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1 THE ORIGIN OF MARK 16:9-20 ••• 2009 E-MAIL EDITION ••• © 2008 James Edward Snapp, Jr. [Permission is granted to reproduce this material, except for the essay by Dr. Bruce Terry in chapter nine, in electronic form (as a computer-file) and to make printouts on a computer-printer.] TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 2 PART ONE: EXTERNAL EVIDENCE CH. 1: External Evidence from the 2nd Century 5 CH. 2: External Evidence from the 3rd Century 18 CH. 3: External Evidence from the 4th Century 31 CH. 4: External Evidence from the Early 400’s 57 Ch. 5: Some External Evidence from the Mid-400’s and Later 82 CH. 6: External Evidence With the Double-Ending 105 CH. 7: Lectionary Evidence 116 PART TWO: INTERNAL EVIDENCE CH. 8: “Ephobounto Gar” 120 CH. 9: The Style of the Long Ending of Mark (by Dr. Bruce Terry) 124 CH. 10: Is Mk. 16:9-20 Non-Markan? 132 PART THREE: PROPOSED SOLUTIONS CH. 11: Theories about How the Ending was Lost 137 CH. 12: The Unlikelihood of Late Addition 146 CH. 13: The Best Solution 149 CH. 14: The End of Mark, the Synoptic Problem, and the End of John 153 CH. 15: Closing Remarks 161 Appendix A: Excerpts from the Diatessaron 162 Appendix B: The Short Ending 163 Pictures: MS 274, ℵ’s Decorative Line in Color, Codex L, and Codex W, -- and the End of Mark in Codex 1 The complete form of this essay includes 25 pictures. Most of them have been removed in order to reduce the size of the e-mail attachment. 2 PREFACE In 1881, Westcott & Hort, reinforcing the conclusions of some scholars who preceded them, presented what appeared to be strong and persuasive evidence that the Gospel of Mark originally did not contain Mark 16:9-20.1 Today most commentators deny, often almost casually, that this passage was an original part of the Gospel of Mark.2 That view has affected modern Bible translations and may affect them more noticeably in the future.3 In this book, my purpose is to challenge and overturn that consensus. In the first part of this book, I present external evidence which shows that Mark 16:9-20 was widely accepted as part of the Gospel of Mark by Christians in the second, third, fourth, and fifth centuries. The close examination of external evidence provided here will lead to significant reinterpretations of several important witnesses, and reveal some neglected witnesses. In the second part of this book, answers are given to some objections that earlier commentators have raised against the authenticity of the passage. I also analyze the weaknesses in the theory that Mark 16:9-20 was a scribal accretion. In the third part, I review some theories offered in the past to account for the loss of Mark 16:9-20. Finally, I account for the external evidence and the internal evidence by proposing a theory in which Mark 16:9-20 was present in the original text of the Gospel of Mark. desiringtheir _______________ 1 ~ Cf. Westcott & Hort’s Introduction to the New Testament in the Original Greek, Notes on Select Readings pp. 28-51 (© Harper & Brothers, New York 1882), a source often cited to this day. For example, Dr. Craig Evans advised readers of the Word Biblical Commentary series, “For descriptions of the MS evidence, see Westcott-Hort, Introduction 2:28-51; Metzger, TCGNT1, 122-28.” (p. 544, Word Biblical Commentary 34b – Mark 8:27-16:20 © 2001 by Thomas Nelson, Inc.) Until Westcott & Hort, no scholarly consensus on this issue existed. Their contemporary Philip Schaff assembled the varied opinions of scholars from the 1800’s about the subject: “The passage is defended as genuine by Simon, Mill, Bengel, Storr, Matthaei, Hug, Schleiermacher, De Wette, Bleek, Olshausen, Lange, Ebrard, Hilgenfeld, Broadus (“Bapt. Quarterly,” Philad., 1869), Burgon (1871), Scrivener, Wordsworth, McClellan, Cook, Morison (1882). It is rejected or questioned by the critical editors, Griesbach, Lachmann, Tischendorf, Tregelles, Alford, Westcott and Hort (though retained by all in the text with or without brackets), and by such critics and commentators as Fritzsche, Credner, Reuss, Wieseler, Holtzmann, Keim, Scholten, Klostermann, Ewald, Meyer, Weiss, Norton, Davidson. Some of these opponents, however, while denying the composition of the section by Mark, regard the contents as a part of the apostolic tradition.” (from www.ccel.org/s/schaff/hcc1/htm/i.XII.81.htm ) Samuel Tregelles initially opposed Markan authorship but by 1854 stated that 16:9-20 “might have been written by Mark at a later period.” (see p. 23, The Mutilation of Mark’s Gospel by N. Clayton Croy, © 2003 Abingdon Press.) 