenity like an iPod dock or spa shower. Of course, offering a good night’s rest has always been important to hoteliers. “It’s the holy grail for hospitality,” said Dana Kalczak, the vice president of design for Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. But brands today can’t be competitive with one-size-fits-all solutions.
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Appendix 9: Travel-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times “No matter how good a brand you are or what legendary service you provide,” Ms. Kalczak said, “guests have their preferences, and the best we can do is give them what they want.” When Four Seasons researched what guests desire, it found that people considered mattresses to be too soft or too hard. So how to please everyone? Four Seasons partnered with Simmons to create three types of proprietary mattress toppers — Signature, Signature Firm, Signature Plush — that can be zipped on or off. If guests don’t like the default firmness, hotel staff members will change it. So far the beds (which have their own social media hashtag #inbedwithFS) are at the brand’s Santa Barbara and Jackson Hole hotels, but all properties will offer them in some capacity by 2016. The beds can also be purchased at a Four Seasons. Deluxe mattresses found in some suites on certain Celebrity ships and made by Reverie, a high-tech bedding company, are also sold online. While it may seem as if travel brands are seeking additional income from bed sales, that’s not necessarily what they’re after. “It’s more of a P.R. thing,” said Steven A. Carvell, the associate dean for academic affairs at Cornell University’s School of Hotel Administration. “It’s not going to be a huge profit percent driver for the brand.” The real value, he said, is getting a traveler to associate a brand with a fantastic night’s sleep and a productive day. “That’s worth them almost giving you the bed.” Airplanes are among the most difficult places to sleep, though on some it’s getting a little easier, even in coach. “How do we extend that five-star hotel experience in the sky?” said Anna Brownell, the head of product development and innovation for Abu Dhabi-based Etihad Airways. The company had given a lot of thought to things like in-flight entertainment and food and beverage service, yet when it came to sleep, she said, “we hadn’t focused enough attention on one of the things our guests are most interested in.” As part of its new sleep program, this month Etihad began providing free noise-cancellation headphones to all three cabin classes to help minimize ambient sound. The first-class suites have mattresses made from natural materials, along with down duvets and pillows that are sprayed by the cabin crew with a scented mist as a kind of “sweet dreams” gesture. Last year Delta Air Lines (despite being among the laggards in installing flat-bed seats) began offering Westin Heavenly bedding in all of its Business Elite international and some domestic flights — a result of customer surveys that said that sleep was the most important part of the in-flight experience. The company also added a white-noise channel on Delta Radio. And, to keep cabins quieter, flight attendants are trying to be more mindful of announcements. Last year, the airline promoted its new sleep-friendly amenities at the TED conference in California.
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Appendix 9: Travel-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times “Everyone in the end is taking you from one place to another in a metal tube,” Dr. Carvell said. “How do you impress upon a consumer that Delta is the way to go?” He expects to see more of these airline-hotel partnerships in the future. “Don’t be surprised if you wind up seeing first-class cabins pairing with Four Seasons,” he said. “Or that Cathay Pacific will pair with Peninsula or Mandarin Oriental.” Indeed, all kinds of travel-sleep pairings are taking off. Last fall, West House Hotel New York partnered with Sleep Studio, the sleep accessories store, to create suites with mattresses that adjust to different zones of your body, sleep masks and aromatherapy oils. And last summer JW Marriott, a luxury Marriott brand, introduced “nightly refresh,” a turndown service that includes Revive Oil, a blend of essential oils from Aromatherapy Associates. Sleep amenities are a step in the right direction, according to Dr. Sanna of Harvard. Yet rather than sell sleep as a commodity, he is advocating a shift in cultural norms. He wants Americans to stop thinking about sleep as a lifestyle choice and rather as the third pillar of health along with diet and exercise. “Ask people if they can name three mammals on the planet that voluntarily sleep-deprive themselves,” he said. “There’s only one.”
