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Title Angiosperm Clades in the Potomac Group: What Have We Learned since 1977?

Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2g72j32q

Journal BULLETIN OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, 55(2)

ISSN 0079-032X

Authors Doyle, James A Jr, Upchurch Garland R

Publication Date 2014-10-01

DOI 10.3374/014.055.0203

Peer reviewed

eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Angiosperm Clades in the Potomac Group: What Have We Learned since 1977? James A. Doyle1 and Garland R. Upchurch, Jr.2

1 Corresponding author: Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis CA 95616 USA —email: [email protected] 2 Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos TX 78666 USA —email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT In their 1977 study on Potomac Group angiosperms, Hickey and Doyle made only broad com- parisons with living taxa. Newer data, especially discoveries of fossil flowers in the Potomac and coeval deposits and increasingly robust molecular phylogenies of living angiosperms, allow more precise phylogenetic placement of fossils. Hickey and Doyle compared most early Potomac leaves (Aptian–early Albian) with “magnoliids,” a paraphyletic group as then defined, but several clades can now be recognized. Leaves and dispersed cuticles share epidermal features with woody mem- bers of the basal ANITA grade, and in some cases crown group Austrobaileyales, whose presence is confirmed by flowers called Anacostia. Aptian–Albian flowers (Monetianthus, Carpestella) and whole plants (Pluricarpellatia) are nested in crown group Nymphaeales; Potomac reniform leaves could belong to this clade. Several Potomac leaves have chloranthoid teeth, venation, and oppo- site phyllotaxis consistent with Chloranthaceae, while Aptian to Cenomanian flowers reveal the presence of both crown group Chloranthaceae (Asteropollis plant, near Hedyosmum) and stem relatives of this family and/or Ceratophyllum (Canrightia, Zlatkocarpus, Pennipollis plant, possi- bly Appomattoxia). Phylogenetic analyses confirm interpretations of Aptian Liliacidites pollen and Acaciaephyllum as monocots. Ternately lobed leaves such as Vitiphyllum may represent basal eudicots, in or below Ranunculales. In the late Potomac (middle to late Albian), the rise of tricol- pate pollen and local dominance of angiosperm leaves mark the influx of near-basal eudicot clades. Associated floral receptacles confirm that Nelumbites leaves were related to Nelumbo (Proteales), while heads of unisexual flowers indicate that both palmately lobed “platanoid” and pinnatifid Sapindopsis leaves (previously compared with rosids) were stem relatives of Platanus (also Proteales). Flowers called Spanomera are related to Buxaceae. Several Albian and early Cenomanian flowers belong to Magnoliidae in the new monophyletic sense, including Archaean- thus in Magnoliales and Virginianthus and Mauldinia in Laurales; Laurales are common in the late Albian leaf record.

KEYWORDS Cretaceous, paleobotany, phylogeny, Austrobaileyales, Nymphaeales, Chloranthaceae, Laurales, monocots, eudicots, Proteales

Introduction tricolpate, tricolporate, and triporate pollen types (Doyle 1969; Muller 1970), and to explore impli- In their studies of angiosperm leaves in the cations for early angiosperm evolution. By this Potomac Group of the eastern United States (Fig- time identifications of Cretaceous leaves with ure 1), the main goal of Doyle and Hickey (1976) extant genera and families (e.g., Fontaine 1889; and Hickey and Doyle (1977) was to test whether Berry 1911) had been called into question by the leaf record showed a pattern of morphologi- recognition that the extant taxa differ significantly cal diversification through time similar to that from the fossils in leaf architecture (Wolfe et al. observed in the pollen record, with the successive 1975) or produce pollen types not found in the appearance of reticulate-columellar monosulcate, same beds (Pacltová 1961; Pierce 1961; Brenner

Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 55(2):111–134, October 2014. © 2014 Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. All rights reserved. • http://peabody.yale.edu 112 Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 55(2) • October 2014

FIGURE 1. Major angiosperm pollen and leaf types in the Potomac Group of eastern North America (modified from Hickey and Doyle 1977), with correlations of plant-bearing localities in other geographic areas and strati- graphic positions of other fossils to the right.

1963). For this reason, Doyle and Hickey (1976) paleobotanical advance has been the discovery undertook to analyze the Potomac leaf record of Cretaceous fossil flowers (Dilcher 1979; independent of comparisons with modern taxa, Dilcher and Crane 1984; Crane et al. 1986, 1994; except to show that leaf characters observed at Friis et al. 1986, 2011; Friis et al. 1994), mostly particular levels were consistent with the system- preserved as lignite or charcoal and falling in the atic distribution of pollen characters at the same millimeter size range (mesofossils), which pro- level, or to make functional-ecological compar- vide a wealth of additional characters for system- isons. Hickey and Doyle (1977) proposed more atic purposes. At the same time, understanding explicit relationships of Potomac leaves to mod- of relationships among living angiosperms has ern taxa, but at a very broad scale. For example, been revolutionized by the development of phy- they argued that most leaves from the lower logenetic methods, applied first to morphologi- Potomac had features found in groups then called cal characters (e.g., Dahlgren and Bremer 1985; Magnoliidae (Takhtajan 1969), or those “dicots” Donoghue and Doyle 1989), then to a vast flood that retain monosulcate pollen, the predominant of molecular data (DNA sequences). Molecular angiosperm pollen type in this interval. In the phylogenetic analyses have provided an un- upper Potomac, they noted that palmately lobed precedented, statistically robust picture of how “platanoid” leaves resemble Platanus, which has modern groups are related to each other, formal- tricolpate pollen of the type that was proliferating ized in the APG (1998, 2003, 2009) classification. at the same time, suggesting presence of what Since the first studies of several genes combined were then called lower hamamelids, where Pla- (Parkinson et al. 1999; Qiu et al. 1999; Soltis et al. tanus and many other tricolpate groups were 2000), these results have been remarkably assigned. stable with addition of many more genes (see Since 1977, several major advances have Soltis et al. 2005). The angiosperm phylogenetic allowed more secure recognition of early angio- tree is rooted among the three “ANITA” lines: sperm lines in the Potomac Group and coeval Amborella (a shrub endemic to New Caledo- deposits. The main progress with the leaves has nia), Nymphaeales (water lilies), and Austrobai- come from analysis of cuticular anatomy, often leyales (woody plants including Illicium, or star in conjunction with new observations on anise). The remaining 99.9% of angiosperm leaf architecture (Upchurch 1984a, 1984b; species form a clade called Mesangiospermae Upchurch and Dilcher 1990). The most striking (Cantino et al. 2007), which consists of five Angiosperm Clades in the Potomac Group • Doyle and Upchurch 113 strongly supported clades—eudicots, with tri- their most recent common ancestor, and extinct colpate and derived pollen; monocots; Magno- derivatives of this common ancestor: Jefferies liidae in a restricted sense (Magnoliales, Laurales, 1979; Doyle and Donoghue 1993) but also stem Canellales, Piperales); the rootless aquatic Cer- relatives (extinct forms on or attached to the stem atophyllum; and Chloranthaceae, which have lineage leading to a crown group) with a “mosaic” extremely simple flowers. Relationships among of ancestral and derived character states. these five clades are more weakly supported, In order to address the uncertainties that still and they vary from one study to another (e.g., exist in molecular trees, particularly concerning Jansen et al. 2007; Moore et al. 2007; Qiu et al. relationships among the five mesangiosperm 2006; Qiu et al. 2010). clades, the molecular scaffold analyses done so far In this review we summarize current under- have used two backbone trees, chosen to cover the standing of the presence of living angiosperm range of current hypotheses. These differ most clades in the Potomac Group, considering leaf, significantly in the positions of Chloranthaceae pollen, and floral data from both the Potomac and Ceratophyllum. In the J/M backbone, based Group and correlative deposits elsewhere. Many on nearly complete chloroplast genomes (Jansen of these results are from a project that began with et al. 2007; Moore et al. 2007), Chloranthaceae are a morphological data set of Doyle and Endress the sister group of magnoliids and Ceratophyllum (2000) for “basal” angiosperms (including basal is sister to eudicots. In the D&E backbone, Chlo- eudicots and monocots), which has been expanded ranthaceae and Ceratophyllum form a clade, as and refined and used as a framework for analyses inferred from morphology (Endress and Doyle of the position of published Early and mid-Creta- 2009), chloroplast ITS sequences (Antonov et al. ceous fossils (Doyle et al. 2008; Endress and Doyle 2000), mitochondrial genes (Duvall et al. 2006; 2009; Friis et al. 2009; Doyle and Endress 2010, Duvall et al. 2008; Qiu et al. 2010), chloroplast 2014; Friis and Pedersen 2011). These analyses genes with many informative sites but low substi- used a “molecular scaffold” approach (Springer et tution rates (Moore et al. 2011), and low-copy al. 2001), in which a morphological data set nuclear genes (Zhang et al. 2012); this clade is sis- including living and fossil taxa is analyzed with a ter to the remaining mesangiosperms, as in the parsimony program with the arrangement of liv- combined morphological and molecular analysis ing taxa fixed to a backbone constraint tree based of Doyle and Endress (2000). Fossils were added on molecular data. This method essentially asks to the backbone trees one at a time and sometimes what the morphologically best-supported posi- in putatively related groups. In most cases, use of tions of the fossils are if the molecular relation- the two backbone trees gave similar results, with ships are correct. It does not address the possibility the exception of fossils that may be related to that addition of fossils would change inferred Chloranthaceae. relationships among living taxa, but this may be Many of the phylogenetic results presented unlikely in most cases in view of the strong statis- here (summarized in Figure 2) are also discussed tical support for most molecular relationships and in Doyle (2014), but here we concentrate on the the small number of potentially conflicting char- Potomac Group record and the impact of new acters in fossils. data on hypotheses and conclusions of Doyle and An alternative total evidence approach (Kluge Hickey (1976) and Hickey and Doyle (1977). 1989; Hermsen and Hendricks 2008), combining Except for some taxa related to Nymphaeaceae morphological data on both living and fossil taxa and Chloranthaceae, the fossils considered here with molecular data on the living taxa, might be do not appear to be crown group members of any theoretically preferable. However, it would require living family; instead, they appear to be stem rel- resolution of intractable problems of disparate atives of one or more families. In order to treat taxon sampling with the two sorts of data (clades the phylogenetic position of Potomac fossils in as opposed to exemplar species) and compilation sufficient detail, we do not attempt a comprehen- of an appropriate molecular data set (sampling of sive review of progress in understanding other genes across taxa is highly variable). Both aspects of the early record of angiosperms, such as approaches can identify not only members of a their ecology or reasons for their success, but we crown group (the living representatives of a line, do mention some recent advances in these areas. 114 Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 55(2) • October 2014

