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1 ŚAIVA MONUMENTS at PAṬṬ ADAKAL Vasundhara Filliozat architecture by Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat 2 Scheme of transliteration from n āgar ī and kanna ḍa scripts Special n āgar ī letters ° ā £ ī • ū ¶ ṛ ṝ ḷ ṅ ñ ṭ ṭh – ḍ — ḍh “ ṇ ś ṣ Special kanna ḍa letters K ē N ō ¼ ḷ 3 S TABLE OF CONTENTS List of figures Introduction I. History History and chronology of Calukya kings Pulike śin II (A.D. 610-642) Vikram āditya II II. Architecture The site of Pa ṭṭ adakal The Karn āṭa-Nāgara temples at Pa ṭṭ adakal The temple of K āḍasiddhe śvara The temple of Jambuli ṅge śvara The temple of K āśī vi śvan ātha The temple of Galagan ātha The temple of P āpan ātha (M ūlasth ānamah ādeva) Miniature temples at Pa ṭṭ adakal The Candra śekhara temple The Karn āṭa-Dr āvi ḍa monuments at Pa ṭṭ adakal The temple of Vijaye śvara (Sa ṃgame śvara) The temple of Loke śvara (Vir ūpākṣa) Pr āsāda Interior Pr āsāda Exterior The Temple of Trailokye śvara (Mallik ārjuna) III. Iconography The temple of Vijaye śvara The Temple of Loke śvara External façades Loke śvara Temple, interior The temple of Trailokye śvara The temple of K āśī vi śve śvara The temple of P āpan ātha The temple of K āḍasiddhe śvara The temple of Jambuli ṅge śvara The temple of Galagan ātha IV. Epigraphy V. Conclusion Works referred to Glossary Glossary of special words in inscriptions Index 4 List of figures Photographs are by the authors assisted by Shalva Pillai Iyengar, unless otherwise stated. Photographs marked PG are by Patrick Gassie. Architecture Figure 1. Pa ṭṭ adakal and surroundings, aerial view (Google Maps) Fig. 2. Pa ṭṭ adakal, plan of the site (Archaeological Survey of India) Fig. 3. Pa ṭṭ adakal, old city and adjacent village (Google Maps) Fig. 4. Pa ṭṭ adakal, plan of old city and village (ASI) Fig. 5. Pa ṭṭ adakal, Lokap āle śvara Li ṅga, western limit of the village Fig. 6. Pa ṭṭ adakal, ruins of Lokap āle śvara temple, western limit of the village Fig. 7. Bachingudda, Calukyan rock-inscription Fig. 8. Bachingudda, Br āhm ī rock-inscription Fig. 9. Pa ṭṭ adakal, Vijaye śvara (Sa ṃgame śvara) temple, inscribed stela, P āś upata performing Li ṅgārcan ā Fig. 10. Pa ṭṭ adakal, K āḍāsiddheśvara temple, south-west angle Fig. 11. K āḍasiddhe śvara, ṛgarbhag ṛha doorway Fig. 12. K āḍasiddhe śvara, eastern side, dv ārap ālas Fig. 13. K āḍasiddhe śvara, vim āna , south side Fig. 14. K āḍasiddhe śvara, vim āna , north side, niche with Ardhan ārīś vara Fig. 15. Jambuli ṅge śvara temple, south side Fig. 16. Jambuli ṅge śvara, garbhag ṛha Fig. 17. Jambuli ṅge śvara, east side, doorframe Fig. 18. Jambuli ṅge śvara, west side Fig. 19. K āśī vi śvan ātha temple, general view, north-east angle Fig. 20. K āśī vi śvan ātha, garbhag ṛha Fig. 21. K āśī vi śvan ātha, pillar in the partition of garbhag ṛha and śukan āsī Fig. 22. K āśī vi śvan ātha, doorway to antechamber, lower part, N āgar āja Fig. 23. K āśī vi śvan ātha, doorway to antechamber, lintel, Garu ḍa Fig. 24. K āśī vi śvan ātha, ma ṇḍapa south part, pillars Fig. 25. K āśī vi śvan ātha, ma ṇḍapa north part, pillars Fig. 26. K āśī vi śvan ātha, ma ṇḍapa , clerestory and raised ceiling Fig. 27. K āśī vi śvan ātha, ma ṇḍapa , eastern architrave, Li ṅga worship by N āga couple Fig. 28. K āśī vi śvan ātha, ma ṇḍapa , ceiling Fig. 29. K āśī vi śvan ātha, vim āna , south-west angle Fig. 30. K āśī vi śvan ātha, south side, niche Fig. 31. K āśī vi śvan ātha, south side, central niche 5 Fig. 32. K āśī vi śvan ātha, vim āna , south-east angle, śukan āsī Fig. 33. K āśī vi śvan ātha, vim āna , east side, śukan āsī, Na ṭeśa Fig. 34. K āśī vi śvan ātha, ma ṇḍapa , south side Fig. 35. K āśī vi śvan ātha, east side Fig. 36. Galagan ātha temple, east side, vim āna and ma ṇḍapa platform Fig. 37. Galagan ātha, garbhag ṛha doorframe Fig. 38. Galagan ātha, vim āna , west side, central niche Fig. 39. Galagan ātha, vim āna , gav ākṣa Fig. 40. Galagan ātha, vim āna , gav ākṣa and lions Fig. 41. Galagan ātha, vim āna , adhi ṣṭhāna modenature Fig. 42. Galagan ātha, south side, central niche Fig. 43. Galagan ātha, south side, central niche, Andhak āntake śvara Fig. 44. Galagan ātha, ma ṇḍapa pillar lying on the platform ground Fig. 45. Galagan ātha, pillar fragment shifted to the site museum Fig. 46. Galagan ātha, unidentified structure to the