International New York Times
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Appendix 10: Science Technology-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post, and International New York Times. In Indonesia, Flappy Bird’s Wings Are Clipped but Game App Lives On in eBay Jakarta. In Indonesia like elsewhere around the world, Flappy Bird flew its last flight. The popular free app was taken down at midnight on Sunday after its Vietnamese developer Dong Nguyen reportedly complained about its popularity and asked to return to a simple life. In a Feb. 8 tweet, he warned that he would take it down within 22 hours, adding that “It is not anything related to legal issues. I just cannot keep it anymore.” While the app is not available in Indonesia through Apple’s iTunes store, mobile users were able to download it through Google’s Android app store. Existing app holders can still avail of the game on their mobile devices. Ryan Cipto, who lives in Jakarta, says he likes Flappy Bird for its simplicity, compared to other online games like FarmVille, which is developed by Zynga. “There are no gimmicks, and it has simple instructions. I don’t have to check up on it like FarmVille, but I can still play [Flappy Bird] to relieve stress when needed,” he said. Although no statistics are publicly known about how many times Flappy Bird was downloaded in Indonesia, social media and apps remain popular among Indonesians. The Southeast Asian nation ranks among the top users of Facebook and Twitter worldwide. Flagging BlackBerry still counts Indonesia among key nations for sales of its smartphones. In an interview with the Verge, an online publication, last week, Nguyen said that he was earning on average $50,000 a day from in-app ads. The app was among the most popular on the App Store of Apple and Google Play Store for almost a month, and that it had been downloaded more than 50 million times before it was taken down, according to the Verge. Nguyen did not respond to a request by Jakarta Globe for comment. Games like Flappy Bird are usually one-hit wonders, says Ryan, who still has the game on his phone and plays occasionally. Nguyen has reportedly scored above 200 points, while a novice player would be lucky to get five in the first few attempts. The allure of the game is its simplicity, with a ding for a successful pass through a set of pipes and a flap for every tap on the screen to lift the bird upward. The look is that of a game from the 1980s in 16-bit-style of large pixelation, reminiscent of games such as Double Dragon and Super Mario Bros. “He should probably create another, but it might not sell. I’m a strong believer of ‘stick to what sells the best’ theory,” Ryan said.
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Appendix 10: Science Technology-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post, and International New York Times. “I hate the fact that the bird seems to be bigger than the gap given and the randomness of the height of the ‘jump’ it takes, depending on the taps of the screen, and how addicted and curious you get to achieve higher scores.” In his first interview since pulling the plug, Nguyen told Forbes in comments published on Tuesday that Flappy Bird was initially designed to be relaxing but it suddenly became an addictive game. “I think it has become a problem,” he said. “To solve that problem, it’s best to take down Flappy Bird. It’s gone forever.” For one game developer in Indonesia, even though Nguyen plans to push out more games online, the Hanoi-based developer risks losing the chance to build on the success of Flappy Bird and turn it into a game as popular as Angry Birds. “I think it was a very bad move to shut down the Flappy Bird game app,” said 27-year-old Alif Harsan Pradipto, who owns and operates Jakarta-based game developer TempaLabs. “It’s a once-in-a-million chance, it’s very difficult for games to get that many users in such a short period of time. Maybe because fame came quickly, he received too many criticisms and threats all of a sudden. “From a developer’s point of view, I can relate to that. It’s very easy to make these criticisms and threats. Especially when you become famous,” Alif said. “I personally would not let critics shut down my app. If I were Dong Nguyen, I would keep it going and make it as large as Angry Birds. The maker of Angry Birds has successfully turned the game into a global brand. You can merchandize it and even make a movie.” For those seeking to play the game but never had the chance to download, Flappy Bird has an afterlife like phoenix — on eBay. Some iPhone 5s handsets installed with the Flappy Bird app are being offered at prices ranging from Rp 108 million to Rp 610 million ($8,875 to $50,100), as of Tuesday night. One eBay account auctioning an iPhone with the game had received 74 bids at a price of $99,000 before eBay closed it for reasons such as violating Apple’s terms. The Jakarta Globe
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Appendix 11: Science Technology-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post, and International New York Times. Indonesia’s creaky railways may get ‘shinkansen’ touch Jakarta just recently kicked off its first mass rapid transit (MRT) construction. But Indonesia, with its creaky railways, is still some decades behind Japan, which is known for its railway business.