FIGURE 2. Most parsimonious positions of 19 Early Cretaceous and Cenomanian fossil taxa discussed in the text (marked with gray background) on the D&E phylogeny of living angiosperms (Doyle et al. 2008; Endress and Doyle 2009; Friis et al. 2009, 2011; Doyle and Endress 2010, 2014). When a fossil has more than one most parsi- monious position, one of these has been selected for purposes of discussion. Couperites and Archaefructus not included because of their excessively uncertain phylogenetic positions. Abbreviations: Aust,Austrobaileyales; Ca,Canellales; Chlor,Chloranthaceae; Magnol,Magnoliales; Nymph,Nymphaeales; Piper,Piperales; plat,platanoid.

In this article we also document more recent where these units can be recognized) corresponds observations on leaf architecture and cuticular to palynological Zone I of Brenner (1963) and anatomy of Potomac Group angiosperms with Doyle and Robbins (1977), in which most photographs of representative leaf megafossils and angiosperm pollen is monosulcate, with the addi- cuticles, using both previously illustrated and tion of two or three reticulate tricolpate types in unpublished specimens. Many of our images are the upper part. This upper part of Zone I has been enhanced by digital photographic techniques, such correlated palynologically with the well-dated as image stacking, to document features that were marine early Albian of England (Kemp 1968) and difficult to illustrate with conventional photogra- Portugal (Heimhofer et al. 2007; Hochuli et al. phy or poorly reproduced in print publications. 2006), which also contains one or two types of Illustrated specimens are from the paleobotanical reticulate tricolpates and the distinctive reticulate collections of the U.S. National Museum of Nat- monosulcate Clavatipollenites rotundus (often ural History (USNM) and the University of Michi- identified as or compared with Retimonocolpites gan Museum of Paleontology (UMMP). dividuus). The later early Albian of Portugal also includes striate tricolpates, which are not known Potomac Zone I in the Potomac until Zone II of Brenner (1963) (Aptian to Early Albian) and Doyle and Robbins (1977). As argued by Hochuli et al. (2006) and Doyle and Endress The lower part of the Potomac sequence (includ- (2014), this interval in Portugal, where monosul- ing the Patuxent Formation and Arundel Clay cates were still more diverse than tricolpates, Angiosperm Clades in the Potomac Group • Doyle and Upchurch 115 probably corresponds to a significant hiatus phyllum, and Proteaephyllum that indicate or sug- between Zones I and II in the Potomac sequence gest relationships with derived groups such as (see below). The Portuguese data refute the place- Moraceae, although both he and Ward (1888) ment of the Zone I/II boundary within the Aptian noted the irregular venation and described it as by Doyle (1992); they agree more with Doyle and “archaic.” Wolfe et al. (1975) showed that these Hickey (1976) and Doyle and Robbins (1977), fossils differ markedly from the modern taxa to who dated upper Zone I as either late Aptian or which they were compared and are instead similar early Albian. Although Brenner (1963) proposed to groups then placed in Magnoliales, including that Zone I began in the Barremian, its base is Winteraceae (now in Canellales). Doyle and probably Aptian, as argued by Doyle (1992), on Hickey (1976) and Hickey and Doyle (1977) reaf- the basis of the presence of Pennipollis (Per- firmed these similarities but considered them omonolites peroreticulatus and P. reticulatus of probable shared ancestral states that need not Brenner 1963), a group of monosulcates with an reflect a close relationship with the living taxa that unusually coarse reticulum and no columellae, retain them. which appears just above base of the dated Aptian Additional evidence on the affinities of these in England and Portugal (Penny 1988a; Hughes leaves came from cuticle studies by Upchurch 1994; Hochuli et al. 2006; Heimhofer et al. 2007; (1984a, 1984b), who showed that several Zone I Doyle and Endress 2014). leaf types, including specimens compared with Although monosulcate angiosperm pollen is Ficophyllum, have unusually varied stomatal present at low percentages throughout Zone I, structure, especially in numbers and positioning angiosperm leaves are rare and known from only of subsidiary cells. These features may be illus- a few localities. Mesofossil reproductive structures trated by dispersed cuticles from localities of are known but have not been studied in detail Doyle and Hickey (1976) and Upchurch (1984b) (Friis et al. 2011). However, angiosperm mesofos- on the south side of Dutch Gap Canal (Aptian) sils of similar or slightly younger age are known and at Drewry’s Bluff (early Albian), Virginia from localities in Portugal (Friis, Pedersen et al. (Figure 3A–C). Upchurch (1984a) compared 1994; Friis, Crane et al. 2011). Most of these are many living taxa with Zone I leaves and found the probably early Albian, in the missing interval most similar stomatal features in Amborella and between Zones I and II, but two (Torres Vedras, Austrobaileya. In a more recent survey of epider- Catefica) may be either earliest Albian or Aptian mal characters in basal angiosperms, Carpenter (Heimhofer et al. 2007; Doyle and Endress 2014; (2005, 2006) reaffirmed the similarity of Zone I Massoni et al. 2014). Complete plants and leafy leaves to these taxa. Amborella and Austrobai- stems with flowers or fruits are known from lake leyales also have low-rank venation of the type deposits in Brazil (Mohr and Friis 2000), which seen in Zone I leaves, Magnoliales, and Winter- are probably late Aptian (Heimhofer and Hochuli aceae, consistent with the view that this is a basic 2010). These floras provide a check on the plausi- angiosperm feature and not evidence for the mag- bility of suggested relationships of lower Potomac noliid clade. Both the venational and epidermal pollen and leaves with living clades. similarities, which include a thin cuticle in most species, are consistent with an ecology like that of ANITA Lines and Magnoliids the modern ANITA lines (except Nymphaeales), Some of the most-discussed Zone I angiosperm which grow in wet, shaded understory habitats, fossils are entire-margined, pinnately veined leaves an environment that Feild and colleagues (Feild with unusually irregular “first rank” venation— et al. 2004; Feild et al. 2009; Feild, Brodribb et al. variably spaced and branching secondaries, which 2011; Feild, Upchurch et al. 2011) reconstructed form multiple (festooned) brochidodromous as ancestral for angiosperms. Leaves with an loops and are poorly differentiated from intersec- intramarginal vein called Eucalyptophyllum rep- ondaries, and random-reticulate higher order resent an important exception, since they have venation with poorly differentiated vein orders. thicker cuticle and sunken stomata (Upchurch Such leaves are most common at the upper Zone 1984b) and may represent trees of sunny habitats I Fredericksburg locality in Virginia. Fontaine (Upchurch and Wolfe 1987). In general, leaves of (1889) gave these leaves names such as Ficus, Fico- Zone I angiosperms differ from those of most 116 Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 55(2) • October 2014

