The Polynesians
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(1974) Isles of the Pacific
ISLES OF THE PACIFIC- I The Coming of the Polynesians By KENNETH P. EMORY, Ph.D. HE ISLES of the South Seas bathed in warm sunlight in the midst of the vast Pacific-were Tsurprise enough to their European discoverers. But more astonishingly, they were inhabited! And the tall, soft featured, lightly clad people who greet ed the Europeans possessed graces they could only admire, and skills at which they could but wonder. How had these brown-skinned peo ple reached the many far-flung islands of Polynesia? When? And whence had they come? The mystery lingered for centuries. Not until 1920-the year I joined the staff of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu-was a concerted search for answers launched, with the First Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference, held in the Hawaiian capital. In subsequent years scientists fanned out over the Pacific to salvage whatever knowledge of their past the Polynesians retained. The field was vast, for Polynesia sprawls in a huge triangle, from Hawaii in the north to Easter Island in the southeast to New Zealand in the southwest. I have taken part in many of these expe Nomads of the wind, shipmates drop sail ditions from Mangareva to outlying Ka as they approach Satawal in the central pingamarangi, some 5,000 miles away Carolines. The past of their seafaring and beyond the Polynesian Triangle. ancestors, long clouded by mystery and After the Tenth Pacific Science Con gress in 1961, scientists from New 732 NICHOLAS DEVORE Ill legend, now comes dramatically to light author, dean of Polynesian archeologists, after more than half a century of research. -
Title: Expressions of Tangaroa
A voyage in visual form Loretta Reynolds 2010 A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art & Design (MA&D) School of Art & Design Supervisors: Dale Fitchett and Simon Clark 1 Table of contents Page Table of contents ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Attestation of Authorship …………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………................... 5 Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 Introduction ………………………………….…………………………………………………………… 7 Chapter 1 Tangaroa’s place in traditional Rarotongan theology ………………………………… 11 Chapter 2 The history and the influence of the Church in Rarotonga …………………………… 13 Chapter 3 Tangaroa and cultural patterns in contemporary times......……………………………. 15 3.1 The resurrection of Tangaroa ……………………………………………………………. 15 3.2 Tangaroas importance and his place as an icon of national identity…………………. 16 3.3 Tangaroa in signage and public art………………………………………………………. 25 3.4 Cultural patterns & symbols of the Cook Islands’ used in the project………………… 27 Chapter 4 Methods and processes …………………………………………………………………. 28 2 4.1 Sign writing techniques……………………………………………………………………… 28 4.2 Engaging a contemporary perspective of Tangaroa……………………………………… 29 4.3 Introducing the morphing process to the project………………………………………….. 31 4.4 Testing the morphing idea…………………………….……………………………………… 32 4.5 Expressing the linear traditions of carved wood……………………………………….. 34 Chapter 5. Project exhibition…………………………………………………………………………. -
And Taewa Māori (Solanum Tuberosum) to Aotearoa/New Zealand
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Traditional Knowledge Systems and Crops: Case Studies on the Introduction of Kūmara (Ipomoea batatas) and Taewa Māori (Solanum tuberosum) to Aotearoa/New Zealand A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of AgriScience in Horticultural Science at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand Rodrigo Estrada de la Cerda 2015 Kūmara and Taewa Māori, Ōhakea, New Zealand i Abstract Kūmara (Ipomoea batatas) and taewa Māori, or Māori potato (Solanum tuberosum), are arguably the most important Māori traditional crops. Over many centuries, Māori have developed a very intimate relationship to kūmara, and later with taewa, in order to ensure the survival of their people. There are extensive examples of traditional knowledge aligned to kūmara and taewa that strengthen the relationship to the people and acknowledge that relationship as central to the human and crop dispersal from different locations, eventually to Aotearoa / New Zealand. This project looked at the diverse knowledge systems that exist relative to the relationship of Māori to these two food crops; kūmara and taewa. A mixed methodology was applied and information gained from diverse sources including scientific publications, literature in Spanish and English, and Andean, Pacific and Māori traditional knowledge. The evidence on the introduction of kūmara to Aotearoa/New Zealand by Māori is indisputable. Mātauranga Māori confirms the association of kūmara as important cargo for the tribes involved, even detailing the purpose for some of the voyages. -
Human Discovery and Settlement of the Remote Easter Island (SE Pacific)