A massive network of subways, commuter inter-city and bullet trains is the backbone of Japan’s transportation system. With a total length of approximately 20,000 kilometers, it connects almost every corner of Japan’s four major islands.
A seven-minute commuter ride connecting Tokuyama and Kudamatsu in Yamaguchi Prefecture looks not all that different from a Jakarta commuter train. But, once you step into the station, the difference emerges: its consistent punctuality.
Probably most famous is the shinkansen bullet train. Passengers on a “Nozomi” train need only four-and-a-half hours to reach Tokuyama city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, which is 982.7 kilometers from Tokyo. Compare that to the 10 to 12 hours it takes to go from Jakarta to Surabaya, around 730 kilometers, on an express train.
The Nozomi (which in Japanese means “hope”) runs at a maximum speed of 300 kilometers per hour, and the ride is smooth enough that passengers have to look out the window to grasp how fast they’re going. Halfway to Tokuyama, between Tokyo and Shin-Osaka, lies the oldest shinkansen line, the Tokaido, opened in 1964. Today’s railway industry in Japan is run by five rolling stock companies and around three signaling system companies. One of those companies is Hitachi, well known in Indonesia as a home appliances maker and excavator equipment manufacturer. After securing a contract to supply 17 trains, an accompanying signaling and power supply system and a five-year maintenance contract for Vietnam’s first urban railway in Ho Chi Minh City in June, Hitachi is now eyeing train projects in Indonesia.
During a visit to a factory in Kasado, general manager of rail systems at Hitachi Takuya Yamakawa said that the company “participated in the pre-qualification for the Jakarta MRT project’s rolling stock and signaling system and now is waiting for the result”.
Indonesia’s old existing railways represent a business prospect for the company. Hitachi said they expected to upgrade the lines by providing signaling systems. Not so smooth: Just another rush hour at Cawang Station in East Jakarta, where the maximum speed of the train is considerably less than 300 kilometers per hour.
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Appendix 11: Science Technology-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post, and International New York Times. Hitachi, which produces some types of shinkansen, is also exploring the possibility of participating in Indonesia’s new high-speed train project, as a Japan International Cooperation Agency-funded feasibility study on adopting shinkansen technology in Java is slated to begin in January.
Such Japanese bullet trains could bring passengers from Jakarta to Bandung, which are 150 kilometers apart, in less than one hour, or from Jakarta to Surabaya in less than three.
Japan has been pushing for its technology to be applied overseas to make infrastructure more efficient, including by building high-speed railway systems.
As Hitachi aims to increase its overseas revenue railway to 120 billion yen (US$1.2 billion) in 2015, or 60 percent from its total targeted 200 billion yen in to railway revenue — which is up from 38.1 billion yen in 2012, or 26 percent from total railway revenue of 146.7 billion yen — it seeks to expand what it calls total business activity in ASEAN.
Although ASEAN and Indonesia may be growing markets for Japan, challenges remain for Hitachi, and probably for other Japanese companies, on how to “localize” — that is, apply the technology to the local condition of each country, where there may be a lack of skilled manpower and education.
In Indonesia’s case, Hitachi president Hiroaki Nakanishi recognized that the lack of infrastructure is the key challenge.
“Indonesia [first] needs to expand infrastructure; not only in transportation, but in other areas since Indonesia is a huge country,” he said. “Those kinds of businesses [including power transmission] are very important for us and for Indonesia as well.”
But it is better late than never. And hope for improving Indonesia’s public transportation services is still there. As Japan looks to expand, maybe Indonesia can learn from the master. The Jakarta Post
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Appendix 12: Science Technology-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post, and International New York Times. Sweet Ways to Romance Your Valentine Valentine’s Day is near and love is in the air. This ancient love fest goes back centuries, but it has gone high tech in recent years. In 2014, this means your smartphone apps can play a part in finding love, celebrating love and sharing things love-connected. The simplest love apps offer love quotations. There are hundreds of these littering app stores, and many are awful. But I like Love Quotes from Skol Labs — on iOS and Android. It gathers inspirational phrases from the web, mainly as images with words on them. The images are split into categories like “Funny” and “Miss You,” and the phrases are as simple as “I need your hug” or as sophisticated as this F. Scott Fitzgerald quote: “There are all kinds of love in this world, but never the same love twice.” You can find out where the images originated and then share the web links with a partner. Or you can download the images to forward in a text message or perhaps via Twitter. The images may make for cute digital love messages. Love Quotes is easy to use, and it has swipe controls for quick browsing of available images. But the app does warn that images may be subject to copyright, so consider that when sharing them. Plus there’s an occasional pop-up promotion for other apps. That is the price users must pay for a free app.