FIGURE 3. Dispersed cuticles of probable Austrobaileyales from Zone I of the Potomac Group. A, Dispersed cuti- cle #1 of Upchurch (1984a) from the Dutch Gap locality of Doyle and Hickey (1976). Note the regions of stri- ate surface sculpture, and stomata that show variable subsidiary cell arrangement and development of T-pieces. UMMP 65125-G153, slide 3. Scale bar equals 50 μm. B, Close-up of stomatal complex from A showing T-pieces and irregularly laterocytic subsidiary cell arrangement. Subsidiary cells are marked with asterisks; arrows show thin cuticular flanges on the tangential walls of subsidiary cells. Subsidiaries are poorly differentiated from sur- rounding epidermal cells. In this species, only the crossbar of the T-piece is well developed. UMMP 65125-G153, slide 3. Scale bar equals 50 μm. C, Dispersed cuticle #3 from the Drewry’s Bluff locality of Upchurch (1984a). This species shows combined striate and papillate surface sculpture, and T-pieces with both the upright and cross- bar. UMMP 65126-56. Scale bar equals 50 μm. extant angiosperms in having the low vein densi- particular clade. However, the dispersed cuticle ties and calculated maximum carbon assimilation record at Dutch Gap and Drewry’s Bluff indicates rates characteristic of ferns, gymnosperms, the presence of crown group Austrobaileyales. ANITA-grade angiosperms, Chloranthaceae, and Two cuticle types (Figure 3A–C) have a combi- many magnoliids (Boyce et al. 2009; Feild, Bro- nation of features found in this order, including dribb et al. 2011; Feild, Upchurch et al. 2011). elliptic to round guard cell pairs, striate surface Because most of the leaf traits discussed so sculpture, and a variable pattern of subsidiary cell far may be plesiomorphic, they are only consis- arrangement (Upchurch 1984a, 1984b; Carpen- tent with the presence of plants at the ANITA ter 2005, 2006). The polarity of these characters is grade and do not support a relationship with any uncertain, although Carpenter (2006) proposed Angiosperm Clades in the Potomac Group • Doyle and Upchurch 117

FIGURE 4. Cladogram of extant angiosperms with relationships as in Figure 2, showing the phylogenetic distri- bution of three characters important for placement of Potomac leaves: oil cells in the mesophyll, T-pieces at the stomatal poles, and Platanus-type hair bases. Trithuria (=Hydatellaceae) and Ceratophyllum are scored as unknown for oil cells because of the possibility that their lack of oil cells is a functional consequence of their sub- merged aquatic habitat, and because Ceratophyllum has tanniferous cells that could be modified oil cells (Doyle and Endress 2010). Abbreviations: Aust, Austrobaileyales; Ca, Canellales; Chlor, Chloranthaceae; Magnol, Mag- noliales; Nymph, Nymphaeales; Piper, Piperales. that striations may be a synapomorphy of Aus- ter group of Illicium and Schisandra or of Schisan- trobaileyales and mesangiosperms. However, the dra alone, supported by the distinctive seed coat fossils also have T-pieces at the stomatal poles, a anatomy, with an outer palisade exotesta and a feature developed to varying degrees in Trimenia sclerotic mesotesta layer. Pollen of the associated and Schisandraceae (sensu APG 2009), especially Similipollis type extends down into Zone I (e.g., Illicium, but not reported in the basal genus Aus- Liliacidites sp. B of Doyle and Robbins 1977). trobaileya, other ANITA-grade taxa, Chloran- These data do not rule out the possibility that thaceae, and magnoliids, indicating a position some pinnately veined lower Potomac leaves nested within Austrobaileyales (Figure 4). belong to the magnoliid clade, which is known to The existence of crown Austrobaileyales at have been diversifying at this time. Ward et al. this time is confirmed by uniovulate fruits and (1989) compared large monosulcate pollen grains floral axes called Anacostia from the early Albian with granular infratectal sculpture from lower of Portugal and the middle Albian (lower Sub- Zone I, named Lethomasites, with Magnoliales, zone IIB) Kenilworth and Puddledock localities many of which have such structure. Granular or in Maryland and Virginia (Friis et al. 1997; for related “atectate” structure was once thought to age, see Massoni et al. 2014). Phylogenetic analy- be primitive in angiosperms (Van Campo and ses (Doyle et al. 2008; Doyle and Endress 2014) Lugardon 1973; Doyle et al. 1975; Walker and nest Anacostia within Austrobaileyales, as the sis- Skvarla 1975; Walker 1976) but is now inferred to 118 Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 55(2) • October 2014 have evolved within Magnoliales and many other leaves, but there is an increasing number of fossils groups (Doyle 2009). However, it would be pre- that confirm the early presence of Nymphaeales. mature to draw conclusions from fossils with so The most conclusive is Monetianthus (Friis et al. few characters. Wolfe et al. (1975) compared the 2001; Friis et al. 2009), a flower with numerous venation of “Sapindopsis” elliptica (not to be con- tepals and stamens and 12 fused carpels with fused with true Sapindopsis from Zone II) to that laminar placentation from the early Albian of of extant Winteraceae, but better evidence is Portugal. Morphological cladistic analyses using needed to determine whether the similarities are a molecular backbone (Friis et al. 2009; Doyle apomorphic or plesiomorphic. More convinc- and Endress 2014) placed Monetianthus within ingly, phylogenetic analyses have placed leafy Nymphaeaceae, one of the three families of stems and flowers named Endressinia (Mohr and Nymphaeales, above Nuphar and below or in the Bernardes-de-Oliveira 2004) and Schenkeriphyl- clade consisting of Barclaya and Nymphaeoideae. lum (Mohr et al. 2012) from the late Aptian Crato Von Balthazar et al. (2008) described a similar but Formation of Brazil in Magnoliales, although dif- less well preserved flower from the middle Albian ferent analyses have given inconsistent results on Puddledock locality in Virginia as Carpestella; their position within the order (Doyle and their phylogenetic analysis gave ambiguous Endress 2010; Mohr et al. 2012; Massoni et al. results, but Doyle and Endress (2014) placed it in 2014). Phylogenetic analysis (Doyle and Endress the same most parsimonious positions as Mone- 2010) has linked monoporate tetrad pollen called tianthus. Whole plants with cordate to peltate Walkeripollis from the late Barremian of Gabon leaves and flowers attached to rhizomes from the (Doyle et al. 1990) with Winteraceae, in the late Aptian lacustrine Crato Formation of Brazil, Canellales. Similar pollen with sculpture more like Pluricarpellatia (Mohr et al. 2008), give direct evi- that of living Winteraceae is known from the dence for an aquatic habit, but phylogenetic mid-Cretaceous of Israel (Walker et al. 1983; analyses (Mohr et al. 2008; Taylor 2008; Doyle Schrank 2013) and Argentina (Barreda and and Endress 2014) have not resolved whether Archangelsky 2006). Evidence for Magnoliales they were more closely related to Nymphaeaceae and Laurales in the later Albian and Cenomanian or the sister family Cabombaceae. Plants with a is discussed below. short rhizome, roots, and attached actinodro- Another important lower Potomac leaf type is mous leaves were figured from the Crato Forma- Proteaephyllum reniforme, which has a reniform tion by Mohr and Friis (2000) and placed blade, three-stranded midrib, and basally crowded phylogenetically in Nymphaeaceae by Coiffard or palmate major venation. Judging from current et al. (2013b). The fact that these and other fossils phylogenetic trees, palmate venation is a derived contradict molecular dating of crown group condition that evolved from pinnate venation Nymphaeales as Tertiary (Yoo et al. 2005) has more than once in “basal” angiosperms (Doyle been emphasized by Nixon (2008), Coiffard et al. 2007). Hickey and Doyle (1977) compared P. reni- (2013b), and Doyle and Endress (2014). forme with palmately veined cordate and peltate So far, there is no secure evidence for Piperales leaves in the upper Potomac, which they associ- in Zone I time. Middle Albian fruits (Appomat- ated with Nymphaeales, then thought to include toxia) associated with Tucanopollis pollen, which Nelumbo. However, it is equally suggestive of extends back to the Barremian, have been related to other “herbaceous magnoliids” with palmate Piperales by Friis et al. (1995) and Friis et al. (2011), venation, which are now grouped as Piperales but as discussed below phylogenetic analyses sug- (including Aristolochiaceae). In the morphologi- gest that these belong near the base of angiosperms cal cladistic analysis of Donoghue and Doyle or Chloranthaceae. The divergence of Piperales by (1989), Nymphaeales and Piperales (plus mono- this time can be inferred from the occurrence of cots) formed a clade called “paleoherbs,” but the Walkeripollis, in its sister group Canellales, in the two orders are well separated in molecular analy- late Barremian. A specimen collected from lower ses, with Nymphaeales in the ANITA grade and Zone I at Dutch Gap (Figure 5A) has obovate, Piperales in the magnoliid clade. entire-margined leaves with low-angle pinnate It is not clear which (if either) of these groups venation and sheathing bases that are borne along is represented by the lower Potomac reniform a zigzag stem, suggesting sympodial branching, a Angiosperm Clades in the Potomac Group • Doyle and Upchurch 119

