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2008. Pruning Some Branches from 'Branching Spacetimes'
CHAPTER 10 Pruning Some Branches from “Branching Spacetimes” John Earman* Abstract Discussions of branching time and branching spacetime have become com- mon in the philosophical literature. If properly understood, these concep- tions can be harmless. But they are sometimes used in the service of debat- able and even downright pernicious doctrines. The purpose of this chapter is to identify the pernicious branching and prune it back. 1. INTRODUCTION Talk of “branching time” and “branching spacetime” is wide spread in the philo- sophical literature. Such expressions, if properly understood, can be innocuous. But they are sometimes used in the service of debatable and even downright per- nicious doctrines. The purpose of this paper is to identify the pernicious branching and prune it back. Section 2 distinguishes three types of spacetime branching: individual branch- ing, ensemble branching, and Belnap branching. Individual branching, as the name indicates, involves a branching structure in individual spacetime models. It is argued that such branching is neither necessary nor sufficient for indeterminism, which is explicated in terms of the branching in the ensemble of spacetime mod- els satisfying the laws of physics. Belnap branching refers to the sort of branching used by the Belnap school of branching spacetimes. An attempt is made to sit- uate this sort of branching with respect to ensemble branching and individual branching. Section 3 is a sustained critique of various ways of trying to imple- ment individual branching for relativistic spacetimes. Conclusions are given in Section 4. * Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA The Ontology of Spacetime II © Elsevier BV ISSN 1871-1774, DOI: 10.1016/S1871-1774(08)00010-7 All rights reserved 187 188 Pruning Some Branches from “Branching Spacetimes” 2. -
Norm Manipulation, Norm Evasion: Experimental Evidence
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Behavioral Ethics Lab Philosophy, Politics and Economics 2013 Norm Manipulation, Norm Evasion: Experimental Evidence Cristina Bicchieri University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Alex K. Chavez University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/belab Part of the Behavioral Economics Commons, Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Bicchieri, C., & Chavez, A. K. (2013). Norm Manipulation, Norm Evasion: Experimental Evidence. Economics and Philosophy, 29 (2), 175-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266267113000187 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/belab/4 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Norm Manipulation, Norm Evasion: Experimental Evidence Abstract Using an economic bargaining game, we tested for the existence of two phenomena related to social norms, namely norm manipulation – the selection of an interpretation of the norm that best suits an individual – and norm evasion – the deliberate, private violation of a social norm. We found that the manipulation of a norm of fairness was characterized by a self-serving bias in beliefs about what constituted normatively acceptable behaviour, so that an individual who made an uneven bargaining offer not only genuinely believed it was fair, but also believed that recipients found it fair, even though recipients of the offer considered it to be unfair. In contrast, norm evasion operated as a highly explicit process. When they could do so without the recipient's knowledge, individuals made uneven offers despite knowing that their behaviour was unfair. Disciplines Behavioral Economics | Economics | Ethics and Political Philosophy | Social Psychology This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/belab/4 1 Norm Manipulation, Norm Evasion: Experimental Evidence Cristina Bicchieri and Alex K. -
Erte Xiao October, 2012