Launch media viewer The Love Quotes app from Skol Labs gathers inspirational phrases from the web, mainly as images with words on them. Similar apps include Love and Romance Quotes by XStudio, free on Android, and Love Quotes from Laksgan on Windows Phone ($1.50). XStudio’s offering is more word-based than Skol Labs’, but it does have nice features, like producing random quotes when you shake your phone. Laksgan’s app is great to look at and has good content. If your Valentine’s Day plans call for cooking dinner, many apps stand at the ready to help. My Valentine Recipes, $1 on iOS, is one decent choice. It has over a hundred ideas for food and drink, ranging from bloody mary shrimp cocktails to glazed brownie hearts. The recipes are accompanied by attractive photos to inspire your creativity, and each one has detailed instructions. There’s even the option to select several recipes and have all the ingredients collated in one handy shopping list. Launch media viewer My Valentine Recipes offers many ideas for food and drink, and proof that one need not know how to spell to cook.
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Appendix 12: Science Technology-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post, and International New York Times. Valentines Day Recipes Cupcake is a free Android app that concentrates on the sweeter cooking you can do for love. It includes recipes and instructions for many cake and cookie desserts, and has suggestions for cute decorations for your confectionary creations. Its design isn’t the slickest, and it spends too much time promoting other apps and services. But it could give you some good cooking ideas. And don’t forget about music for the big day. The Valentine Radio app (free on iOS and Android) has been popular for a while, and that is because it does the trick. It’s not the most sophisticated — it simply connects you to radio stations around the world that stream free mood-setting music online. You’ll be limited to what’s streaming at the time you tune in, but you can expect a lot of Barry White. And Valentine Radio’s design makes it easy to zip through channels to find the right background music for your romantic moments. Launch media viewer Valentine Radio is a reliable source of romantic background music from streaming sites online. Valentine message apps are also plentiful, each promising to help convey your love messages. Valentines Messenger is a $1 iOS app that helps you find romantic-themed images online and then add your own text, symbols or effects, like frames or clip art. Valentines Day Special, free on Android, has a suite of features, including text message ideas and cute images to send to your partner. If all this talk of love is annoying because you have no special someone to share the romance with, loads of apps will endeavor to help you find that person. OkCupid Dating is well designed and still one of the best for finding dates (free on Android and iOS); it consistently earns good reviews from its users. But don’t be afraid to check out other dating apps, like Tinder (free on Android and iOS), which is becoming more popular each day. Just be careful about what personal data you share. Lastly, don’t forget that your smartphone can also make calls. This makes it useful for contacting restaurants, flower delivery services or talking to that special someone. Quick Call Snippit is a social sharing app for iOS with a twist: It lets you share with your friends a brief snippet of your favorite music, accompanied with a photo or some text. For example, you could choose the most meaningful line from a love song you have in your phone’s music library. It’s free. International New York Times
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Appendix 13: Health-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. PNG Battles Open Defecation Goroka. When Willie Savo needs to relieve himself, there’s only one place to go. “Near the mango tree,” the five-year-old said outside his family’s village home. “Where else am I supposed to go?” That’s a good question in Papua New Guinea (PNG), where more than half of the 7.5 million people practice open defecation, and awareness of the health risks remains low. “The issue of open defecation is a huge problem in PNG, with limited numbers of households across the country having access to toilets,” Louise Ewington, country director for Oxfam in Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, told IRIN. “Low levels of formal education (particularly in rural areas) and a lack of awareness regarding the public health implications of open defecation, exacerbate the problems associated with it.” Government figures indicate that up to 18 percent of the rural population and 5 percent of the urban population have no access to a hygienic toilet. Others, like Lilian Siwi, head of health in Eastern Highlands Province, estimate the real gap is much wider. “Ninety-five percent of villages in our area don’t have toilets. As a result, open defecation remains high,” she said. Health impact Whatever the actual figure, the health implications are undeniable. International health experts say the safe disposal of excreta and hygienic behavior play a key role in mitigating the risk of diarrhea and other diseases, including cholera, dysentery, hepatitis, typhoid, polio, trachoma and respiratory infections, as well as intestinal parasites like giardia, and worms. Of particular concern is open defecation near rivers or other water sources, because more than 60 percent of Papuan New Guineans obtain the water they use for drinking and other household purposes directly from a natural source. Over 900 children die every year from diarrhea caused by unsafe water and poor sanitation, according to Water Aid, an international NGO, making it a leading cause of death among children under the age of five. Diarrhoea is one of the leading reasons for both inpatient and outpatient visits to health facilities, the government reported as part of the requirements in the National Health Plan 2011-2020. “The [cholera] emergency… in 2009 — [a disease] not seen in the country in 50 years — is indicative of the risks that exist when safe water and sanitation are not available, and basic hygiene such as hand-washing is neglected,” the plan noted.