FIGURE 5. Leaves and leaf-bearing shoots from lower Zone I of the Potomac Group. A, Possible piperalean shoot showing zigzag (probably sympodial) stem bearing obovate leaves with sheathing bases. Dutch Gap locality of Doyle and Hickey (1976), UMMP 64900. Scale bar equals 1 cm. B, Chloranthoid leaf identified as Quercophyl- lum tenuinerve by Hickey and Doyle (1977), showing irregular festooned craspedodromous secondary vena- tion in which each secondary vein gives off one or more low-angle inner branches and curves apically to enter a tooth. The small dark dots in the lamina are presumed to be remains of oil cells. Dutch Gap, UMMP 64896. Scale bar equals 5 mm. C, Chloranthoid leaf identified as Celastrophyllum sp. by Upchurch (1984a), showing attachment of the leaf to a stem (right-hand arrow). Left-hand arrow indicates the probable attachment of a sec- ond leaf at the same node. Drewry’s Bluff locality, UMMP 64892. Scale bar equals 1 cm. D, Chloranthoid leaf, close-up of counterpart of B showing weakly biserrate margin with small chloranthoid teeth. UMMP 64896. Scale bar equals 2 mm. presumably derived feature of many Piperales. ites from the Wealden of England and compared However, the venation is too poorly preserved to it with pollen of the living chloranthaceous genus rule out a relationship to broad-leafed monocots, Ascarina, it has been suggested that Chloran- where sympodial branching is also common. thaceae, one of the five mesangiosperm clades, were an important early angiosperm group. This Chloranthoids led to speculation that the extremely simple flow- Since Couper (1958) described the reticulate-col- ers of Chloranthaceae, with one carpel and usually umellar monosulcate pollen genus Clavatipollen- one stamen, provide an alternative model for the 120 Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 55(2) • October 2014 ancestral flower (Meeuse 1972; Burger 1977; Leroy Acorus) and eudicots. Two specimens represent- 1983; Nixon et al. 1994; Hickey and Taylor 1996). ing different species from Drewry’s Bluff appear However, their position in the mesangiosperm to show opposite attachment of leaves to stems clade implies that their floral simplicity is the result (Figure 5C). Opposite phyllotaxis may be a of very early reduction (Endress and Doyle 2009). synapomorphy of Chloranthaceae, or of Chloran- The large number of fossils that appear to be thaceae and Ceratophyllum (which has whorled related to Chloranthaceae is consistent with the leaves, lumped with the opposite state in Doyle hypothesis of Feild et al. (2004) that Chloran- and Endress 2014) if the two are sister groups, as thaceae were among the first angiosperms to in the D&E tree. However, with the D&E tree, “break out” of the wet understory niche of the first where Chloranthaceae and Ceratophyllum are angiosperms into more open, sunny habitats. basal in mesangiosperms, it is equally parsimo- In the lower Potomac, leaves variously nious to assume that their opposite leaves are assigned to Proteaephyllum dentatum, Celastro- homologous with those of Austrobaileyales (Aus- phyllum, and Quercophyllum (Figures 5B–D) trobaileya, Trimenia) and were lost in the remain- resemble Chloranthaceae in having pinnate vena- ing mesangiosperms. In any case, opposite tion and marginal teeth. Hickey and Doyle (1977) phyllotaxis originated independently in many did not relate these leaves to Chloranthaceae, but other clades, most notably Laurales. Upchurch (1984b) showed that they have chlo- Mesofossils from Portugal, many of them ranthoid teeth (Hickey and Wolfe 1975), with associated with pollen types known in the lower three veins forming a tripod at or below an apical Potomac, confirm the presence of Chloran- gland (Figure 5D), and share cuticle features with thaceae and related lines (stem relatives) by the Chloranthaceae. Chloranthoid teeth alone do not early Albian. If Ceratophyllum is sister to Chlo- necessarily imply a relationship to Chloran- ranthaceae, as indicated by morphological and thaceae, since they also occur in Amborella, Aus- some molecular analyses, some of these fossils trobaileyales (Trimenia, Schisandra), and basal may be more closely related to this enigmatic eudicots, and have been inferred to be ancestral aquatic plant. in angiosperms (Doyle 2007). However, many Ironically, the first mesofossils to be associ- Potomac chloranthoid leaves resemble leaves of ated with pollen of the Clavatipollenites type, Ascarina and some Hedyosmum species in hav- namely fruits called Couperites from the early ing festooned craspedodromous secondary vena- Cenomanian of Maryland (Pedersen et al. 1991), tion, a presumed derived condition in which each may not be chloranthaceous. Like Chloranthaceae secondary vein forms an inner low-angle branch they have one apical seed, but the seed is anat- that connects with the superjacent secondary ropous rather than orthotropous and has differ- vein, and a thicker outer branch that curves api- ent seed coat anatomy. In analyses by Doyle and cally and enters a tooth. In this respect, younger Endress (2014) with the J/M chloroplast back- leaves named Crassidenticulum from the late bone tree, where Chloranthaceae and Ceratophyl- Albian Rose Creek locality in the Dakota Forma- lum are well separated, Couperites is sister to tion of Nebraska are even more like leaves of Chloranthaceae; but with the D&E tree, where extant Chloranthaceae in having more regular Chloranthaceae and Ceratophyllum form a clade, venation and more strongly developed craspedo- it has several most parsimonious positions in and dromy (Upchurch and Dilcher 1990). around Chloranthaceae and sister to mesan- Potomac Group chloranthoid leaves have giosperms, and many other positions are only one additional derived features that support a rela- step less parsimonious. These results do not nec- tionship with Chloranthaceae over other possibil- essarily apply to other dispersed pollen identified ities. These include secretory cells in the lamina as Clavatipollenites. The pollen associated with (Figure 5B), presumably equivalent to the oil cells Couperites, compared to Clavatipollenites rotun- of modern taxa, which according to parsimony dus (Kemp 1968) and Retimonocolpites dividuus optimization (Figure 4) arose in the common (Pierce 1961), is only one of many assigned to ancestor of Austrobaileyales and mesangiosperms Clavatipollenites, which may be systematically and persisted in Chloranthaceae and magnoliids, heterogeneous, especially considering that most but were lost in monocots (above the basal genus of its characters are plesiomorphic. Angiosperm Clades in the Potomac Group • Doyle and Upchurch 121