CURRICULUM VITAE Erte Xiao October, 2012 Personal Data Office Address Office: (412) 268-6780 (319E Porter Hall) Carnegie Mellon University Email: [email protected] 208 Porter Hall Homepage: http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/exiao/ Pittsburgh, PA, 15213 Education 2001- 2006 Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science and Department of Economics George Mason University, USA Degree: Ph.D Major: Economics 1998-2001 School of Business and Management, Central South University of China Degree: Masters of Management Science Major: Management Science & Engineering 1994-1998 School of Business and Management, Central South University of China Degree: Bachelor of Engineering Major: Industrial Foreign Trade Academic Positions Fall 2008-present, Assistant Professor, Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University Fall 2008-present, Affiliated Faculty, Pittsburgh Experimental Economics Laboratory (PEEL), University of Pittsburgh 2006-2008, PPE Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Pennsylvania 2006-2008, Lecturer, Operations and Information Management Department, Wharton School Research Interests Psychology and Economics, Design and Analysis of Economics Experiments, Judgment and Decision Making, Social Norms, Emotions. Journal articles 1. Erte Xiao (forthcoming) "Profit seeking punishment corrupts norm obedience" Games and Economic Behavior 2. Fangfang Tan and Erte Xiao (2012) “Peer punishment with third party approval in a social dilemma game” Economics Letters, 117, 589-591 1 3. Erte Xiao and Cristina Bicchieri (2012) “Words or deeds: Choose what to know about others”, Synthese, 187:49–63 4. Erte Xiao and Daniel Houser (2011) “Punish in Public”, Journal of Public Economics. 95, 1006– 1017 5. Cristina Bicchieri, Erte Xiao and Ryan Muldoon (2011) “Trustworthiness is a social norm, but trusting is not ”. -
Lost in the Tensors: Einstein's Struggles with Covariance Principles 1912-1916"
JOHN EARMAN and CLARK GL YMOUR LOST IN THE TENSORS: EINSTEIN'S STRUGGLES WITH COVARIANCE PRINCIPLES 1912-1916" Introduction IN 1912 Einstein began to devote a major portion of his time and energy to an attempt to construct a relativistic theory of gravitation. A strong intimation of the struggle that lay ahead is contained in a letter to Arnold Sommerfeld dated October 29, 1912: At the moment I am working solely on the problem of gravitation and believe 1 will be able to overcome all difficulties with the help of a local, friendly mathemat- ician. But one thing is certain, that I have never worked so hard in my life, and that I have been injected with a great awe of mathematics, which in my naivet~ until now I only viewed as a pure luxury in its subtler forms! Compared to this problem the original theory of relativity is mere child's play.' Einstein's letter contained only a perfunctory reply to a query from Sommerfeld about the Debye-Born theory of specific heats. Obviously disappointed, Som- merfeld wrote to Hilbert: 'My letter to Einstein was in vain . Einstein is evidently so deeply mired in gravitation that he is deaf to everything else? Sommerfeld's words were more prophetic than he could possibly have known; the next three years were to see Einstein deeply mired in gravitation, sometimes seemingly hopelessly so. In large measure, Einstein's struggle resulted from his use and his misuse, his understanding and his misunderstanding of the nature and implications of covariance principles. In brief, considerations of general covariance were bound up with Einstein's motive for seeking a 'generalized' theory of relativity; mis- understandings about the meaning and implementation of this motivation threatened to wreck the search; and in the end, the desire for general covariance helped to bring Einstein back onto the track which led to what we now recognize *Present address c/o Department of Philosophy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn, U.S.A. -
CURRICULUM VITAE April 2015
ROBERT AXELROD CURRICULUM VITAE April 2015 PERSONAL Walgreen Professor for the Study of Human Understanding Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy and Department of Political Science The University of Michigan 735 S. State St., Room 4116 Weill Hall Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 Phone: (734) 763-0099 FAX: (734) 763-9181 e-mail: axe at umich.edu home page: umich.edu/~axe/ EDUCATION B.A.: Mathematics (with honors), University of Chicago, 1964 M.A.: Political Science, Yale University, 1966 Ph.D.: Political Science (with distinction), Yale University, 1969 TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT Hudson Institute, summers 1963 and 1964 Office of the Secretary of Defense, International Security Affairs, Policy Planning Staff, management intern, summer 1965 Bureau of the Budget, International Division, budget analyst, summer 1966 RAND Corporation, Department of Economics, summer 1967 National Campaign Staff, Senator Eugene McCarthy, March to