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Appendix 13: Health-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. Historical context Efforts to address open defecation in PNG are not new. As a mandated territory under Australian administration after World War II, there was a major push to expand access to sanitation and improve general health. Thousands of pit latrines were constructed and Australian Patrol officers, or Kiaps as they were known locally, imposed spot fines on those who did not comply. After independence in 1975 these measures were no longer implemented, the latrines were not maintained, and residents quickly reverted to more traditional practices. Many older Papua New Guineans remember when the toilets were introduced into their communities, but are still not sure why they were supposed to use them. “The process wasn’t voluntary. Locals were told they had to use pit latrines, but were never instructed as to why they were important. Instead, it was forced upon them and it failed,” said Miriam Layton, co-director of the AT Projects, a local NGO working to raise awareness and improve hygiene in Goroka. As a result, children like Willie continue to defecate outside in the open, and to bring excreta back inside their homes on their bare feet, where their mothers prepare food. This increases the risk that family members will accidentally ingest fecal matter, and get sick as a result. Getting the message right Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), which mobilizes communities to work together to eliminate open defecation, includes local cultural norms and practices, and is helping to make interventions sustainable. Studies confirm that efforts to stop open defecation are more effective when there is consensus among community members than simply constructing toilets or latrines. “Using toilets is a foreign concept for villages in PNG,” said Siwi. “We need to get our messages right, and people from the outside that want to support us need to understand this.” While there is a gap in the number of pit latrines available, she insisted that behaviour is also critical. Rick Steele, the country representative for Water Aid, agreed. “Behavior is the number one issue. It’s not just getting people to build latrines – we need to change the mindset of communities.” Why local NGOs matter Local NGOs usually have a much better success rate in implementing CLTS because they have a regular presence in the community and can follow up after a community-wide demand to stop open defecation has been triggered. Facilitators from the area are also able to speak the local language and understand village customs and social connections, and how these might impact efforts.
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Appendix 13: Health-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. Since 2009, AT projects has been working to expand awareness of open defecation and hygiene, while helping local communities build their own latrines using “round loo” slabs. More than 1,000 concrete slab latrines have been built to date. Touching the Untouchables, another local NGO, has been working to promote the concept of an “open defecation free” (ODF) community — meaning every household has built and is using their own toilet. Under criteria established by the NGO, 19 villages in Eastern Highlands Province have been declared ODF since 2007 — 16 in Obura-Wonenara district and three in Henganofi. But this is a drop in the bucket. Thousands of villages across a country almost twice the size of the United Kingdom still practice open defecation. “It’s a small number, but you have to start somewhere,” said Esther Silas, the director, emphasizing that people are open to change, provided it is introduced in an acceptable way. “Properly funded, we would like to make Henganofi District [containing 80 villages] completely ODF, making it a role model for the whole country.” According to the World Health Organization, 1.2 billion people — 15 percent of the world’s population — practice open defecation. The majority of those without sanitation — 71 percent — live in rural areas, and 90 percent of all open defecation takes place in rural areas.