Better evidence for Chloranthaceae comes 1995) is based on spiny fruits from the middle from flowers from the early Albian of Portugal Albian of Virginia and associated pollen of the with pollen of the Asteropollis type (Friis et al. Tucanopollis type, which extends down to the 1999, 2006; Friis et al. 2011; Eklund et al. 2004), Barremian in Northern Gondwana (Doyle et al. which is like Clavatipollenites except that the sul- 1977; Regali 1989). Friis, Pedersen et al. (1995) cus has four or five branches, as in the living and Friis, Crane et al. (2011) argued that Appo- genus Hedyosmum. The female flowers have three mattoxia was related to Piperales, on the basis of reduced tepals on top, also as in Hedyosmum. its sclerotic tegmen in the seed coat, but analyses Analyses of Eklund et al. (2004) and Doyle and of Doyle and Endress (2014) placed it either near Endress (2014) linked these fossils with Hedyos- the base of the angiosperm tree or with Chloran- mum, indicating that crown group Chloran- thaceae and/or Ceratophyllum. Mid-Cretaceous thaceae had originated by the early Albian. Some megafossils from other regions that could repre- authors have used Asteropollis for pollen with a sent stem relatives of Ceratophyllum, such as three-armed (trichotomosulcate) sulcus, which Pseudoasterophyllites, associated with Tucanopol- extends down into the Aptian, but the oldest well- lis-like pollen by Kvacek et al. (2012), are discussed dated grains with a four- or five-armed sulcus are in Doyle and Endress (2014). early Albian (see Doyle and Endress 2014); in the Potomac they are not known until Zone II. Monocots Another flower from the early Albian of Por- The second-largest mesangiosperm clade is the tugal, Canrightia (Friis and Pedersen 2011), is monocots. Two lower Potomac fossil types that linked with Chloranthaceae but notably more Doyle (1973), Doyle and Hickey (1976), and primitive. It resembles Chloranthaceae in having Hickey and Doyle (1977) interpreted as monocots one orthotropous ovule per carpel, but it is bisex- are Liliacidites, comprising monosulcate pollen ual and has a reduced perianth and four or so sta- with reticulate sculpture that grades from fine at mens and carpels. Analyses by Friis and Pedersen the ends of the grain to coarse in the middle, and (2011) and Doyle and Endress (2014) placed it on Acaciaephyllum, best known as a stem bearing the stem lineage of Chloranthaceae (plus Cerato- leaves with apically fusing veins. Acaciaephyllum is phyllum with the D&E tree). Its pollen is of an open from the “Fishing hut above Dutch Gap Canal” reticulate type with smooth muri often assigned to locality of Fontaine (1889), not to be confused with Retimonocolpites, which occurs throughout the the previously mentioned locality of Doyle and Potomac. Hickey (1976) and Upchurch (1984b) on the Another chloranthoid group is known from south side of Dutch Gap Canal, which is about 1.5 uniovulate carpels, male flowers consisting of one km downstream but apparently of similar age stamen, and coarsely reticulate monosulcate (early Zone I, probably Aptian). pollen called Pennipollis (Friis et al. 2000), one of The monocot affinities of these fossils were the most common angiosperm pollen types in questioned by Gandolfo et al. (2000) but reaf- Zone I and Aptian beds elsewhere (Penny 1988a). firmed by Doyle et al. (2008) on the basis of closer As discussed above, such pollen was first examination of characters and phylogenetic analy- described by Brenner (1963) as Peromonolites and ses. The case of Liliacidites had been confused by provides evidence for an Aptian age of the basal assignment of pollen with different patterns of Potomac. Friis et al. (2000) and Friis et al. (2011) grading or a non-graded reticulum to this genus, argued that the Pennipollis plant was a monocot some of which has been associated with non- in the near-basal order Alismatales, in which monocotyledonous mesofossils (including Ana- some members have pollen that resembles Pen- costia). However, the specific pattern of grading nipollis in having a reticulate tectum and granular seen in typical Liliacidites (fine at the ends, coarse infratectal structure. However, Doyle et al. (2008) in the middle) is not known outside monocots. and Doyle and Endress (2014) found that it was Acaciaephyllum has alternate phyllotaxis, a mid- much more parsimonious to place the Pennipol- vein, and major veins that fuse successively toward lis plant on the stem lineage of Chloranthaceae the apex (Figures 6A, B, arrows). These features (J/M), Chloranthaceae plus Ceratophyllum, or occur in most monocots but contrast with charac- Ceratophyllum (D&E). Appomattoxia (Friis et al. ter states in the most similar non-angiospermous 122 Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 55(2) • October 2014