quaternary Review Human Discovery and Settlement of the Remote Easter Island (SE Pacific) Valentí Rull Laboratory of Paleoecology, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera (ICTJA-CSIC), C. Solé i Sabarís s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] Received: 19 March 2019; Accepted: 27 March 2019; Published: 2 April 2019 Abstract: The discovery and settlement of the tiny and remote Easter Island (Rapa Nui) has been a classical controversy for decades. Present-day aboriginal people and their culture are undoubtedly of Polynesian origin, but it has been debated whether Native Americans discovered the island before the Polynesian settlement. Until recently, the paradigm was that Easter Island was discovered and settled just once by Polynesians in their millennial-scale eastward migration across the Pacific. However, the evidence for cultivation and consumption of an American plant—the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)—on the island before the European contact (1722 CE), even prior to the Europe-America contact (1492 CE), revived controversy. This paper reviews the classical archaeological, ethnological and paleoecological literature on the subject and summarizes the information into four main hypotheses to explain the sweet potato enigma: the long-distance dispersal hypothesis, the back-and-forth hypothesis, the Heyerdahl hypothesis, and the newcomers hypothesis. These hypotheses are evaluated in light of the more recent evidence (last decade), including molecular DNA phylogeny and phylogeography of humans and associated plants and animals, physical anthropology (craniometry and dietary analysis), and new paleoecological findings. It is concluded that, with the available evidence, none of the former hypotheses may be rejected and, therefore, all possibilities remain open. -
Body Size and Composition in Polynesians
International Journal of Obesity (1999) 23, 1178±1183 ß 1999 Stockton Press All rights reserved 0307±0565/99 $15.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/ijo Body size and composition in Polynesians BA Swinburn1*, SJ Ley1, HE Carmichael1 and LD Plank2 1Department of Community Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and 2Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand OBJECTIVES: To compare the relationship between body size and body composition in New Zealanders of Polynesian and European descent and to develop speci®c regression equations for fat mass for Polynesians. SUBJECTS: 189 Maori (93 males, 96 females), 185 Samoans (88 males, 97 females) and 241 Europeans (89 males, 152 females) aged 20 ± 70 y. MEASUREMENTS: Height, weight, four skinfold thicknesses, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: At higher body mass index levels, Polynesians (Maori and Samoans combined) had a signi®cantly higher ratio of lean mass : fat mass compared with Europeans. Four multiple regression equations incorporating resistance and reactance, height and weight, sum of four skinfolds or sum of two skinfolds were developed in two-thirds of the Polynesian participants using DXA fat mass as the dependent variable. In the remaining one-third of participants, the mean difference between fat mass predicted by these equations (r2 range 0.89 ± 0.93) and DXA fat mass ranged from 7 0.06 to 0.25 kg (s.d. 7 3.67 to 3.71 kg). CONCLUSION: At higher BMI levels, Polynesians were signi®cantly leaner than Europeans, implying the need for separate BMI de®nitions of overweight and obesity for Polynesians. -
Tourism and Cultural Identity: the Case of the Polynesian Cultural Center
Athens Journal of Tourism - Volume 1, Issue 2 – Pages 101-120 Tourism and Cultural Identity: The Case of the Polynesian Cultural Center By Jeffery M. Caneen Since Boorstein (1964) the relationship between tourism and culture has been discussed primarily in terms of authenticity. This paper reviews the debate and contrasts it with the anthropological focus on cultural invention and identity. A model is presented to illustrate the relationship between the image of authenticity perceived by tourists and the cultural identity felt by indigenous hosts. A case study of the Polynesian Cultural Center in Laie, Hawaii, USA exemplifies the model’s application. This paper concludes that authenticity is too vague and contentious a concept to usefully guide indigenous people, tourism planners and practitioners in their efforts to protect culture while seeking to gain the economic benefits of tourism. It recommends, rather that preservation and enhancement of identity should be their focus. Keywords: culture, authenticity, identity, Pacific, tourism Introduction The aim of this paper is to propose a new conceptual framework for both understanding and managing the impact of tourism on indigenous host culture. In seminal works on tourism and culture the relationship between the two has been discussed primarily in terms of authenticity. But as Prideaux, et. al. have noted: “authenticity is an elusive concept that lacks a set of central identifying criteria, lacks a standard definition, varies in meaning from place to place, and has varying levels of acceptance by groups within society” (2008, p. 6). While debating the metaphysics of authenticity may have merit, it does little to guide indigenous people, tourism planners and practitioners in their efforts to protect culture while seeking to gain the economic benefits of tourism. -
Commentary on "Diffusionists" and Legitimate Aims in Polynesian Prehistory
