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Makna Simbolik Tari Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa

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Makna Simbolik Tari Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa MAKNA SIMBOLIK TARI BEDHAYA TUNGGAL JIWA Sestri Indah Pebrianti Program Studi Kajian Seni Petunjukan Pascasarjana, Universitas Gajah Mada, Jogjakarta, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] Abstrak Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa merupakan elemen penting dalam upacara Grebeg Besar. Pada penelitian ini fenomena yang menarik untuk dikaji (1) Mengapa tari Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa dipertunjukkan, (2) Bagaimana bentuk pertunjukan, dan (3) Apa makna simbolik yang terkandung pada tari Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa. Di dalam memahami fenomena yang terjadi pada Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa, penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk menggali berbagai data lapangan dalam menjelaskan mengenai persoalan yang terjadi. Perolehan data lapangan itu kemudian diolah dan dituliskan dengan metode deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan etnokoreologi. Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa merupakan salah satu unsur budaya masyarakat Demak, yang dipertunjukkan sebagai bagian dari rangkaian upacara tradisi Grebeg Besar di Kabupaten Demak. Kehadirannya sebagai kebutuhan estetis manusia serta menimbulkan keserasian manusia dan lingkungannya. Unsur yang ditampilkan pada pertunjukan Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa terdiri dari beberapa eleman di antaranya: penari, gerak, pola lantai, musik, rias, busana, properti dan tempat pementasan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa makna simbolik Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa sebagai gambaran menyatunya pejabat dengan rakyat dalam satu tempat untuk menyaksikan tari Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa sehingga tampak sebuah kekompakkan, kedisiplinan dan kebersamaan langkah untuk menggapai cita- cita. Unsur-unsur simbolik ditunjukan pada peralatan yang digunakan dalam rangkaian upacara, tindakan yang dilakukan penari, arah dan angka, integritas dan sosial kemasyarakatan. Makna simbolik terdapat pada gerak, pola lantai, kostum, iringan tari, dan properti yang sesuai dengan kondisi sosial budaya Kabupaten Demak. Keseluruhan menggambarkan kegiatan hubungan vertikal dan horisontal umat manusia. Simbolik Meaning of Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa Dance Abstract The Bedhaya is the important element in Grebeg Besar ceremony. In this research, the phe- nomenon that will be interesting to be studied are (1) Why Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa dance is showed?, (2) How the pattern of the show is?, and (3) What the symbolic meaning of Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa dance is?. In understanding the phenomenon happened in Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa, this research applies the qualitative method to discover all the field data in explaining the problems occur. The result of field data, processed and written in descriptive analysis method etnokoreologi approach. That approach is done by textual and contextual analysis. The textual study, can lineout or describe in detail about the structure in Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa dance, while the contextual study can reveal socio-cultural condition the residents in Demak regency. Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa is one of the cultural elements in Demak society that is showed as a part of series traditional ceremony Grebeg Besar in Demak regencey. The pres- ences human aesthetic need and also create the harmony of human and their environment. The performance of Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa consists of several elements, including: motion, floor pettern, music, make up, clothing, properties and place of performing that overall is simple. The research result shows that Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa is understood as teaching of life that cantains togetherness, unity and discipline to archive the useful purpose of live in- 120 Sestri Indah Pebrianti, Makna Simbolik Tari Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa dalam Rangkaian ... 121 dividually or in group. The symbolic meaning is contained in motion, floor pattern, costume, dance accompaniment, and properties that appropriate with the socio-cultural condition in Demak regency. The symbolic elements showed in the equipment that is used in the ceremo- nial series, the dancer actions, directions and number, integrity and social. The whole show vertical and horizontal relation activities of human being. Kata kunci: Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa; Grebeg Besar; makna simbolik PENDAHULUAN tinya arah perkembangan yang tidak sela- lu berpatokan dengan kaidah tari bedhaya Grebeg Besar merupakan salah satu keraton. Salah satunya yaitu tari Bedhaya bentuk upacara ritual masyarakat Demak Tunggal Jiwa yang ditarikan oleh sembilan yang wajib diselenggarakan setiap satu penari wanita. Jumlah sembilan diyakini tahun sekali, di mana pelaksanaanya se- oleh masyarakat Jawa sebagai jumlah