August, 1968 REGULAR EMPLOYMENT Acting Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, 1968-69 Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, 1969-74 (on leave at Dept. of International Relations, London School of Economics, 1971-72) Associate Professor of Political Science, and Research Associate of the Instituteof 1 Public Policy Studies, The University of Michigan, 1974-80 (on leave at Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, 1976-77) Professor of Political Science and Public Policy, Department of Political Science and Institute of Public PolicyStudies, The University of Michigan, 1980-87 (on leave at Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, 1981-82) Arthur W. BromageDistinguished University Professor of Political Science and Public Policy, University of Michigan, 1987-2006 Mary Ann and Charles R. -
Lawrence Sklar
LAWRENCE SKLAR Born: June 25, 1938 in Baltimore, MD Married to: Elizabeth S. Sklar; one child Education Oberlin College, B.A., 1958 Princeton University, M.A., 1960; Ph.D., 1964 Fellowships, Awards and National Offices Held Undergraduate Ford Foundation Early Admission Scholarship Honors List (all years) Phi Beta Kappa (elected in junior year) Sigma Xi (associate member) Graduate Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, 1959-60 Chancellor Green Fellowship, 1960-61 Charlotte Elizabeth Proctor Advanced Fellowship (awarded to top ten students in third year graduate class), 1961-62 National Science Foundation Cooperative Fellowship, 1962-63 Post-Graduate American Council of Learned Societies Study Fellowship (held at Oxford University), 1965-66 John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship, 1974-75 Franklin J. Matchette Prize. Awarded by the American Philosophical Association to Space, Time, and Spacetime as outstanding philosophical book of 1973 and 1974 National Science Foundation Research Grants, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1982, 1984-85, 1986-87, 1988-89, 1998-2001, 2002-03 Rackham Foundation Summer Research Fellowship, 1983, 1994 2 Nelson Fellow, Philosophy Department, University of Michigan, l991-l994, 1995- James B. and Grace J. Nelson Professorship, Philosophy Department, University of Michigan, 1994-95 National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship, 1995-96 Faculty Recognition Award, University of Michigan, 1995-98 William K. Frankena Collegiate Professorship, University of Michigan, 1995-2002 Lakatos Award. Awarded to Physics and Chance as outstanding book in the philosophy of science for 1995. Physics and Chance selected by Choice Magazine as Outstanding Academic Book in philosophy of science for 1995 Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences John Locke Lectureship in Philosophy, 1998, Oxford University Visiting Fellowship, All Souls College, Oxford University, 1998 Michigan Humanities Award, 1998-99. -
Determinism and General Relativity
Determinism and General Relativity Chris Smeenk and Christian W¨uthrich∗ 16 September 2020 Abstract We investigate the fate of determinism in general relativity (GR), comparing the philosopher's account with the physicist's well-posed initial value formulations. The fate of determinism is interwoven with the question of what it is for a spacetime to be `physically reasonable'. A central concern is the status of global hyperbolicity, a putatively necessary condition for determinism in GR. While global hyperbolicity may fail to be true of all physically reasonable models, we analyze whether global hyperbolicity should be (i) imposed by fiat; (ii) established from weaker assumptions, as in cosmic censorship theorems; or (iii) justified by beyond-GR physics. 1 Introduction Two foundational questions one might ask about any physical theory bring out particularly subtle and interesting features of general relativity (GR). First, is GR a deterministic theory? Second, do all mathematical models of the theory represent physically possible spacetimes? There is a tight connection in GR between these two questions, i.e., between an assessment of what spacetimes are physically possible or reasonable and of whether determinism holds. It is this connection that we explore in this essay. Determinism holds if specifying the state of a system uniquely fixes its dynamical evolution. Spacetimes with exotic causal structure raise a distinctive set of questions regarding the status of determinism in GR, differing from those raised by the (in)famous hole argument. Below we will bypass the hole argument by assuming that the existence of a unique solution `up to diffeomor- phism invariance' is sufficient for determinism in GR. -