2 ~ This point should, however, be viewed alongside the observations that (a) most commentaries do not go into great detail about the pertinent manuscript-evidence, and (b) a considerable number of commentators merely echo Dr. Bruce Metzger’s Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, and (c) many commentators present false descriptions of the external evidence, indicating that their research into the question was shallow or non-existent. 3 ~ Treatments of Mk. 16:9-20 range from complete omission (p. 374, The Short Bible, © 1933 Univ. of Chicago, edited by Edgar J. Goodspeed and J.M. Powis Smith) to full inclusion (p. 573, The Reader’s Digest Bible ©1982 by the Reader's Digest Association, Inc. Bruce Metzger, General Editor). More recently, a small book called The Message of Hope, which consists mainly of selections from The Message, presented the Gospel of Mark up to the end of 16:8, where it stopped with no footnote. (p. 70, The Message of Hope, Copyright © 2001 by Eugene H. Peterson, publ. NavPress Publishing Group and distributed in association with Alive Communications.) In the Today’s New International Version Mark 16:9-20 was separated from the rest of the book, and was printed in an italicized font. The TNIV’s preface stated that the passage has “a very questionable—and confused—standing in the textual history of the New Testament.” (Preface and pp. 77-78, The Holy Bible, Today’s New International Version, © 2001 by International Bible Society.) 3 The reader is encouraged to keep in mind the basis on which a text is considered canonical. The question of the canonicity of a disputed passage in a New Testament book should not be decided on the basis of whether or not the main author of the book wrote the disputed passage. Co-authorship or the involvement of an editor does not preclude canonicity. For example, those scholars who believe that the book of Second Corinthians was originally two epistles instead of one do not, upon reaching this conclusion, slice away chapters 10-13. Roman Catholics may contend that the pronouncements of the Council of Trent make Mk. 16:9- 20 “canonically authentic” regardless of its authorship and date. Leaders of the Orthodox Churches and others may propose that history vindicates the passage as a text which God intends for His people to use as Scripture.4 The position I have taken is that the legitimacy of Mark 16:9-20 as Scripture ultimately depends on whether it was or was not present in the Gospel of Mark when it was originally disseminated to the church. Kurt & Barbara Aland stated, “The competence of New Testament textual criticism is restricted to the state of the New Testament from the moment it began its literary history through transcription for distribution. All events prior to this are beyond its scope.”5 If, on such a premise, Mk. 16:9-20 is shown to have been part of the text when the Gospel of Mark was first disseminated, the _______________ 4 ~ The diversity of scholars’ views about the canonicity of Mark 16:9-20 is shown by the following quotations. Alfred Wikenhauser: “Even if the longer ending of Mark is not by Mark himself, yet it is an integral part of Holy Scripture” (p. 173, New Testament Introduction, © 1963 Herder and Herder, New York. Nihil Obstat and Imprimatur ≅ 1958 Daniel Mageean, Bishop of Down and Conner). Wikenhauser, on p. 19 of the same book, described the decrees of the Council of Trent as “infallible and irreformable decisions of the magisterium.” To read a pertinent citation from the Council of Trent, see www.ntcanon.org/closing-west.shtml . The variety of views taken toward the canonicity of Mark 16:9-20 may be seen in the following quotes: C. R. Gregory: “These closing verses of Mark positively do not belong to this Gospel, positively have no right to be in the New Testament.” (p. 513, Canon and Text of the New Testament, © 1907 by Charles Scribner’s Sons, NY) B.B. Warfield: “This passage is no part of the word of God.” (in the misnamed article “The Genuineness of Mark 16:9-20,” Sunday School Times, Dec. 1882, Vol. XXIV). F. F. Bruce: “Our conclusion with regard to these twelve verses, then, is that while we cannot regard them as an integral part of the Gospel to which they are now attached, no Christian need have any hesitation in reading them as Holy Scripture.” (p. 181, “The End of the Second Gospel” in The Evangelical Quarterly, 1945) Bruce Metzger: “Many translators, including myself, consider verses 9 through 20 to be a legitimate part of the New Testament” in 1994 in Christian History magazine; see www.purewords.org/kjb1611/html/ hmar16_9.htm . The Oxford Annotated Bible With the Apocrypha: “From early Christian times these verses have traditionally been accepted as part of the canonical Gospel of Mark and therefore as inspired Scripture.” (p. 1238, © 1965 by Oxford University Press, New York.) C.E.
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