Commentary On "Diffusionists" and Legitimate Aims in Polynesian Prehistory Received 6July 1983 PETER BELLWOOD RECENTLY had the rather unpleasant experience ofreading Alan Howard's review (AP 22: 221-228) of The Prehistory of Polynesia, edited by Jesse Jennings. A number of I contributors to this volume, including myself, are described in this review in a seemingly derogatory fashion as "diffusionists;' partly I suspect because our papers have not been centrally concerned with Howard's "game;' i.e. with the relationships between ecology and cultural adaptation in Polynesian prehistory, or, as Howard phrases it, with "the relative contributions of cultural templates and ecological constraints to various social developments." I wish to take issue with Howard's stance on two accounts; the first concerns the correct use ofthe emotion-charged term "diffusionist," and the second concerns Howard's appar ent refusal to consider, as valid fields ofconcern for prehistorians, any approaches which do not fall within the rules ofthe above "game;' which he, as a social anthropologist, evi dently considers to be "so much damn fun." In connection with the first issue, the term "diffusion;' as used in the archaeological lit erature with which I am familiar, refers to a process ofconsiderable conceptual vagueness by which particular cultural traits or trait-combinations spread from one area to another. Usually in the Polynesian archaeological literature these traits emerge as various items of material culture, such as adze types, art styles, crops, domestic animals, and so forth. Such diffusion, in the few cases where it can actually be demonstrated to have occurred (and where inheritance from a common ancestor or local convergent adaptation can be ruled out as explanations for similarities), mayor may not involve human migration, and other nonmigratory processes such as trade or simple voyaging contact between neighboring Peter Bellwood is a member ofthe Department ofPrehistory and Anthropology, School ofGeneral Studies, the Australian National University. -
The Human Transformation of Rapa Nui (Easter Island, Pacific Ocean)
Binghamton University The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB) Anthropology Faculty Scholarship Anthropology 2013 The Human Transformation of Rapa Nui (Easter Island, Pacific Ocean) Terry L. Hunt University of Arizona, [email protected] Carl P. Lipo Binghamton University--SUNY, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://orb.binghamton.edu/anthropology_fac Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Hunt, Terry L. and Carl P. Lipo 2013 The Human Transformation of Rapa Nui (Easter Island, Pacific Ocean). In Biodiversity and Societies in the Pacific Islands, edited by Sebastien Larrue pp.167-84, Universitaires de Provence, Paris. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology at The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). For more information, please contact [email protected]. Chapter 8 The Human Transformation of Rapa Nui (Easter Island, Pacific Ocean) Terry L. HUNT1 Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai'i Manoa Carl P. LIPO2 Department of Anthropology and IIRMES Abstract Rapa Nui (Easter Island) has become widely known as a case study of human- induced environmental catastrophe resulting in cultural collapse. The island’s alleged “ecocide” is offered as a cautionary tale of our own environmental recklessness. The actual archaeological and historical record for the island reveals that while biodiver- sity loss unfolded, the ancient Polynesians persisted and succeeded. Demographic “collapse” came with epidemics of Old World diseases introduced by European visitors. In this paper, we outline the process of prehistoric landscape transformation that took place on Rapa Nui. -
The Impact of Westernization on Tongan Cultural Values Related to Business
Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Masters Theses & Specialist Projects Graduate School 5-2009 The mpI act of Westernization on Tongan Cultural Values Related to Business Lucas Nelson Ross Western Kentucky University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses Part of the International Business Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Ross, Lucas Nelson, "The mpI act of Westernization on Tongan Cultural Values Related to Business" (2009). Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 69. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/69 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses & Specialist Projects by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE IMPACT OF WESTERNIZATION ON TONGAN CULTURAL VALUES RELATED TO BUSINESS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Psychology Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, Kentucky In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts By Lucas Nelson Ross May 2009 THE IMPACT OF WESTERNIZATION ON TONGAN CULTURAL VALUES RELATED TO BUSINESS Date Recommended _April 30, 2009______ ______ Tony Paquin ___________________ Director of Thesis ______Betsy Shoenfelt__________________ ______Reagan Brown___________________ ____________________________________ Dean, Graduate Studies and Research Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank my thesis chair, Dr. Tony Paquin, for putting up with my awkward sentences, my lack of transitions, and my total disregard of conjunctive adverbs. I would also like thank the other members on my committee, Dr. Betsy Shoenfelt and Dr. Reagan Brown, for their support and input. Finally, I would like to thank my family for always accepting the “I have to work on my thesis” excuse. -