FIGURE 6. Leaf-bearing shoots of a monocot and possible eudicot from lower Zone I of the Potomac Group. A, B, Acaciaephyllum spatulatum from the Fishing hut above Dutch Gap Canal locality of Fontaine (1889). USNM 175802A. A, General shot. Scale bar equals 5 mm. B, Close-up of leaf showing successive fusion of longitudinal parallel veins toward the apex (arrows). Scale bar equals 5 mm. C, D, Leaf-bearing shoot with similarities to Vitiphyllum parvifolium, from the basal bed at the Dutch Gap locality of Doyle and Hickey (1976). USNM 455017. C, General shot showing herbaceous stem bearing small leaves and axillary branches. Arrow points to leaf illustrated in D. Scale bar equals 1 cm. D, Close-up of basalmost leaf of shoot. Note ternate lobation. Scale bar equals 2 mm. seed plants, which are some fossil and Recent Cantino et al. 2007), which was first suggested Gnetales (Doyle et al. 2008). The idea that mono- by morphological cladistic analyses (Dahlgren cots had begun to diversify by the Albian is con- and Bremer 1985; Donoghue and Doyle 1989) firmed by inflorescences from the early Albian of and conclusively established by molecular Portugal (Friis et al. 2010) that resemble Araceae, analyses (Chase et al. 1993). Rare tricolpate in Alismatales, the second branch above the base pollen appears consistently in upper Zone I and of the monocots in molecular phylogenies, and the early Albian of England and Portugal stems with aroid-like leaves (Spixiarum) from the (Kemp 1968; Laing 1975; Heimhofer et al. late Aptian of Brazil (Coiffard et al. 2013a). 2007), indicating the presence of eudicots. However, these are not the oldest evidence for Eudicots eudicots, as tricolpate pollen extends back to the Plants with tricolpate and derived pollen form a late Barremian in Northern Gondwana (Doyle clade, the eudicots (Doyle and Hotton 1991; et al. 1977; Regali and Viana 1989; Doyle 1992), Angiosperm Clades in the Potomac Group • Doyle and Upchurch 123 and a few isolated grains have been reported in some leaves of Vitiphyllum from Baltimore have the Barremian and Aptian of England (Hughes what appear to be mesophyll secretory cells, which and McDougall 1990; Hughes 1994) and the would support a position outside crown group lower part of Potomac Zone I (Doyle 1992). eudicots, which lack such cells (Figure 4). These These observations raise the question of problems were explored in greater detail in Doyle whether any lower Potomac leaves are related to (2012). eudicots. Fossils known as Vitiphyllum from an upper Zone I flora at Baltimore, Maryland, resem- Potomac Zone II ble leaves of the basal eudicot order Ranunculales (Middle to Late Albian) in their ternately lobed organization (Doyle 2001), a clearly derived condition (Doyle 2007). A small In the palynological record, Zone II corresponds leafy shoot (Figure 6C and D) from the south side to the proliferation of tricolpate eudicot pollen. of Dutch Gap Canal (probably Aptian) has simi- The fact that tricolpates are more diverse than larities to Vitiphyllum parvifolium of Fontaine angiospermous monosulcates from the base of the (1889). Jud and Hickey (2013) described another zone is consistent with the view of Hochuli et al. ternately organized leaf, Potomacapnos, from the (2006) that there was a significant hiatus between same locality and presented a phylogenetic analy- Zones I and II. However, their suggestion that sis that nested it within the ranunculalean family almost all of Zone II is late Albian or Cenomanian Papaveraceae, although they cautioned that this is not supported by correlations with well-dated was based on a relatively small number of char- middle and late Albian floras in Oklahoma and the acters. Leefructus, from the Barremian-Aptian U.S. Western Interior (Massoni et al. 2014). Yixian Formation of China (Sun et al. 2011), had ternate leaves and a 5-carpellate fruit, as in Eudicots Ranunculaceae. The most conspicuous feature of the Zone II leaf A complicating factor is that these fossils also record is the appearance of peltate, palmately show similarities to the controversial aquatic lobed, pinnatifid, and pinnately compound plant Archaefructus from the Yixian Formation angiosperm leaves, which are dominant at some (Sun et al. 1998; Sun et al. 2002). This had herba- localities, particularly in stream-margin facies ceous stems bearing more finely dissected but ter- (Doyle and Hickey 1976; Hickey and Doyle 1977). nately organized leaves and reproductive axes As argued by Hickey and Doyle (1977), many of with paired stamens and carpels, which have been these leaves are of types seen in eudicots with tri- variously interpreted as pre-flowers (Sun et al. colpate pollen, and affinities with such “basal” 2002) or inflorescences of highly reduced flowers eudicots have been confirmed by discoveries of (Friis et al. 2003). Different phylogenetic analyses fossil flowers (Crane et al. 1986; Crane et al. 1993; have interpreted Archaefructus as a stem relative Drinnan et al. 1991). All Albian eudicots that have of angiosperms (Sun et al. 2002), a member of been analyzed phylogenetically (Doyle and Nymphaeales near the highly reduced Hydatel- Endress 2010) belong to lines that branch off laceae, or a eudicot (Endress and Doyle 2009). below the huge “core eudicot” clade, named Pen- Except for Vitiphyllum from Baltimore, all of tapetalae by Cantino et al. (2007), where we find these fossils predate the consistent presence of tri- typical pentamerous flowers with distinct sepals colpate pollen in their respective areas, although and petals. The oldest known flowers of this type as noted exceedingly rare tricolpate grains of sim- were reported by Basinger and Dilcher (1984) ilar age are known in England and the Potomac. from what are now known to be latest Albian beds This conflict could be resolved if the leaf fossils at the Rose Creek locality in the Dakota Forma- were stem relatives of eudicots in which tricolpate tion of Nebraska (Gröcke et al. 2006). Pentapeta- pollen had not yet evolved. In terms of parsimony lae may also be represented by the first typical the ancestor of eudicots had simple leaves and ter- tricolporates, the basic pollen type for the rosid nate dissection evolved in Ranunculales (Doyle and asterid clades of the Pentapetalae, which 2007), but a likelihood-based analysis by Geeta et al. appear near the Albian-Cenomanian boundary. (2012) inferred that dissection probably evolved Many authors (Berry 1911; Vakhrameev earlier, on the eudicot stem lineage. Interestingly, 1952; Samylina 1968; Hickey and Doyle 1977) 124 Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 55(2) • October 2014 compared peltate leaves with actinodromous but molecular data place it in Proteales with venation from the upper Potomac and the Albian Nelumbo and Proteaceae, where it is sister to the of other areas with the aquatic genus Nelumbo. latter family. Platanoid leaves are abundant in Nelumbo was formerly assigned to Nymphaeales channel margin and levee facies in Potomac Sub- but has tricolpate pollen, and molecular data place zone II-C (latest Albian), as in the correlative it in the near-basal eudicot order Proteales, where Dakota flora of Kansas (Lesquereux 1892). Leaves it is sister to Platanus plus Proteaceae. The Albian with comparable venation (Platanoids #1 and #3 leaves have been identified as Nelumbites (the cor- of Upchurch 1984a) extend down into Subzone rect name according to Upchurch et al. 1994) or II-B (middle to late Albian), together with similar Menispermites. Doyle and Hickey (1976) and leaves with less platanaceous fine venation (Doyle Hickey and Doyle (1977) adduced evidence that and Hickey 1976; Hickey and Doyle 1977). Sev- the Nelumbites plant was aquatic from the func- eral authors noted axes bearing numerous “pom- tional morphology of the leaves and their abun- pom-like” heads, which recall the heads of dance in pond facies, for example at Quantico, Platanus but are smaller, in beds with platanoid Virginia. A relationship to Nelumbo was strength- leaves, and Hickey and Doyle (1977) interpreted ened by the discovery at Quantico of floral this as evidence for relatives of Platanus. receptacles with pits where the carpels were pre- Additional evidence came from cuticle stud- sumably borne, as in Nelumbo (Upchurch et al. ies (Upchurch 1984a), which showed that some 1994; Figure 7C). However, the fossils are more Albian platanoid leaves share important epider- plesiomorphic than modern Nelumbo: the recep- mal features with Platanus. Most definitive is the tacles are round rather than flat-topped, and the presence of Platanus-type hair bases, in which the leaves are smaller and have fewer primary veins basal cell of the trichome is shaped like a truncate and more irregular venation. cone and symmetrically placed over the junction Consistent with these observations, Doyle and of two or more epidermal cells (Figure 7A, B). Endress (2010) found that the most parsimonious Such hair bases also occur in Proteaceae and have position for Nelumbites is sister to Nelumbo. How- been considered a synapomorphy of the two taxa ever, it was only one step less parsimonious to link (Figure 4) because they are unknown in Nelumbo, Nelumbites with Brasenia (Cabombaceae) in the other basal eudicots, magnoliids, and other basal Nymphaeales, probably because relatively few angiosperms (Carpenter et al. 2005; Upchurch, characters in the data matrix could be scored. unpubl. data). An additional epidermal character Some characters not used by Doyle and Endress of platanoid leaves that supports a relationship to (2010) may favor a relationship with Nelumbo Platanus is laterocytic stomata (Figure 7A), which rather than Brasenia, such as associated tubers are present in both Platanus and Bellendena, a and the fact that the leaf blade tends to be wider near-basal genus of Proteaceae, but are absent in than long, as in Nelumbo, rather than longer more derived Proteaceae and Nelumbo, which than wide, as in Brasenia (cf. Wang and Dilcher have paracytic and anomocytic stomata, respec- 2006). tively. A characteristic element of mid-Cretaceous The view that heads from the upper Potomac floras is palmately lobed and veined “platanoid” of Maryland were from relatives of Platanus was leaves. Early authors assigned these leaves to confirmed by Crane et al. (1986), Friis et al. (1988), many extant families (e.g., Araliaceae, Lauraceae, and Pedersen et al. (1994), who showed that the Platanaceae, Sterculiaceae: Lesquereux 1892), but flowers making up the heads were unisexual, with they have venational features most typical of reticulate tricolpate pollen in the stamens, as in modern Platanus: palinactinodromous primary Platanus, but had larger perianth parts, five sta- venation, percurrent tertiaries, and “stitched mens or five carpels, and other more plesiomor- intertertiary” veins (formed by branching and phic features. However, although inflorescences fusion of alternating quaternary veins, analogous from Bull Mountain (Subzone II-C; Pedersen et al. to composite intersecondary veins of Hickey 1994) were in beds dominated by typical palmately 1973). Platanus was formerly grouped with other lobed platanoid leaves, those at the West Brothers wind-pollinated taxa in the now-obsolete subclass locality (upper Subzone II-B; Crane et al. 1986; Hamamelidae (Cronquist 1968; Takhtajan 1969), Friis et al. 1988) co-occurred with both platanoid Angiosperm Clades in the Potomac Group • Doyle and Upchurch 125