bi- tiap tanggal 10 Dzulhijjah (nama bulan langan terbesar dan memiliki makna sim- dari bahasa Arab) bersamaan dengan da- bolis yang terkait dengan pandangan fil- tangnya peringatan Hari Raya Idul Adha, safat masyarakat Jawa. Berkaitan dengan yang dipusatkan di Masjid Agung Demak, hal tersebut maka sudah semestinya untuk pendhopo dan makam Sunan Kalijaga yang membahas tari Bedhaya harus dipahami bertempat di Kadilangu. Perayaan Grebeg melalui perspektif budaya Jawa (2007: 40- Besar di Demak dimaksudkan sebagai tra- 41). disi penghormatan dan rasa syukur atas Seni Tari merupakan wadah kreati- perjuangan para leluhur, khususnya sehu- fitas masyarakat dengan berpatokan pada bungan dengan kegiatan siar Islam yang nilai-nilai estetis yang di dalamnya terda- dilaksankan Wali Songo terutama Sunan pat sistem pemaknaan, karena tari meru- Kalijaga (2006: 7). pakan hasil dari proses sosial dan bukan Beberapa perubahan terjadi pada pe- proses perorangan. Artinya, walau tari ter- rayaan Grebeg Besar di Demak. Perubahan sebut diciptakan oleh satu orang, namun dimulai pada tahun 1846 saat Bupati De- dalam perkembangannya tari mengalami mak, mengkombinasikan tradisi Grebeg Be- perubahan akibat tingkah laku masyara- sar dengan seni budaya yang diwariskan kat secara kolektif terhadap tari tersebut, oleh sembilan Wali seperti barong hakikat, maka secara otomatis mengalami pemak- topeng shari’at dan tari ronggeng ma’rifat naan secara kolektif pula, sesuai dengan yang digunakan sebagai penyebaran aga- sifat masyarakat pendukungnya (Hauser, ma Islam.. Satu abad kemudian, pada ta- 1982: 94). Berpijak pada latar belakang hun 1976, Winarno Adisubrata Kasi Ke- yang diuraikan, dapat dirumuskan suatu budayaan Demak berkolaborasi dengan permasalahan bagi penulis. Bagaimana Dinas Pariwisata memodifikasi perayaanbentuk pertunjukan tari Bedhaya Tunggal Grebeg Besar dengan menambahkan Slame- Jiwa? Apa makna simbolik yang terkan- tan Tumpeng Sembilan dan prosesi Prajurit dung pada tari Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa? Patangpuluh. Akhir 1980an, Dinas Parwi- Utamanya tujuan dari penelitian sata dengan tujuan mengembangkan du- ini untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk per- nia kepariwisataan menambahkan sajian tunjukan tari Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa dalam tari sebelum prosesi penyerahan minyak upacara tradisi Grebeg Besar di Demak. jamas. Sejak itu pertunjukkan tari Bedhaya Memberikan gambaran tentang kehidu- Tunggal Jiwa menjadi elemen penting da- pan masyarakat Demak terkait dengan tari lam Grebeg Besar. Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa dan Grebeg Besar. Me- Bedhaya berkembang di luar keraton ngungkapkan peranan tari Bedhaya Tunggal menandakan adanya perkembangan jenis- Jiwa dalam masyarakat Demak. Mengana- jenis tari bedhaya yang lebih terbuka ar- lisis makna simbolik tari Bedhaya Tunggal 122 HARMONIA, Volume 13, No. 2 / Desember 2013 Jiwa dalam upacara tradisi Grebeg Besar di tanggal 10 Besar (Dzulhijjah) dan untuk Demak. Hasil tulisan ini diharapkan dapat memperingati kemenangan pasukan De- memperkaya penelitian seni pertunjukan, mak, Sultan Fattah memerintahkan setiap khususnya seni tari. Sebagai sumbangan tanggal 10 Besar diadakan peringatan Gre- pemikiran dan masukan untuk memberi beg Besar. pemahaman terhadap unsur-unsur yang Penelitian ini menggunakan teori terkait dengan keberadaan tari Bedhaya Choreology yaitu cara untuk mengenali tari Tunggal Jiwa pada upacara tradisi Grebeg dan budaya termasuk kedudukan individu Besar di Kabupaten Demak. dalam budaya, gender, bentuk organisasi Adapun pembahasan dari beberapa sosial, dan aktivitas ekonomi. Ia dapat dii- buku, skripsi, tesis dan jurnal yang mem- dentifikasi dengan gaya setempat dan pe- bahas tentang Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa dan misahan gaya pada ruang keluasaan yang Grebeg Besar tetapi tidak ditemukan pem- sangat besar. Teori ini juga diperkuat se- bahasan yang serupa dengan pembahasan jalan dengan pendapat Putra (2000) yang yang akan dibahas oleh penulis. Peneli- mengatakan, bahwa dalam menganalisis tian yang mengkaji tari Bedhaya Tunggal seni yaitu dengan memfokuskan pada dua Jiwa yang berjudul “Analisis Koreografi bentuk kajian yaitu tekstual dan konteks- Tari Bedhaya Tunggal Jiwa di Kabupaten tual. Kajian tekstual adalah kajian yang Demak” yang ditulis oleh Lestari pada memandang fenomena kesenian (seni tari) tahun 2004 di Universitas Negeri Yogya- sebagai suatu teks yang berdiri sendiri. Ka- karta. Penelitian tersebut tidak membahas jian kontekstual merupakan suatu kajian lebih jauh tentang keberadaan tari Bedhaya yang menempatkan fenomena itu dalam Tunggal Jiwa, serta tidak menghubungkan- konteks yang lebih luas yaitu konteks so- nya dengan tradisi Grebeg Besar di Demak sial budaya masyarakat di mana fenomena dan lebih cenderung kepada pemaparan itu muncul dan hidup (Putra, 2000: 400). deskriptif karya tari. Dalam menganalisis makna simbolik Artikel dalam jurnal yang ditulis aktivitas ritual, digunakan teori penafsi- oleh Siti Munawarah berjudul ”The Mea- ran yang dikemukakan Victor Turner yai- ning of An Islamic Holiday Festival: A Study tu: 1). Exegetical meaning yaitu makna yang on the Grebeg Besar in Demak” Tahun 2001. diperoleh dari informan warga
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