The Jakarta Globe
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Appendix 14: Health-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. Robotic surgery offers Indonesia non-invasive alternatives Robotic surgery is an amazing technological development in medicine — and one hospital in Jakarta is making it possible for patients and doctors to take advantage of breakthrough.
The benefits are legion: Human-guided robot surgeons can reach areas inside the body that are hard to be seen by the eyes. Recovery phases are shorter, too, and there are no significant scars left on the body after a procedure.
Ivan R. Sini, the physician who operates the robotically assisted surgical system at Bunda Hospital Jakarta, said the system was introduced in Indonesia in early 2012. So far, it has had a satisfying success rate.
“A surgeon often finds trouble during major surgery to find tissue that is located in difficult areas due to the limited sight of the surgeon,” Ivan said in his opening speech to mark the first 50 cases of robotic surgery performed at the hospital. “Surgery that uses microscopes has proven to be an alternative, because it can minimize the scars and patients can recover faster.”
Ivan said that since the technology was introduced, the hospital’s robotic surgery team, called ARMIS (Advanced Robotic and Minimally Invasive Surgery), had successfully performed robotic surgery for 50 patients, comprising 47 gynecology surgeries, two prostate surgeries and one urology and gastrointestinal surgery.
According to Ivan, robotic surgery in Indonesia still focuses on four areas: benign gynecological procedures, gynecological cancer, urology and digestive cases.
Currently, robotic surgery is only available at Bunda Hospital Jakarta in Indonesia.
The use of robots to perform surgery started in Vancouver, Canada, in 1983. The first robot was named Arthrobot and was developed and used by a team led by James McEwen and Geof Auchinlek in collaboration with orthopedic surgeon Brian Day. Since then, many medical robots have been developed to help doctors perform surgery.
The medical robot in Bunda Hospital is produced by Intuitive Surgical Inc. and comprises three components.
The first component is a vision cart that holds a 26-inch high-definition monitor, 3D camera, light source, central control unit and data processing center.
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Appendix 14: Health-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. The second is the patient robotic cart. It has three arms: one camera arm and two instrument arms. The instrument arms have a “joint” system called the endowrist instrument which allows 520 degrees of rotation (that is a full circle and then some — important when performing some procedures). The camera arm has high-definition 3D video camera that can produce clear picture of the incision area when all arms are put into the body.
The third component is the doctor’s console, from which the surgeon controls the instruments through a master controller. From the screen, the doctor can view the incision area clearly in 3D and can magnify it digitally.
Arie Polim, the gynecology laparoscopy coordinator and member of ARMIS, said that robotic surgery could be a bridge between open surgery and laparoscopy, thanks to its flexibility.
He said that open surgery was not ergonomic sides and had a long recovery phase, despite its simplicity. While laparoscopy allows for faster recovery phase and allows doctor to use cameras to do surgeries, it was not ergonomic and offered only a restricted degree of motion. “Robotic surgery can cover the drawbacks in open surgery and traditional laparoscopy. For example, during major surgery that takes hours, we get tired as we have to stand and we may experience hand tremors,”Arie said. “But in robotic surgery, we can just sit down, and even when our hands are shaking, the instruments won’t shake.”
Sita Arumi, the gynecology robotic surgery coordinator, said patients recovered fast since robotic surgery only required incisions of 2 to 3 centimeters.
“In addition, patient can recover quickly because during the surgery, the bleeding was only less than 100 ccs, and that’s very little. That’s why it’s easy for them to recover,” she said.
Despite the benefits, patients still need to pay a great amount, ranging from Rp 80 million (US$8,080) to Rp 100 million.
Ivan said that the price was actually cheaper than those offered by hospitals in Singapore, which charged Rp 250 million for such procedures, or those in Malaysia, which charged around Rp 150 million.
Wachyu Hadisaputra, the president of Indonesian Gynecology Endoscopy Society (IGES), said that the arrival of robotic surgery in Indonesia would improve the country’s healthcare.
He said that IGES would recommend that its members learn how to perform robotic surgery.
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Appendix 14: Health-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times.
