1 ŚAIVA MONUMENTS at PAṬṬ ADAKAL Vasundhara Filliozat architecture by Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat 2 Scheme of transliteration from n āgar ī and kanna ḍa scripts Special n āgar ī letters ° ā £ ī • ū ¶ ṛ ṝ ḷ ṅ ñ ṭ ṭh – ḍ — ḍh “ ṇ ś ṣ Special kanna ḍa letters K ē N ō ¼ ḷ 3 S TABLE OF CONTENTS List of figures Introduction I. History History and chronology of Calukya kings Pulike śin II (A.D. 610-642) Vikram āditya II II. Architecture The site of Pa ṭṭ adakal The Karn āṭa-Nāgara temples at Pa ṭṭ adakal The temple of K āḍasiddhe śvara The temple of Jambuli ṅge śvara The temple of K āśī vi śvan ātha The temple of Galagan ātha The temple of P āpan ātha (M ūlasth ānamah ādeva) Miniature temples at Pa ṭṭ adakal The Candra śekhara temple The Karn āṭa-Dr āvi ḍa monuments at Pa ṭṭ adakal The temple of Vijaye śvara (Sa ṃgame śvara) The temple of Loke śvara (Vir ūpākṣa) Pr āsāda Interior Pr āsāda Exterior The Temple of Trailokye śvara (Mallik ārjuna) III. Iconography The temple of Vijaye śvara The Temple of Loke śvara External façades Loke śvara Temple, interior The temple of Trailokye śvara The temple of K āśī vi śve śvara The temple of P āpan ātha The temple of K āḍasiddhe śvara The temple of Jambuli ṅge śvara The temple of Galagan ātha IV. Epigraphy V. Conclusion Works referred to Glossary Glossary of special words in inscriptions Index 4 List of figures Photographs are by the authors assisted by Shalva Pillai Iyengar, unless otherwise stated. Photographs marked PG are by Patrick Gassie. Architecture Figure 1. Pa ṭṭ adakal and surroundings, aerial view (Google Maps) Fig. 2. Pa ṭṭ adakal, plan of the site (Archaeological Survey of India) Fig. 3. Pa ṭṭ adakal, old city and adjacent village (Google Maps) Fig. 4. Pa ṭṭ adakal, plan of old city and village (ASI) Fig. 5. Pa ṭṭ adakal, Lokap āle śvara Li ṅga, western limit of the village Fig. 6. Pa ṭṭ adakal, ruins of Lokap āle śvara temple, western limit of the village Fig. 7. Bachingudda, Calukyan rock-inscription Fig. 8. Bachingudda, Br āhm ī rock-inscription Fig. 9. Pa ṭṭ adakal, Vijaye śvara (Sa ṃgame śvara) temple, inscribed stela, P āś upata performing Li ṅgārcan ā Fig. 10. Pa ṭṭ adakal, K āḍāsiddheśvara temple, south-west angle Fig. 11. K āḍasiddhe śvara, ṛgarbhag ṛha doorway Fig. 12. K āḍasiddhe śvara, eastern side, dv ārap ālas Fig. 13. K āḍasiddhe śvara, vim āna , south side Fig. 14. K āḍasiddhe śvara, vim āna , north side, niche with Ardhan ārīś vara Fig. 15. Jambuli ṅge śvara temple, south side Fig. 16. Jambuli ṅge śvara, garbhag ṛha Fig. 17. Jambuli ṅge śvara, east side, doorframe Fig. 18. Jambuli ṅge śvara, west side Fig. 19. K āśī vi śvan ātha temple, general view, north-east angle Fig. 20. K āśī vi śvan ātha, garbhag ṛha Fig. 21. K āśī vi śvan ātha, pillar in the partition of garbhag ṛha and śukan āsī Fig. 22. K āśī vi śvan ātha, doorway to antechamber, lower part, N āgar āja Fig. 23. K āśī vi śvan ātha, doorway to antechamber, lintel, Garu ḍa Fig. 24. K āśī vi śvan ātha, ma ṇḍapa south part, pillars Fig. 25. K āśī vi śvan ātha, ma ṇḍapa north part, pillars Fig. 26. K āśī vi śvan ātha, ma ṇḍapa , clerestory and raised ceiling Fig. 27. K āśī vi śvan ātha, ma ṇḍapa , eastern architrave, Li ṅga worship by N āga couple Fig. 28. K āśī vi śvan ātha, ma ṇḍapa , ceiling Fig. 29. K āśī vi śvan ātha, vim āna , south-west angle Fig. 30. K āśī vi śvan ātha, south side, niche Fig. 31. K āśī vi śvan ātha, south side, central niche 5 Fig. 32. K āśī vi śvan ātha, vim āna , south-east angle, śukan āsī Fig. 33. K āśī vi śvan ātha, vim āna , east side, śukan āsī, Na ṭeśa Fig. 34. K āśī vi śvan ātha, ma ṇḍapa , south side Fig. 35. K āśī vi śvan ātha, east side Fig. 36. Galagan ātha temple, east side, vim āna and ma ṇḍapa platform Fig. 37. Galagan ātha, garbhag ṛha doorframe Fig. 38. Galagan ātha, vim āna , west side, central niche Fig. 39. Galagan ātha, vim āna , gav ākṣa Fig. 40. Galagan ātha, vim āna , gav ākṣa and lions Fig. 41. Galagan ātha, vim āna , adhi ṣṭhāna modenature Fig. 42. Galagan ātha, south side, central niche Fig. 43. Galagan ātha, south side, central niche, Andhak āntake śvara Fig. 44. Galagan ātha, ma ṇḍapa pillar lying on the platform ground Fig. 45. Galagan ātha, pillar fragment shifted to the site museum Fig. 46. Galagan ātha, unidentified structure to the south-east, reused pillar base Fig. 47. Galagan ātha, ibidem , stray part of a long kapota Fig. 48. Galagan ātha, ma ṇḍapa platform and extension Fig. 49. Galagan ātha, vim āna tower, west side Fig. 50. Galagan ātha, view from south-east, vim āna and ambulatory Fig. 51. Galagan ātha, east side, tower and śukan āsī Fig. 52. P āpan ātha temple, general view from south-east Fig. 53. P āpan ātha, garbhag ṛha doorframe and dv ārap āla Fig. 54. P āpan ātha, ambulatory, south side, niche profile Fig. 55. P āpan ātha, ambulatory, south, Lakul īś a Fig. 56. P āpan ātha, cut north wall of the vim āna in the inner ma ṇḍapa Fig. 57. P āpan ātha, inner ma ṇḍapa , pillars and bodhik ās Fig. 58. P āpan ātha, inner ma ṇḍapa , south wall, pilaster bearing a couple Fig. 59. P āpan ātha, inner ma ṇḍapa , clerestory and ceiling, western part Fig. 60. P āpan ātha, inner ma ṇḍapa , ceiling, eastern part, Na ṭeśa Fig. 61. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , central nave and Nandin Fig. 62. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , pillars Fig. 63. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , central nave, pillar and decorated corbel Fig. 64. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , north wall, central niche, Durg ā Fig. 65. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , walls, running top band, garland bearers Fig. 66. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , side bays, architraves, flying figures Fig. 67. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , central bay, clerestory, south side Fig. 68. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , ceiling partitioning beam Fig. 69. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , west side, doorframe and dv ārap āla Fig. 70. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , clerestory west side and west part of ceiling Fig. 71. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , ceiling west part, Gajalak ṣmī Fig. 72. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa, ceiling, central part, N āgar āja Fig. 73. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , ceiling, east part, Śeṣaśā yin 6 Fig. 74. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , clerestory east side and eastern half of ceiling Fig. 75. P āpan ātha, porch, doorframe, south side Fig. 76. P āpan ātha, porch, doorframe, north side Fig. 77. P āpan ātha, porch, door lintel, clerestory and ceiling western part Fig. 78. P āpan ātha, porch, ceiling, Na ṭeśa Fig. 79. Pāpan ātha, west side, central sub-shrine Fig. 80. P āpan ātha, inner ma ṇḍapa , south wall Fig. 81. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , south wall Fig. 82. P āpan ātha, outer ma ṇḍapa , east wall southern part Fig. 83. P āpan ātha, vim āna tower Fig. 84. Miniature temples, plan (ASI) Fig. 85. Miniature temples to the north of the Lokeśvara compound Fig. 86. Miniature temple near the north-east corner of Loke śvara compound Fig. 87. Minor temple adjacent to the north compound of Loke śvara temple Fig. 88. Minor temple to the north of Loke śvara compound Fig. 89. Minor temple to the north of Loke śvara compound, south side, Lakul īś a Fig. 90. Candra śekhara temple, south side, Galagan ātha temple in the background Fig. 91. Candra śekhara, east side, Nandin Fig. 92. Candra śekhara, interior Fig. 93. Candra śekhara, south wall, tora ṇa Fig. 94. Vijaye śvara temple, south side Fig. 95. Vijaye śvara, Li ṅga in garbhag ṛha Fig. 96. Vijaye śvara, ceiling of garbhag ṛha Fig. 97. Vijaye śvara, cella doorframe Fig. 98. Vijaye śvara, zone of approach to the garbhag ṛha Fig. 99. Vijaye śvara, south sub-shrine Fig. 100. Vijaye śvara, ma ṇḍapa Fig. 101. Vijaye śvara, inscription 24 on a pillar Fig. 102. Vijaye śvara, south side, central recess, superstructure Fig. 103. Vijaye śvara, south side, eastern part, śā lā, superstructure Fig. 104. Vijaye śvara, south side, eastern part, kar ṇak ūṭa, superstructure Fig. 105. Vijaye śvara, tower, east side Fig. 106. Vijaye śvara, west side Fig. 107. Loke śvara temple, garbhag ṛha , Loke śvara Li ṅga Fig. 108. Loke śvara, garbhag ṛha ceiling Fig. 109. Loke śvara, entrance to garbhag ṛha, lintel, Li ṅgārcana Fig. 110. Loke śvara, ambulatory, north Fig. 111. Loke śvara, ambulatory, north, niche superstructure Fig. 112. Loke śvara, ambulatory, north, top frieze Fig. 113. Loke śvara, north sub-shrine, Durg ā 7 Fig. 114. Loke śvara, south sub-shrine Fig. 115. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , central nave Fig. 116. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , doorway to antechamber Fig. 117. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , gallery in south-north axis, pillars Fig. 118. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , pilaster Fig. 119. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , śukan āsī lintel and clerestory west side Fig. 120. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , clerestory north side Fig. 121. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , 1st gallery Fig. 122. Loke śvara, ma ṇḍapa , 2nd gallery Fig. 123. Loke śvara, elevation north side Fig. 124.