Global Water Partnership

MINISTRY OF WATER

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS MAJI WEEK 2019 ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE

18th - 19th MARCH, 2019 DODOMA

LEAVING NO ONE BEHIND: ACCELERATING UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES IN A CHANGING CLIMATE LEAVING NO ONE BEHIND: ACCELERATING UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES IN A CHANGING CLIMATE

Global Water Compiled by: Partnership Tanzania ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Ministry of Water & Global Water Partnership Tanzania

Prof. Kitila Mkumbo Eng. Dorisia Mulashani Dr. George Lugomela Director Project preparation, Permanent Secretary Director, Water Resources Coordination and Delivery Unit Ministry of Water Ministry of Water Ministry of Water

Dr. Victor Kongo Eng. Mbogo Futakamba Eng. Ngwisa Mpembe Dr. Richard Kimwaga Dr. Subira Munishi

Executive Director Ambassador Board Member WASH Expert Hydrologist

GWP-TZ GWP-TZ GWP-TZ GWP-TZ GWP-TZ

Dr. Aldophine Kateka Dr. Madaka Tumbo Eng. Deus Masige Dr. Elikana Kalumanga Dr. Kenneth Masuki

Climate Finance Expert Hydrologist Environmental Engineer Wildlife & Wetlands Land and Water Engineer Ecologist GWP-TZ GWP-TZ GWP-TZ GWP-TZ GWP-TZ TABLE OF CONTENTS

THEMATIC AREA 1: WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 1 – 43

THEMATIC AREA 2: WATER QUALITY 44 – 62

THEMATIC AREA 3: WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION 63 – 98 THEMATIC AREA 1 MAJI WEEK 2019 Scientific Conference

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Annual Maji Week Scientific Conference, 2019 1 ORAL PRESENTATIONS

Characterization of Surface-Groundwater Hydrological Processes in Usangu Catchment: Isotopic and Hydrochemistry Perspective

C.B. Hyandye*a, L.W. Martz b, T.A.Bogaardc, A.N.N. Muzukad

aDepartment of Environmental Planning, Institute of Rural Development Planning (IRDP), P.O. Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania bDepartment of Geography and Planning, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A5, Canada; cDepartment of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, The Netherlands dSchool of Materials, Energy, Water and Environmental Sciences (MEWES), The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania Correspondence to: Canute Hyandye ([email protected]; +255 769 777715)

Abstract The stable isotopes compositions of water (18O and 2H), major dissolved ions (K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, CO32-, SO42-) and dissolved silica (SiO2) for rainfall, rivers, springs and wells were used to characterize hydrological processes in the Usangu catchment. Analysis of variance, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, factor analysis and the Piper diagram were used to determine hydrochemical facies to delineate the origin, flow paths of water and interconnections among water sources. The abundance of dissolved ions in water sources were in the order of Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3- >Cl- > SO42- > CO32-, whereby the highest ions concentration occurred in wells, and differed significantly from that of rivers and springs at 95% confidence level due to prolonged water-rock interactions, suggesting two different subsurface water flow pathways. Low dissolved ions and silica that did not differ significantly at 95% confidence level, as well as their co- existence in the same hydrochemical water clusters suggested a close river-spring hydrological connection. Furthermore, factor analysis showed that 52.8% of variations in water sources was explained by dissolution of carbonate and silicate minerals, indicated by Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, SO42-, HCO3-, SiO2, Cl- and CO32-, most of which constituted the major hydrochemical facies, and 20.3% by source effects indicated by 18O and D. The overall mean 18O and D values in rainwater (-4.2‰ and -27.7‰), rivers (-4.0‰ and-25.0‰), springs (-5.6‰ and -32.5‰) and wells (-4.6‰ and -27‰) did not differ significantly at 95% confidence level, suggesting a recent recharge. However, the w