FIGURE 7. Proteales and Laurales from Subzone II-B of the Potomac Group. A, Platanoid #3 of Upchurch (1984a) from Stump Neck, abaxial cuticle showing Platanus-type hair base (arrow) and two laterocytic stomata. UMMP 65103. Scale bar equals 50 μm. B, Extant Platanus occidentalis, abaxial cuticle showing two hair bases (arrows) and several stomata. Texas State University Modern Cuticle Reference Collection GU59. Scale bar equals 50 μm. C, Mold of a floral receptacle from Quantico illustrated by Upchurch et al. (1994), found in association with Nelumbites leaves and tepal-like structures. The large inward-directed protuberances are interpreted as infilled carpel-bearing pits in the floral receptacle. UMMP 446045a. Scale bar equals 5 mm. D–F, Leaf of aff. Pabiania from Quantico illustrated by Upchurch et al. (1994). UMMP 66621. D, General shot of trilobed leaf. Scale bar equals 1 cm. E, Basal half of leaf showing midvein (M), lateral primary veins (L), and basilaminar secondary veins (arrows). Scale bar equals 1 cm. F, Close-up of blade-petiole junction showing lateral primary veins that are decurrent onto the midvein. Scale bar equals 2 mm. 126 Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 55(2) • October 2014 leaves and pinnately compound leaves of the two successive outgroups, with Sapindopsis more Sapindopsis type (cf. Upchurch 1984a), and it is basal. These results imply that Sapindopsis has not known which leaves belonged with the inflo- nothing to do with rosids, since Platanus and rescences. In any case, the analyses of Doyle and rosids are separated by many nodes in molecular Endress (2010) strongly linked the West Brothers trees, and heads of unisexual flowers would not inflorescences with Platanus, as a stem relative of be predicted in stem relatives of rosids. It should the living genus. be noted that not all leaves formerly considered Sapindopsis includes pinnately divided leaves platanoids are basal eudicots related to Platanus; that range from deeply pinnatifid, with lobes con- as discussed below, some are now known to rep- nected by a decurrent wing of laminar tissue, to resent Laurales. truly compound, with leaflets attached to the Another basal eudicot line is represented by rachis by distinct petiolules. Pinnatifid leaves Spanomera (Drinnan et al. 1991), which had uni- occur at Fontaine’s (1889) lower Subzone II-B sexual flowers with reduced tepals grouped into locality near Brooke, Virginia, while truly com- bisexual inflorescences, as in Buxaceae. The pound leaves dominate at upper Subzone II-B analysis of Doyle and Endress (2010) indicated localities, such as West Brothers and Red Point in that Spanomera was sister to Buxaceae, one or two Maryland. Leaves similar to Potomac Group nodes above Proteales on the line leading to Pen- Sapindopsis occur in the early late Albian Cheyenne tapetalae. The presence of relatives of Buxaceae Sandstone of Kansas (Berry 1922), the Albian of was not suspected from the leaf record, but leaves Israel (Krassilov and Schrank 2011) and Spain in this part of the tree can be reconstructed as (Sender et al. 2013), and the Cenomanian of being ovate and having palmate venation and Lebanon (Dilcher and Basson 1990; Krassilov and marginal teeth, like upper Potomac fossils known Bacchia 2000). Hickey and Wolfe (1975) and as “Populus” potomacensis. Spanomera has tricol- Hickey and Doyle (1977) suggested that Sapin- pate pollen with striate-reticulate exine sculpture, dopsis and the platanoids were related, on the as in some Buxus species and Trochodendraceae basis of similar teeth in some members of the two (Trochodendron, Tetracentron), which form a line groups, the resemblance of the lobed terminal adjacent to Buxaceae in molecular phylogenies. leaflet in some Sapindopsis leaves to a platanoid Such pollen appears above the base of the early leaf (cf. Crane 1989), and the presence of similar Albian in Portugal (Heimhofer et al. 2007), and it heads at localities with the two leaf types; this view has been found in less complete buxoid flowers was strengthened by cuticle similarities docu- from the Vale de Agua mesofossil locality (Peder- mented by Upchurch (1984a). Hickey and Wolfe sen et al. 2007). However, similar pollen extends (1975) and Hickey and Doyle (1977) proposed down to the early Aptian in Egypt (Penny 1988b) that Sapindopsis was on the line leading to rosids, and other areas in Northern Gondwana (Doyle the angiosperm group where compound leaves et al. 1977; Doyle 1992). are most prevalent, while the platanoids were “lower hamamelids,” and they took the similari- Magnoliids ties as evidence that rosids and hamamelids had a An important result of studies of fossil flowers is close common ancestor. recognition that woody members of the magnoliid This situation was greatly clarified by Crane clade, particularly Magnoliales and Laurales, were et al. (1993), who conclusively associated Sapin- radiating in the Albian, alongside the eudicots. We dopsis at Brooke with heads in the same beds (fig- have noted pollen evidence for stem relatives of ured by Hickey and Doyle 1977), on the basis of Winteraceae (Canellales) in the late Barremian characters of the cuticle of the inflorescence axes, through Albian of Gondwana (Walker et al. 1983; and showed that these heads consisted of unisex- Doyle et al. 1990; Barreda and Archangelsky 2006; ual flowers similar to those associated with pla- Schrank 2013). Magnoliales, Laurales, and Canel- tanoid leaves. Phylogenetic analyses by Doyle and lales have basically pinnately veined, entire-mar- Endress (2010) confirmed that Sapindopsis was a gined leaves, becoming palmately veined in stem relative of Platanus, like the West Brothers “higher” Laurales. Leaves of the pinnately veined platanoid. When both fossils were added to the type were mentioned but not illustrated by Doyle backbone tree, they formed either a sister clade or and Hickey (1976) and Hickey and Doyle (1977). Angiosperm Clades in the Potomac Group • Doyle and Upchurch 127