south-east, reused pillar base Fig. 47. Galagan ātha, ibidem , stray part of a long kapota Fig. 48. Galagan ātha, ma ṇḍapa platform and extension Fig. 49. Galagan ātha, vim āna tower, west side Fig. 50. Galagan ātha, view from south-east, vim āna and ambulatory Fig. 51. Galagan ātha, east side, tower and śukan āsī Fig. 52. P āpan ātha temple, general view from south-east Fig. 53. P āpan ātha, garbhag ṛha doorframe and dv ārap āla Fig. 54. P āpan ātha, ambulatory, south side, niche profile Fig. 55. P āpan ātha, ambulatory, south, Lakul īś a Fig. 56. P āpan ātha, cut north wall of the vim āna in the inner ma ṇḍapa Fig. 57. P āpan ātha, inner ma ṇḍapa , pillars and bodhik ās Fig. 58. P āpan ātha, inner ma ṇḍapa , south wall, pilaster bearing a couple Fig. 59. P āpan ātha, inner ma ṇḍapa , clerestory and ceiling, western part Fig. 60. P āpan ātha, inner ma ṇḍapa , ceiling, eastern part, Na ṭeśa Fig. 61. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , central nave and Nandin Fig. 62. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , pillars Fig. 63. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , central nave, pillar and decorated corbel Fig. 64. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , north wall, central niche, Durg ā Fig. 65. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , walls, running top band, garland bearers Fig. 66. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , side bays, architraves, flying figures Fig. 67. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , central bay, clerestory, south side Fig. 68. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , ceiling partitioning beam Fig. 69. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , west side, doorframe and dv ārap āla Fig. 70. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , clerestory west side and west part of ceiling Fig. 71. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , ceiling west part, Gajalak ṣmī Fig. 72. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa, ceiling, central part, N āgar āja Fig. 73. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , ceiling, east part, Śeṣaśā yin 6 Fig. 74. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , clerestory east side and eastern half of ceiling Fig. 75. P āpan ātha, porch, doorframe, south side Fig. 76. P āpan ātha, porch, doorframe, north side Fig. 77. P āpan ātha, porch, door lintel, clerestory and ceiling western part Fig. 78. P āpan ātha, porch, ceiling, Na ṭeśa Fig. 79. Pāpan ātha, west side, central sub-shrine Fig. 80. P āpan ātha, inner ma ṇḍapa , south wall Fig. 81. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , south wall Fig. 82. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , east wall southern part Fig. 83. P āpan ātha, vim āna tower Fig. 84. Miniature temples, plan (ASI) Fig. 85. Miniature temples to the north of the Lokeśvara compound Fig. 86. Miniature temple near the north-east corner of Loke śvara compound Fig. 87. Minor temple adjacent to the north compound of Loke śvara temple Fig. 88. Minor temple to the north of Loke śvara compound Fig. 89. Minor temple to the north of Loke śvara compound, south side, Lakul īś a Fig. 90. Candra śekhara temple, south side, Galagan ātha temple in the background Fig. 91. Candra śekhara, east side, Nandin Fig. 92. Candra śekhara, interior Fig. 93. Candra śekhara, south wall, tora ṇa Fig. 94. Vijaye śvara temple, south side Fig. 95. Vijaye śvara, Li ṅga in garbhag ṛha Fig. 96. Vijaye śvara, ceiling of garbhag ṛha Fig. 97. Vijaye śvara, cella doorframe Fig. 98. Vijaye śvara, zone of approach to the garbhag ṛha Fig. 99. Vijaye śvara, south sub-shrine Fig. 100. Vijaye śvara, ma ṇḍapa Fig. 101. Vijaye śvara, inscription 24 on a pillar Fig. 102. Vijaye śvara, south side, central recess, superstructure Fig. 103. Vijaye śvara, south side, eastern part, śā lā, superstructure Fig. 104. Vijaye śvara, south side, eastern part, kar ṇak ūṭa, superstructure Fig. 105. Vijaye śvara, tower, east side Fig. 106. Vijaye śvara, west side Fig. 107. Loke śvara temple, garbhag ṛha , Loke śvara Li ṅga Fig. 108. Loke śvara, garbhag ṛha ceiling Fig. 109. Loke śvara, entrance to garbhag ṛha, lintel, Li ṅgārcana Fig. 110. Loke śvara, ambulatory, north Fig. 111. Loke śvara, ambulatory, north, niche superstructure Fig. 112. Loke śvara, ambulatory, north, top frieze Fig. 113. Loke śvara, north sub-shrine, Durg ā 7 Fig. 114. Loke śvara, south sub-shrine Fig. 115. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , central nave Fig. 116. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , doorway to antechamber Fig. 117. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , gallery in south-north axis, pillars Fig. 118. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , pilaster Fig. 119. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , śukan āsī lintel and clerestory west side Fig. 120. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , clerestory north side Fig. 121. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , 1st gallery Fig. 122. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , 2nd gallery Fig. 123. Loke śvara, elevation north side Fig. 124.
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    GONE TO THE DOGS IN ANCIENT INDIA Willem Bollée Gone to the Dogs in ancient India Willem Bollée Published at CrossAsia-Repository, Heidelberg University Library 2020 Second, revised edition. This book is published under the license “Free access – all rights reserved”. The electronic Open Access version of this work is permanently available on CrossAsia- Repository: http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ urn: urn:nbn:de:bsz:16-crossasiarep-42439 url: http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/4243 doi: http://doi.org/10.11588/xarep.00004243 Text Willem Bollée 2020 Cover illustration: Jodhpur, Dog. Image available at https://pxfuel.com under Creative Commons Zero – CC0 1 Gone to the Dogs in ancient India . Chienne de vie ?* For Johanna and Natascha Wothke In memoriam Kitty and Volpo Homage to you, dogs (TS IV 5,4,r [= 17]) Ο , , ! " #$ s &, ' ( )Plato , * + , 3.50.1 CONTENTS 1. DOGS IN THE INDUS CIVILISATION 2. DOGS IN INDIA IN HISTORICAL TIMES 2.1 Designation 2.2 Kinds of dogs 2.3 Colour of fur 2.4 The parts of the body and their use 2.5 BODILY FUNCTIONS 2.5.1 Nutrition 2.5.2 Excreted substances 2.5.3 Diseases 2.6 Nature and behaviour ( śauvana ; P āli kukkur âkappa, kukkur āna ṃ gaman âkāra ) 2.7 Dogs and other animals 3. CYNANTHROPIC RELATIONS 3.1 General relation 3.1.1 Treatment of dogs by humans 3.1.2 Use of dogs 3.1.2.1 Utensils 3.1.3 Names of dogs 2 3.1.4 Dogs in human names 3.1.5 Dogs in names of other animals 3.1.6 Dogs in place names 3.1.7 Treatment of humans by dogs 3.2 Similes
  • The Evolution of the Temple Plan in Karnataka with Respect to Contemporaneous Religious and Political Factors

    The Evolution of the Temple Plan in Karnataka with Respect to Contemporaneous Religious and Political Factors

    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 22, Issue 7, Ver. 1 (July. 2017) PP 44-53 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org The Evolution of the Temple Plan in Karnataka with respect to Contemporaneous Religious and Political Factors Shilpa Sharma 1, Shireesh Deshpande 2 1(Associate Professor, IES College of Architecture, Mumbai University, India) 2(Professor Emeritus, RTMNU University, Nagpur, India) Abstract : This study explores the evolution of the plan of the Hindu temples in Karnatak, from a single-celled shrine in the 6th century to an elaborate walled complex in the 16th. In addition to the physical factors of the material and method of construction used, the changes in the temple architecture were closely linked to contemporary religious beliefs, rituals of worship and the patronage extended by the ruling dynasties. This paper examines the correspondence between these factors and the changes in the temple plan. Keywords: Hindu temples, Karnataka, evolution, temple plan, contemporary beliefs, religious, political I. INTRODUCTION 1. Background The purpose of the Hindu temple is shown by its form. (Kramrisch, 1996, p. vii) The architecture of any region is born out of various factors, both tangible and intangible. The tangible factors can be studied through the material used and the methods of construction used. The other factors which contribute to the temple architecture are the ways in which people perceive it and use it, to fulfil the contemporary prescribed rituals of worship. The religious purpose of temples has been discussed by several authors. Geva [1] explains that a temple is the place which represents the meeting of the divine and earthly realms.