Cristina Bicchieri Carol and Michael Lowenstein Professor Director, Philosophy, Politics and Economics
Cristina Bicchieri Carol and Michael Lowenstein Professor Director, Philosophy, Politics and Economics University of Pennsylvania, USA Why were you initially drawn to game theory? I was a student in philosophy of science at Cambridge University in the early 80’s. I was interested in Bayesian confirmation theory, but I was not happy about the formal tools available to answer questions about why we adopt a hypothesis or choose a theory. Those were the years in which Kuhn’s ideas about scientific revolutions and sociological attempts to explain scientific practices were dominant in the community. I thought the social dimension of science was important, but I never believed we are dupes that respond automatically to the social environment surrounding us. Social influences should be incorporated in a model of choice, I thought, but how to proceed to do it was far less obvious. I wanted to show that there is a conventional element in the choice of which method or model to apply, but also model it as a rational choice. It was a choice, though, that did not occur in a vacuum: it had to depend upon what one expected other scientists to choose. Decision theory oered only a partial answer to my quest for a model of rational decision-making. It tells us how to make a rational choice against Nature, whereas I wanted to know what choosing rationally means when the outcome depends on what other people choose, too. Game theory gave me the answers I wanted. An article I published in 1988 summarized my views about how game theory should be applied to the study of scientific practices. -
Indeterminism Is a Modal Notion: Branching Spacetimes and Earman’S Pruning
Indeterminism is a modal notion: branching spacetimes and Earman’s pruning Tomasz Placek and Nuel Belnap Contents 1 Three types of branching 4 1.1 Ensemble and individual branching defined . 5 1.2 BST branching . 6 2 BT/BST branching 8 2.1 BST: Our World and its point events . 8 2.2 BST: histories . 9 2.3 BST: axioms . 10 2.4 BST: space-like relatedness . 10 2.5 BST: modal thickness and thinness . 10 2.6 BST: applications . 11 2.7 Spatiotemporal locations . 12 3 Physically-motivated BST models 13 3.1 Minkowskian Branching Structures . 13 3.2 Defining MBS’s . 18 3.3 Takingstock............................ 22 3.4 Historical remarks . 23 4 Further replies to Earman 24 4.1 BST: Hausdorffproperty..................... 24 4.2 The thin red line . 31 4.3 Semantic rule (R)......................... 33 4.4 Past/future asymmetry . 35 5 Indeterminism 37 1 6 Final 40 2 Abstract The paper defends an Aristotelian notion of indeterminism, as rig- orously formulated in the framework of branching space-times (BST) of Belnap (1992), against criticism by Earman (2008) based on a model-theoretic characterization of indeterminism. It delineates BST branching against the background provided by Earman’s (2008) dis- tinction between individual vs. ensemble branching. Partly in order to motivate our responses to Earman, it describes a construction of physically-motivated BST models, in which histories are isomorphic to Minkowski spacetime. Finally it responds to Earman’s criticisms leveled against BST by addressing a topological issue, the question of an actual future, the past/future asymmetry, and some semantical questions. -
Aspects of Determinism in Modern Physics
ASPECTS OF DETERMINISM IN MODERN PHYSICS John Earman 1 INTRODUCTION The aims of this chapter are to review some aspects of determinism that are famil- iar to physicists but are little discussed in the philosophical literature and to show how these aspects connect determinism to issues about symmetries in physics, the structure and ontological status of spacetime, predictability, and computability.1 It will emerge that in some respects determinism is a robust doctrine and is quite hard to kill, while in other respects it is fragile and requires various enabling as- sumptions to give it a fighting chance. It will also be seen that determinism is far from a dead issue. Whether or not ordinary non-relativistic quantum mechanics (QM) admits a viable deterministic underpinning is still a matter of debate. Less well known is the fact that in some cases QM turns out to be more deterministic than its classical counterpart. Quantum field theory (QFT) assumes determinism, at least at the classical level, in order to construct the field algebra of quantum observables. Determinism is at the heart of the cosmic censorship hypothesis, the most important unsolved issue in classical general relativity theory (GTR). And issues about the nature and status of determinism lie at the heart of key foundation issues in the search for a theory of quantum gravity. 