However, Upchurch et al. (1994) reported such forations in living Calycanthaceae. Because leaves from Quantico as Landonia, a genus that Walker and Walker (1984) had identified dis- Upchurch and Dilcher (1990) first described persed pollen of this type as “Liliacidites” minutus from the Dakota Formation of Nebraska and and interpreted it as monocotyledonous, Doyle assigned to Laurales, and Dicotylophyllum ovato- et al. (2008) analyzed Virginianthus in their decurrens. review of Early Cretaceous monocots. This analy- Confirmed Magnoliales are not known from sis indicated that Virginianthus had two most par- the Potomac Group. Besides Lethomasites from simonious positions, one sister to Calycanthaceae, Zone I, the order could be represented by lami- the other sister to the remaining Laurales. The fact nar stamens containing monosulcate pollen with that Virginianthus has reticulate monosulcate a smooth tectum from the middle Albian Puddle- pollen suggests that more dispersed pollen of this dock locality in Virginia (Crane et al. 1994, fig. common early type was produced by magnoliids 11a, b). Better evidence for Magnoliales is pro- than might be assumed on the basis of the numer- vided by fossil flowers named Archaeanthus and ous living magnoliids with tectate exines. associated bilobed leaves (Liriophyllum) described At the other extreme is Mauldinia, described by Dilcher and Crane (1984) from the Dakota by Drinnan et al. (1990) from Mauldin Mountain, Formation at the Linnenberger Ranch in Kansas. Maryland, near the base of Zone III (early Ceno- Although the age of the published leaf flora from manian; Massoni et al. 2014). It is known as iso- the Rose Creek locality in the Dakota has been lated flowers and inflorescences with curious refined to latest Albian (Gröcke et al. 2006), like bilobed flower-bearing lateral units, interpreted Subzone II-C in the Potomac, an early Cenoman- as dichasial cymes with fused bracts. The flowers ian age for the Linnenberger locality cannot be are trimerous, with two whorls of three tepals, sta- excluded (Massoni et al. 2014). The flowers are mens with basal glands and flap dehiscence, and known as floral axes bearing numerous spiral one carpel, as in Lauraceae, but the inner tepals carpels, with scars below that correspond to other are more petaloid than those of Lauraceae and floral parts in Magnoliaceae, and detached tepals there is endosperm in the seed, whereas endosperm and stipular bracts. The analysis of Doyle and is used up at maturity in Lauraceae. Herendeen Endress (2010) strongly associated Archaeanthus (1991) used xylem in the inflorescence axes to with Magnoliaceae, either attached to the stem associate Mauldinia with Paraphyllanthoxylon, a lineage of the family or nested in the crown group. widespread mid-Cretaceous wood genus, which Romanov and Dilcher (2013) presented an analy- is anatomically similar to wood of Lauraceae but sis that linked Archaeanthus exclusively with Liri- more plesiomorphic in lacking well-developed odendron, but this was a result of use of redundant paratracheal parenchyma. Abundant dispersed characters and inappropriate outgroups (Massoni cuticle with lauraceous features occurs in the et al. 2014). same bed (Richey and Upchurch 2011). The supe- By contrast, the Potomac mesofossil record rior ovary also contrasts with the inferior ovary of provides abundant evidence for Laurales. This basal Lauraceae, which is reconstructed as ances- includes both one taxon from near the base of the tral in the family and reversed to superior in clade and an increasing number from higher derived members (Rohwer and Rudolph 2005). within it, which together show two extremes in Similar but less complete flowers extend down to floral morphology in the order. the middle Albian at Puddledock (von Balthazar The first extreme is represented by Virgini- et al. 2007; von Balthazar et al. 2011). Inflores- anthus, a flower from the middle Albian Puddle- cences similar or identical to Mauldinia from the dock locality (Friis, Eklund et al. 1994). This fossil Dakota Formation of Kansas were described by has a deep floral cup with numerous spiral tepals, Retallack and Dilcher (1981) as Prisca, who mis- stamens, and inner staminodes on the rim and interpreted the inflorescences as elongate floral carpels inside, as in Calycanthaceae, the relatively axes, the fused bracts as open follicles, and the plesiomorphic sister group of the remaining Lau- fruits as seeds. rales. However, the pollen is monosulcate with an Despite the close similarity of the flowers to open reticulum, of a type called Clavatipollenites modern Lauraceae, the analysis of Doyle and minutus, rather than disulculate with small per- Endress (2010) indicated that Mauldinia was not 128 Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 55(2) • October 2014 uniquely linked to this family but was rather an Figures 7D–F) and Platanoid #2 from Stump extinct sister group of Lauraceae plus Hernandi- Neck, Maryland (Upchurch 1984a), differ from aceae. This suggests that flowers of both Lau- Pabiania in their sinus bracing but fit better in raceae and Hernandiaceae (which also have one Laurales than near Platanus because of their carpel but a more variable perianth and androe- secretory cells and/or pattern of primary and ter- cium) were derived from the essentially laura- tiary venation. Upchurch and Dilcher (1990) ceous type of Mauldinia. A problem is that the linked Pabiania with derived Laurales on the basis arrangement of these two families and the related of its palmate venation, as in Hernandiaceae, Monimiaceae is not resolved by molecular data, many Lauraceae, and some Monimiaceae (Hor- which usually link Monimiaceae with either Lau- tonia), but they noted that it is more plesiomor- raceae or Hernandiaceae (Renner and Chander- phic than all Lauraceae and some Hernandiaceae bali 2000; Massoni et al. 2014). The sister group (Gyrocarpus and Sparattanthelium) in having less relationship of Lauraceae and Hernandiaceae in organized fine venation and numerous freely the Doyle and Endress (2010) backbone tree was ending veinlets. Its palmate lobation is therefore based on the combined morphological and purely convergent with that of the temperate lau- molecular analysis of Doyle and Endress (2000). raceous genera Sassafras and Lindera, which are This was the case where morphological data most located well up in the phylogeny of Lauraceae strongly overruled molecular data; with the Doyle (Rohwer and Rudolph 2005). and Endress (2010) data set the two families are Another lauralean leaf type is Pandemophyl- united by 17 morphological synapomorphies. lum, described by Upchurch and Dilcher (1990) When Doyle and Endress (2010) used a backbone from Rose Creek, which is common at Dakota tree in which Monimiaceae were linked with Lau- localities with Prisca and occurs abundantly as raceae, the most parsimonious position of Maul- dispersed cuticle in the bed at Mauldin Mountain, dinia was sister to all three modern families, Maryland, that yields Mauldinia. Unlike Pabia- which would imply that the derived features nia, Pandemophyllum has pinnate venation, and shared by Mauldinia, Lauraceae, and Hernandi- it shares presumably derived features with Lau- aceae were reversed in Monimiaceae. raceae that are absent from Pabiania: more highly Many Albian-Cenomanian leaves also appear organized fine venation, uniformly paracytic to represent more or less derived Laurales. Some stomata, and scale-shaped guard cell lamellae. If of these have been called “platanoids,” which Pandemophyllum is the leaf of Prisca and Maul- means that leaves of this type do not all form a dinia, its “lauraceous” features might conflict with natural group. These include Pabiania, a palmately the idea that Mauldinia is sister to both Lauraceae veined and lobed leaf type that Upchurch and and Hernandiaceae. However, evaluating this Dilcher (1990) described from the latest Albian argument requires better information on epider- Rose Creek locality in the Dakota Formation of mal characters in Hernandiaceae. Relatives of Nebraska and identified as occurring in the Lauraceae have not been reported in the Potomac Potomac Group (“Sassafras” potomacensis of pollen record, but this is not surprising, since both Hickey and Doyle 1977, figs. 49–51). Pabiania dif- Lauraceae and Hernandiaceae have inaperturate fers from Platanus in lacking such apomorphies pollen with a reduced granular exine that is rarely as stitched intertertiaries and Platanus-type hair preserved. bases and in having mesophyll secretory cells Many angiosperms from Zone II and coeval (which were retained from below Austrobai- beds, particularly locally abundant types assigned leyales into magnoliids but lost in eudicots: Figure to Proteales (Sapindopsis, platanoids) and Lau- 4), lateral primary veins that are decurrent into rales (Pabiania, Pandemophyllum, Eucalyptolau- the petiole (a feature that occurs in both Laurales rus), have vein densities and inferred maximum and Piperales), basilaminar secondary veins, and assimilation rates higher than those of ferns, gym- sinus bracing by a secondary vein that runs to the nosperms, ANITA-grade angiosperms, Chloran- sinus and bifurcates, as in extant Laurales with thaceae, and basal magnoliids (Feild, Brodribb et lobate leaves (some Lauraceae, Hernandiaceae). al. 2011; Feild, Upchurch et al. 2011). Angiosperms Other lobed Potomac Group leaves, such as aff. with the still higher vein densities characteristic of Pabiania from Quantico (Upchurch et al. 1994; extant tropical rainforest trees are not known until Angiosperm Clades in the Potomac Group • Doyle and Upchurch 129 the latest Cretaceous. This trend for increase in chloranthaceous affinities of the Pennipollis plant. vein density has been functionally linked with Leaf macrofossils and dispersed cuticles need full the diversity and dominance of angiosperms in taxonomic description and placement in a phylo- modern tropical rainforests (Boyce et al. 2009). genetic framework, as done for flowers. More accu- rate systematic comparisons between the leaf, Conclusions floral, and pollen records are needed to add the dimensions of vegetative adaptation and ecology With the fossils discussed in this paper placed at to inferences on floral and dispersal biology, and most parsimonious positions on the modern tree to establish a phylogenetic framework for under- (see Figure 2), most of the lines that diverged near standing community- and landscape-scale changes the base of the molecular tree of angiosperms can in vegetation during the rise of angiosperms. be traced back to the early Albian. These include Nymphaeales, Austrobaileyales, Chloranthaceae, Acknowledgments magnoliids (Canellales and Magnoliales), mono- cots, and eudicots. Many of the taxa that appear We thank David Taylor for inviting us to present after the early Albian, such as Archaeanthus, this work at the symposium in honor of Leo Mauldinia, the platanoids, and Spanomera, are Hickey, and Walton Green for valuable com- nested higher in the tree, as expected if angio- ments on the manuscript. We were both postdoc- sperms were radiating during this time (Doyle toral fellows with Leo Hickey at the Smithsonian 2012). A significant diversity of angiosperms had Museum of Natural History, where we conducted evolved by the middle Albian, but it should be research on Potomac Group angiosperms. Finan- noted that there is no clear fossil evidence before cial support from the Smithsonian Office of Fel- the latest Albian for the huge clades of core eudi- lowships and Grants is gratefully acknowledged. cots (Pentapetalae) or core monocots (Petrosavi- idae of Cantino et al. 2007), which make up the Received 18 March 2014; revised and accepted 28 vast bulk of modern angiosperms. There is abun- May 2014. dant evidence that these core groups were diver- sifying in the Late Cretaceous (Friis et al. 2011) Literature Cited and were important in the transformation of the ANTONOV, A.S., A.V. TROITSKY, T.K. SAMIGULLIN, V.K. vegetation that occurred in this interval (Crane BOBROVA, K.M. VALIEJO-ROMAN AND W. MARTIN. 2000. 1987; Upchurch and Wolfe 1987). Early events in the evolution of angiosperms deduced from Although much has been learned about the cp rDNA ITS 2–4 sequence comparisons. In: Y.-H. Liu, H.- systematic relationships of Potomac Group angio- M. Fan, Z.-Y. Chen, Q.-G. 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