Taonga Pasifika World Heritage in the Pacific
Taonga Pasifika WORLD HERITAGE IN THE PACIFIC Australian Government Department of the Environment and Water resources Glossary akua gods Hawaiian ‘aumakua guardian spirits Hawaiian fonualoto fa’itoka burial vault Tongan kiore Pacific rat Maori kümara sweet potato Maori langi royal tombs Tongan laulau ai dining table Samoan lupe pigeons Niuean/Samoan marae meeting house Maori matai chief Samoan naflak political system Vanuatu nofoa papa chair Samoan ‘ohi to gather Hawaiian pä fortified settlement Maori peka bats Niuean/Tongan pu sea shell trumpet Hawaiian rai whale Yapese rahui reserves Niuean siapo bark cloth Samoan tapa bark cloth Polynesian origin tanoa faiava bowl buried in sand Samoan taonga treasures Maori tapu taboo Polynesian origin taoga treasures Niuean Contents Introduction 2 Message from Tumu te Heuheu 3 Voyaging 4 The Pacific’s Crested Voyager 5 Voyaging for Stone Money 6 Adaptation 8 Kuk—origins of agriculture in the Pacific 10 Lapita—Pacific ancestors 11 Marae Taputapuatea 12 Ha’amonga ‘a Mau’i—the Tongan trilithon 14 Lapaha Tombs—a link with Tonga’s ancient royal heritage 15 Chief Roi Mata’s Domain—a journey through life and legend 16 Tapa Cloth 17 Nan Madol—sacred islets of Pohnpei 18 Rapa Nui’s Magnificent Moai 20 Front cover image: Masked Booby Map of the Pacific 22 (Sula dactylatra) Photo: C. Grondin Levuka—a colonial Pacific port 24 Hawai‘i—people of the land 26 Fagaloa Bay—Uafato/Tiavea Conservation Zone 28 Living their Ancestors’ Lives 30 Huvalu Forest 31 New Caledonia’s Sea of Treasures 32 East Rennell 34 Kakadu National Park—indigenous management 36 For the Good of Mankind 38 New Zealand’s World Heritage Sites 40 Country Profiles 42 1 Introduction Kia orana, ni sa bula, fakaalofa lahi atu, malo e lelei, halo olaketa, la orana, kia ora, talofa lava, kam na mauri and welcome to Taonga Pasifika. -
Early Settlement Ofrapa Nui (Easter Island)
Early Settlement ofRapa Nui (Easter Island) HELENE MARTINSSON-WALLIN AND SUSAN J. CROCKFORD RAPA NUl, THE SMALL REMOTE ISLAND that constitutes the easternmost corner of the Polynesian triangle, was found and populated long before the Europeans "discovered" this part ofthe world in 1722. The long-standing questions concern ing this remarkable island are: who were the first to populate the island, at what time was it populated, and did the Rapa Nui population and development on the island result from a single voyage? Over the years there has been much discussion, speculation, and new scientific results concerning these questions. This has resulted in several conferences and numerous scientific and popular papers and monographs. The aim ofthis paper is to present the contemporary views on these issues, drawn from the results of the last 45 years of archaeological research on the island (Fig. 1), and to describe recent fieldwork that Martinsson-Wallin completed on Rapa Nui. Results from the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Rapa Nui in 1955 1956 suggest that the island was populated as early as c. A.D. 400 (Heyerdahl and Ferdon 1961: 395). This conclusion was drawn from a single radiocarbon date. This dated carbon sample (K-502) was found in association with the so-called Poike ditch on the east side of the island. The sample derived from a carbon con centration on the natural surface, which had been covered by soil when the ditch was dug. The investigator writes the following: There is no evidence to indicate that the fire from which the carbon was derived actually burned at the spot where the charcoal occurred, but it is clear that it was on the surface of the ground at the time the first loads of earth were carried out of the ditch and deposited over it. -
Polynesian Civilization and the Future Colonization of Space John Grayzel
Masthead Logo Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 80 Article 3 Number 80 Spring 2019 4-2019 Polynesian Civilization and the Future Colonization of Space John Grayzel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, History Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Grayzel, John (2019) "Polynesian Civilization and the Future Colonization of Space," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 80 : No. 80 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol80/iss80/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the All Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Grayzel: Polynesian Civilization and the Future Colonization of Space Comparative Civilizations Review 7 Polynesian Civilization and the Future Colonization of Space John Grayzel Abstract Polynesian civilization was configured — prior to Western colonization — in ways similar to that sometimes described as necessary for humanity's interstellar migration into space. Over thousands of years and miles, across open ocean, a core population expanded to settle on hundreds of scattered islands, while maintaining shared identity, continued awareness and repetitive contact with each other. Key to their expansion was their development of robust ocean-going vessels and their extraordinary abilities to navigate across vast expanses of open water. The first half of the 1800s saw a surge in contacts between Polynesia and western missionaries and whalers, followed by significant depopulation due to disease and, after 1850, the imposition of Western political control.