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12-2018 in Imperial 1848–1918: A Social History of a Multilingual Space Jan Surman

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This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 A Social History of a Multilingual Space Central European Studies

Paul Hanebrink, editor Maureen Healy, editor Howard Louthan, editor Dominique Reill, editor Daniel L. Unowsky, editor Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918

A Social History of a Multilingual Space

Jan Surman

Purdue University Press West Lafayette, Indiana Copyright 2019 by Purdue University. All rights reserved. Printed in the of America.

Cataloging-in-Publication data is on file with the Library of Congress.

Paper ISBN: 978-1-55753-837-6 ePDF ISBN: 978-1-61249-561-3 ePUB ISBN: 978-1-61249-562-0

Cover image: Graduates of the Institute of Austrian History Research, course year 1891 and 1893 (© University Archive, sign. 106.I.3018; Photo: K. K. Hoffotografin Rosa Jenik, between 1891 and 1893) Contents

List of Illustrations vi List of Tables vii Acknowledgments ix Note on Language Use, Terminology, and Geography xi Abbreviations xiii

Introduction A Biography of the Academic Space 1

Chapter 1 Centralizing Science for the Empire 19

Chapter 2 The Neoabsolutist Search for a Unified Space 49

Chapter 3 Living Out Academic Autonomy 89

Chapter 4 German-Language Universities between Austrian and German Space 139

Chapter 5 Habsburg Slavs and Their Spaces 175

Chapter 6 Imperial Space and Its Identities 217

Chapter 7 Habsburg Legacies 243

Conclusion Paradoxes of the Central European Academic Space 267

Appendix 1 Disciplines of Habilitation at Austrian Universities 281

Appendix 2 Databases of Scholars at Cisleithanian Universities 285 Notes 287 Bibliography 383 Index 445 List of Illustrations

Figure 1 University Square in Vienna during the night of 13–14 March 1848 39 Figure 2 The scene of Augustin Smetana’s burial 83 Figure 3 Busts of Hermann Bonitz and Franz Exner with the monument of Leo Thun-Hohenstein 86 Figure 4 Residence of the metropolitan of the Greek-Orthodox Church of the , now the main building of University 107 Figure 5 Józef Dietl, elected in 1861 178 Figure 6 Mychajlo Hruševs’kyj among the participants of the Meeting of Ukrainian Writers 205

vi List of Tables

Table 1 Salaries of full professors at Cisleithanian universities 45 Table 2 Student-professor (S-P) and student-instructor (S-I) ratios at Cisleithanian universities, 1866–1910 132 Table 3 Number of university instructors in , 1850–1910 142 Table 4 Places of graduation for scholars habilitating at different universities, 1848–1918 146 Table 5 Percentage of own offspring among the professoship, 1848–1918 148 Table 6 Transfers between Habsburg German-language faculties, 1848–1918 151 Table 7 Percentage of professors receiving a given amount of Collegiengelder at philosophical faculties in Cisleithanian universities, 1892–93 152 Table 8 Number of full professors who moved to another university, 1848–1918 157 Table 9 Age and transfer statistics, 1848–1918 159 Table 10 Number of transfers to and from the German-speaking Habsburg universities, 1848–1918 166 Table 11 Salaries of professors in 1900 170 Table 12 Transfers between universities (philosophical faculties) and technical and agricultural academies in the , 1848–1918 189 Table A.1 Habilitations at medical faculties 282 Table A.2 Habilitations at philosophical faculties 283

vii

Acknowledgments

Dealing with multivocal narratives means engaging intensively with a broad range of literature and sources. Hence, I would like to thank those peo- ple and institutions that supported me over the years while this work was in progress. Among these are the Vienna Initiativkolleg “The Sciences in Historical Context,” the Center for Austrian Studies in Minneapolis, the Institute for the History of Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw (Instytut Historii Nauki Polskiej Akademii Nauk), the Institute for the Contemporary History of the Czech Academy of Science in Prague (Ústav pro soudobé dějiny Akademie věd České republiky), the Center for the Urban History of East in L’viv (Центр міської історії Центрально-Східної Європи), the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin, and, finally, the Austrian Research Association (Österreichische Forschungsgemeinschaft), which generously awarded me a MOEL scholarship for research in Cracow, Warsaw, and L’viv. For support with archival work in , I want to record my special thanks to Tarik Cyril Amar from the Center for the Urban History of East Central Europe in L’viv, whose generous help allowed me to overcome the obstacles involved in acquiring permission to use the State Archive of L’viv Oblast, as well as to Serhiy Osachuk (Сергій Осачук) from the Bukovina Center, for support- ing my search of the holdings of the State Archive of Chernivtsi Oblast. I am also grateful to the Cultural Bureau of Carinthia’s provincial govern- ment for help with obtaining copies from Bukovina. The Herder-Stipend, a Leibniz-DAAD Fellowship, and an appointment at the Leibniz Graduate School “History, Knowledge, Media in East Central Europe” at the Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe–Institute of the Leibniz Association provided me with the time and intellectual atmosphere to finish the manuscript.

ix x ♦ Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918

My particular thanks also go to Peter Goller from Innsbruck for provid- ing me with access to the Tyrolean scholarly past, and to Kurt Mühlberger from Vienna for generously providing me with materials about scholars at the philosophical faculty of the University of Vienna. I thank Gerald Angermann-Mozetič from Graz for continuous support over the years. Parts of this work have been presented in Boston, Budapest, Cracow, Darmstadt, Graz, L’viv, Prague, Sofia, Vienna, and Warsaw, and I want to thank all participants for their valuable comments, in particular my colleagues and faculty members from the Initiativkolleg “The Sciences in Historical Context” and the Doktoratskolleg “Austrian Galicia and Its Multicultural Heritage” (as well as the associated fellows Philipp Hofeneder and Börries Kuzmany) in Vienna, the Institute for History of Science in Warsaw, and the Leibniz Graduate School in Marburg. I am thankful to my colleagues in Marburg and at the working group for the history of science in Frankfurt am Main for stimulating talks and debates that helped clarify my ideas while I was writing the final version of the m