2 PRELIMINARIES 2.1 The metaphysics of determinism The proposal is to begin by getting a grip on the doctrine of determinism as it was understood pre-GTR and pre-QM, and then subsequently to try to understand how the doctrine has to be adjusted to accommodate these theories. -
René Descartes Lectures 2012 Social Progress
Ren´eDescartes Lectures 2012 Social Progress: Psychology and Normative Constraints Tilburg, 28.11.2012 - 30.11.2012 1 Synopsis Main Speaker: Professor Cristina Bicchieri, University of Pennsylvania The 2012 Ren´eDescartes Lectures are devoted to the topic of social norms. Professor Bicchieri's analysis combines philosophical and empirical approaches and stresses the importance of normative expectations and conditional pref- erences for understanding and describing social norms. It is therefore one of the most innovative and inspiring approaches in current-day social philoso- phy. In these lectures, she will present her most recent work on the topic and tackle exciting problems such as pluralistic ignorance, experimental elic- itation of social norms and sustainable norm change. In connection to the conference there is in the afternoon-sessions a workshop on Fairness and Norms. Each of these sessions consist of a 30 minute talk followed by a 15 minute discussion. Organizers: Dominik KLein (TiLPS), Rogier de Langhe (TiLPS) and Jan Sprenger (TiLPS), Professor Cristina Bicchieri Cristina Bicchieri is the J. P. Harvie Professor of Social Thought and Com- parative Ethics at the University of Pennsylvania. She works at the inter- section of philosophy, psychology and game theory, with special interest in decisions about fairness, trust, and cooperation, and how mutual expecta- tions affect behavior. Cristina earned her PhD in philosophy of science from the University of Cambridge in 1984. Before moving to University of Pennsylvania, she taught in the program of Philosophy and Economics at Columbia University, Notre Dame University and Carnegie-Mellon University. Her last book is *The Grammar of Society: the Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms* (CUP 2006). -
Intermediate Philosophy of Physics Reading List
Intermediate Philosophy of Physics Reading List James Read [email protected] This is James Read’s reading list for the Finals paper, Intermediate Philosophy of Physics. If you have any questions, comments, or suggestions, please email me at the above address. 1 1 Special Relativity As preparation for the special relativity section of the paper, you might consider reading: (Warning: All of these books are stellar, but some of the later entries are very technical!) 1. N. David Mermin, It’s About Time: Understanding Einstein’s Relativity, Princeton: Prince- ton University Press, 2009. 2. Tim Maudlin, Philosophy of Physics Volume I: Space and Time, Princeton: Princeton Uni- versity Press, 2012. 3. Hans Reichenbach, The Philosophy of Space and Time, New York: Dover, 1957. 4. Harvey R. Brown, Physical Relativity: Spacetime Structure from a Dynamical Perspective, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. 5. Roberto Torretti, Relativity and Geometry, New York: Dover, 1996. 6. Michael Friedman, Foundations of Space-Time Theories, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983. 2 1.1 Newton’s laws State Newton’s laws of motion and define all terms therein. How (if at all) do the laws depend upon one another? Do the laws together imply that Newtonian mechanics is Galilean invariant? Core reading 1. Herbert Pfister and Markus King, Inertia and Gravitation, Heidelberg: Springer, 2015. xx1.1-1.3. 2. Roberto Torretti, Relativity and Geometry, New York: Dover, 1996. Ch. 1. 3. Harvey R. Brown, Physical Relativity: Spacetime Structure from a Dynamical Perspective, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. xx2.2, 3.1, 3.2. 4. Michael Friedman, Foundations of Space-Time Theories, Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univer- sity Press, 1983.