A patient of robotic surgery, Cut Yunita Ichsani, said that she underwent a robotic procedure to remove fibroid cysts in February last year. Cut said it only took two days for her to recover and that the post-surgery scars were just like three dots in her stomach.
The surgery also discovered a new problem that surgeons were able to solve.
“When I was on the operation table, the doctor also found a tumor. It had been undetected before,” she said. The Jakarta Post
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Appendix 15: Health-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. A Patient’s-Eye-View of Nurses Last June, the month he turned 90, Dr. Arnold S. Relman, the eminent former medical educator and editor, fell down a flight of stairs at his home in Cambridge, Mass. He cracked his skull and broke three vertebrae in his neck and more bones in his face. By the time he arrived at the emergency room, blood was flowing into his brain and impinging on his windpipe, leading to severe choking and dangerously low oxygen levels. Surgeons cut into his neck to connect a breathing tube from his trachea to a mechanical respirator. Amid the disciplined medical havoc, his heart stopped three times. Resuscitation efforts saved his life, but at the cost of several broken ribs. His condition remained precarious as he developed complications and endured still more medical procedures. Astonishingly, he lived to write about all this. After a painful 10-week hospital stay and months of rehabilitation, he can walk — gingerly, with a cane — and is largely recovered, with his mental faculties intact. His riveting account of the medical adventure, in the Feb. 6 issue of The New York Review of Books, is a testimonial to the best emergency medical care and a tremendous will to live. At the same time, however, it betrays a surprising lack of awareness of some critical aspects of the medical profession and the nation’s fragmented health care system. Despite decades as a medical educator, researcher, author and editor of The New England Journal of Medicine, Dr. Relman confesses that he “had never before understood how much good nursing care contributes to patients’ safety and comfort, especially when they are very sick or disabled.” Nor did he appreciate the hypnotizing effects of technology, which robs patients of the physician’s bedside manner and affects the training of younger doctors. How is it that a leading medical professor like Dr. Relman — who has taught hundreds of young doctors at Boston University, the University of Pennsylvania (where he was chairman of the department of medicine) and Harvard — might not have known about the value of modern-day Florence Nightingales? A number of doctors who have talked to me about Dr. Relman’s article suggest that the culture of medical education may be largely to blame. For example, younger doctors in hospitals spend part of the day on rounds, following professors in their long white coats. Many of these august figures are supremely confident in their observations and opinions; others are more compassionate. What professors impart on those rounds can have a major effect on the behavior of younger doctors when they go into practice and teach succeeding generations.
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Appendix 15: Health-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. Dr. Relman’s initial care was in a major teaching hospital, Massachusetts General in Boston, where the kind of doctors he taught — students, interns and residents — provided the round- the-clock attention that kept him alive. Yet he did not write directly about their role, referring to them only as “a team.” On their rounds, some medical professors prefer to talk in a hallway just outside the patient’s room as they discuss test results that are crucial in planning further care. Such behavior appears impersonal, perceived perhaps as a way of shielding bad information. But many doctors see it as efficient, because they can note the information they deem most important — like heart rate, blood pressure and rate of intravenous drip — by standing at a patient’s door and looking in at the monitors. Feeling no need to go to the bedside, they do not. Instead they rely on nurses, failing to recognize that such behavior omits crucial elements in patient care — the physical touch and the personal touch. Dr. Relman owes the extension of his life to drugs and devices that did not exist in their present form, if at all, when he was younger. Over the years, the surge in the number of such advances, and most importantly in their hazards, has made work vastly more complicated for doctors, nurses and other health workers. Despite the advantages of technology, tender, loving care from family and nurses is priceless, as is the bedside manner of a sympathetic doctor. But technology’s monitors, images and devices can deflect that doctor’s attention, as Dr. Relman learned when he reviewed his hospital records and the notes he wrote to nurses and his wife, Dr. Marcia Angell (particularly while he was unable to speak because of the breathing tube). Instead of descriptions of his appearance and feelings, the doctors’ progress notes in his electronic medical records were filled with technical data. “Conversations with my physicians were