Druckerei C. H . Beck ...... BOLLEE, Phil.-hist. Klasse 02/06 Medien mit Zukunft Revision, 20.09.2006

BAYERISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN PHILOSOPHISCH-HISTORISCHE KLASSE

SITZUNGSBERICHTE · JAHRGANG 2006, HEFT 2

Revision

WILLEM BOLL÷E

Gone to the dogs in ancient

Vorgelegt von Jens-Uwe Hartmann in der Sitzung vom 5. Mai 2006

MÜNCHEN 2006 VERLAG DER BAYERISCHEN AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN IN KOMMISSION BEIM VERLAG C. H. BECK MÜNCHEN Druckerei C. H . Beck ...... BOLLEE, Phil.-hist. Klasse 02/06 Medien mit Zukunft Revision, 20.09.2006

ISSN 0342-5991 ISBN-10: 3 7696 0960 3 ISBN-13: 978 3 7696 0960 8 © Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften München, 2006 Gesamtherstellung: Druckerei C. H. Beck Nördlingen Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier (hergestellt aus chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff) Printed in Germany Druckerei C. H . Beck ...... BOLLEE, Phil.-hist. Klasse 02/06 Medien mit Zukunft Revision, 20.09.2006

Gone to the dogs in ancient India 3

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CONTENTS

GONE TO THE DOGS IN ANCIENT INDIA ...... 5 1. DOGS IN THE INDUS CIVILISATION ...... 7 2. DOGS IN INDIA IN HISTORICAL TIMES ...... 8 2.1 Designation ...... 8 2.2 Kinds of dogs ...... 13 2.3 Colour of fur ...... 17 2.4 The parts of the body and their use ...... 23 2.5 BODILY FUNCTIONS ...... 33 2.5.1 Nutrition ...... 33 2.5.2 Excreted substances ...... 38 2.5.3 Diseases ...... 40 2.6 Nature and behaviour (÷auvana; Pàli kukkurâkappa, kukkuràna gamanâkàra) ...... 43 2.7 Dogs and other animals ...... 50 3. CYNANTHROPIC RELATIONS ...... 54 3.1 General relation ...... 54 3.1.1 Treatment of dogs by humans ...... 56 3.1.2 Use of dogs ...... 64 3.1.2.1 Utensils ...... 69 3.1.3 Names of dogs ...... 71 3.1.4 Dogs in human names ...... 72 3.1.5 Dogs in names of other animals ...... 74 3.1.6 Dogs in place names ...... 74 3.1.7 Treatment of humans by dogs ...... 74 3.2 Similes ...... 79 3.2.1 Dogs in abuse ...... 89 3.3 Dogs in art ...... 90 3.4 Dogs in literature and philosophy ...... 92 3.5 Dogs in religion and superstition ...... 92 3.5.1 Dogs of the gods ...... 95 3.5.2 Cynomantics ...... 98 Druckerei C. H . Beck ...... BOLLEE, Phil.-hist. Klasse 02/06 Medien mit Zukunft Revision, 20.09.2006

4 Willem Boll‚e

3.5.3 Magic ...... 100 3.5.4 Reincarnation as a dog (suõahattaõa) ...... 103 3.5.5 Canine cult ...... 104 3.6 Cynotherapy ...... 107 SUBJECT INDEX ...... 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 115 Druckerei C. H . Beck ...... BOLLEE, Phil.-hist. Klasse 02/06 Medien mit Zukunft Revision, 20.09.2006

Gone to the dogs in ancient India 5

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GONE TO THE DOGS IN ANCIENT INDIA

Dem Hunde, wenn er gut gezogen, Wird selbst ein weiser Mann gewogen. Ja, deine Gunst verdient er ganz und gar, Er, der Studenten trefflicher Skolar. (Goethe, Faust I 1174 ff.)

Dogs are no cynosure in Indian life, as are cows,1 but according to the Jàtaka belong to the world of men2 and play a more differentiated role than other animals, as is shown below by the many words for ØdogÙ in literature (see under 2.1 and 2), the quantity of references and stories collected here, and last but not least: the great epic begins and ends with a dog story. To quote Satya Prakash Sarasvati, Údog is neither regarded a domestic animal nor a wild creatureÛ (1988: 304); he gives no source for this, but dogs are not one of the seven ______* The author expresses his gratitude to Miss Andrea Polden for her idiomatisa- tion of his use of English, though he remains of course responsible for any mistakes in later additions, and to Frau Dr Ulrike Scholz for computer as- sistance. Der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften danke ich für die Aufnahme in die Sitzungsberichte, und dem Beck Verlag für den sorgfältigen Druck. 1 This is well-known, of course, yet the extent, in the form of the violent reac- tion on a scholarly book as D. N. JhaÙs The of the Holy Cow, and even of death threats to