  • Outline Itinerary

    Outline Itinerary

    About the tour: This historic tour begins in I Tech city Bangalore and proceed to the former princely state Mysore rich in Imperial heritage. Visit intrinsically Hindu collection of temples at Belure, Halebidu, Hampi, Badami, Aihole & Pattadakal, to see some of India's most intricate historical stone carvings. At the end unwind yourself in Goa, renowned for its endless beaches, places of worship & world heritage architecture. Outline Itinerary Day 01; Arrive Bangalore Day 02: Bangalore - Mysore (145kms/ 3hrs approx) Day 03: Mysore - Srirangapatna - Shravanabelagola - Hassan (140kms/ 3hrs approx) Day 04; Hassan – Belur – Halebidu – Hospet/ Hampi (310kms – 6-7hrs approx) Day 05; Hospet & Hampi Day 06; Hospet - Lakkundi – Gadag – Badami (130kms/ 3hrs approx) Day 07; Badami – Aihole – Pattadakal – Badami (80kms/ round) Day 08; Badami – Goa (250kms/ 5hrs approx) Day 09; Goa Day 10; Goa Day 11; Goa – Departure House No. 1/18, Top Floor, DDA Flats, Madangir, New Delhi 110062 Mob +91-9810491508 | Email- [email protected] | Web- www.agoravoyages.com Price details: Price using 3 star hotels valid from 1st October 2018 till 31st March 2019 (5% Summer discount available from 1st April till travel being completed before 30th September 2018 on 3star hotels price) Per person price sharing DOUBLE/ Per person price sharing TRIPLE (room Per person price staying in SINGLE Particular TWIN rooms with extra bed) rooms rooms Currency INR Euro USD INR Euro USD INR Euro USD 1 person N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A ₹180,797 € 2,260 $2,825 2 person ₹96,680 € 1,208
  • Kannada Literature Syllabus

    Kannada Literature Syllabus

    Kannada Literature Syllabus UPSC Civil Services Mains Exam is of Optional Subject and consists of 2 papers. Each paper is of 250 marks with a total of 500 marks. KANNADA PAPER-I (Answers must be written in Kannada) Section-A History of Kannada Language What is Language? General charecteristics of Language. Dravidian Family of Languages and its specific features, Antiquity of Kannada Language, Different Phases of its Development. Dialects of Kannada Language : Regional and Social Various aspects of development of Kannada Language : phonological and Semantic changes. Language borrowing. History of Kannada Literature Ancient Kannada literature : Influence and Trends. Poets for study : Specified poets from Pampa to Ratnakara Varni are to be studied in the light of contents, form and expression : Pampa, Janna, Nagachandra. Medieval Kannada literature : Influence and Trends. Vachana literature : Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi. Medieval Poets : Harihara, Ragha-vanka, Kumar-Vyasa. Dasa literature : Purandra and Kanaka. Sangataya : Ratnakaravarni Modern Kannada literature : Influence, trends and idealogies, Navodaya, Pragatishila, Navya, Dalita and Bandaya. Section-B Poetics and literary criticism : Definition and concepts of poetry : Word, Meaning, Alankara, Reeti, Rasa, Dhwani, Auchitya. Interpretations of Rasa Sutra. Modern Trends of literary criticism : Formalist, Historical, Marxist, Feminist, Post-colonial criticism. Cultural History of Karnataka Contribution of Dynasties to the culture of Karnataka : Chalukyas of Badami and Kalyani, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagara rulers, in literary context. Major religions of Karnataka and their cultural contributions. Arts of Karnataka : Sculpture, Architecture, Painting, Music, Dance-in the literary context. Unification of Karnataka and its impact on Kannada literature. PAPER-II (Answers must be written in Kannada) The paper will require first-hand reading of the Texts prescribed and will be designed to test the critical ability of the candidates.