infrequent, brief and hardly ever reported,” he wrote, adding: “What personal care hospitalized patients now get is mostly from nurses. When nursing is not optimal, patient care is never good.” Many hospital administrators have cut nursing staffs. They say it is to make ends meet; many doctors say it is usually to increase the bottom line. Nurses’ observations and suggestions have saved many doctors from making fatal mistakes in caring for patients. Though most physicians are grateful for such aid, a few dismiss it — out of arrogance and a mistaken belief that a nurse cannot know more than a doctor. In many ways, Dr. Relman’s insights reflect changes and generational gaps in training doctors, nurses and other health professionals. Because these disciplines have traditionally been taught in separate silos, they often do not work as tightly as they should. *) red shaded parts are determiner deletion in phrases *) blue shaded parts are the phrases with determiners
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Appendix 15: Health-themed Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times. Now, as health care financing changes and doctors spend more time training in outpatient settings, a growing movement demands coordinating the education of health professionals to prepare them to work more smoothly in teams. If these efforts succeed, perhaps the next generation of doctors will no longer be surprised at the importance of nurses and other allied professionals. International New York Times
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Appendix 16: List of Determiner Deletion in Appositional Name Phrase Found in articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times No. Sentences 1. American snowboarder Shaun White 2. American Bill Demong 3. Silver medallist Tajana Huefner 4. Teenager Dara Howell 5. Freestyle skiing pioneer Sarah Burke 6. President Vladimir Putin 7. Russian Olga Fatkulina 8. Former goaltending great Vladislv Tretyak 9. Company President Luca di Montezemolo 10. Race team leader Stefano Domenicali 11. Former Ferrari teammate Felipe Massa 12 British former F1 champion Jenson Button 13. Coach Jose Mourinho 14. Indonesian photographer Christina Phan, or Yaya 15. composer Erwin Gutawa 16. young gamelan orchestra singer Woro Mustiko Siwi 17. noted filmmaker Riri Riza 18. political observer J. Kristiadi 19. human rights activist Usman Hamid 20. Indonesian artists Basoeki Abdullah 21. First Lady Ani Yudhoyono
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Appendix 17: List of Determiner Deletion in Phrases Found in Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times No. Phrase Deleted Possible Phrase Construction Determiner Without deletion 1 The better jumper and The better The better jumper and the better twister twister 2 His personal and His His personal and his political political 3 The overwhelming the The overwhelming favourite and favourite and world the world record holder record holder 4 The Russians, The The Russians, The Canadians Canadians and and The Americans Americans 5 a contentious “anti- A a contentious “anti-gay gay propaganda” law (contentious) propaganda” law and a and allegations contentious allegations 6 The circumstances the The circumstances and the cause and cause of the of accident accident 7 Schumacher’s age and Schumacher’s Schumacher’s age and fitness Schumacher’s fitness 8 the chancellor and The The chancellor and the members members of the of the government government 9. the days and nights The The days and the nights 10. the exact same nose, The (exact) The exact same nose, the exact jawline and teeth same jawline and the exact same teeth 11. a radio reporter and a a radio reporter and a producer producer 12. her work and self- her her work and her self-expression expression 13. the deflection, the the deflection, the distraction distraction and guile and the guile 14. the building’s classic The the building’s classic interior interior and exterior (buliding’s) and the building’s classic exterior 15. these criticisms and these these criticisms and these threats threats 16. a home appliances an a home appliances maker and an maker and excavator excavator equipment equipment manufacturer manufacturer 17. an accompanying a an accompanying signalling and signalling and power a power supply system supply system
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Appendix 17: List of Determiner Deletion in Phrases Found in Articles from The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post and International New York Times No. Phrase Deleted Possible Phrase Construction Determiner Without deletion 18. the Jakarta MRT the the Jakarta MRT project’s project’s rolling stock rolling stock and the signalling and signalling system system 19. a lack of skilled A (lack of) a lack of skilled manpower and manpower and a lack of education education 20. your own text, Your (own) your own text, your own symbols or effects symbols or your own effects 21. a medical educator, a/an a medical educator, a researcher, researcher, author and an author and an editor editor 22. their observations and their their observations and their opinions opinions 23. his appearance and his his appearance and his feelings feelings
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