The ESPON 2013 Programme The Development of the Islands – European Islands and Cohesion Policy (EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 2013/2/2

Atlas of the Islands

EUROPEAN UNION Part-financed by the European Regional Development Fund INVESTING IN YOUR FUTURE

ESPON EUROISLANDS Project - Atlas of the Islands

List of authors

Lead Partner - University of Aegean, Mytilini, Greece

Ioannis SPILANIS Department of Environment, Laboratory of Local and Insular Development

Contents Thanasis KIZOS, Department of Geography

Foreword ______3 Michalis VAITIS, Department of Geography, Laboratory of Geo-informatics Introduction ______4 Nikoletta KOUKOUROUVLI, Laboratory of Geo-informatics 1. A Typology of European Islands ______5

2. A note on methodology: indexes for the state of islands, changes and their attractiveness ______6

3. The Atlas ______8 3.1. The State of European Islands ______9 3.1.1. Efficiency of Islands’ economy ______9 3.1.2. Social equity______12 3.1.3. Environmental conservation ______18 3.1.4. Synthesis on the State of Islands ______20 3.2. Analysis of Attractiveness parameters ______24 3.2.1. Measurement of attractiveness parameters ______24 3.2.2. Classification of Attractiveness factors by islanders ______33 3.2.3. The results of the Delphi workshop ______34 3.2.4. Attractiveness indexes ______35 References ______38

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quality expressing the various symbols Atlas of the Islands that islands are connected to.

With this Atlas, we want to illustrate that the problems of islands are not circumstantial, but at the same time This publication presents part of the results of a Targeted they are also not ‘permanent’. The Analysis conducted within the framework of the ESPON goal is to use the given geographical 2013 Programme, partly financed by the European Regional Development Fund. and natural characteristics of islands as advantages and not as The partnership behind the ESPON Programme consists of Foreword the EU Commission and the Member States of the EU27, disadvantages. plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Each partner is represented in the ESPON Monitoring This Atlas represents an effort to Committee. We hope that you will find it useful, scientifically document the state of This report does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Islands and assist all parties members of the Monitoring Committee. involved (the EU, the Commission, Information on the ESPON Programme and projects can be Member States, Regional Autrhorities, found on www.espon.eu stakeholders, etc.) to visualize and The web site provides the possibility to download and understand the problems and the examine the most recent documents produced by finalised Ioannis Spilanis, and ongoing ESPON projects. issues that islands face today. Assist. Professor

© ESPON & University of the Aegean, 2010 Project Leader and Scientific Insularity is the connecting link, the Responsible Printing, reproduction or quotation is authorised provided common characteristic of all islands the source is acknowledged and a copy is forwarded to the ESPON Coordination Unit in Luxembourg. regardless of their size, population and

development level. Insularity This report should be quoted: expresses ‘objective’ and measurable ESPON (2010) Islands’ Atlas, The Development of the Islands – European Islands and Cohesion characteristics, including small areal Policy (EUROISLANDS), ESPON 2013 Program size, small population (small market), ESPON & University of the Aegean isolation and remoteness, as well as

unique natural and cultural Communication: environments. However, it also Ioannis Spilanis, Thanasis Kizos University of the Aegean, University Hill involves a distinctive ‘experiential Tel: 22510 36290, 22510 36447, identity’, which is a non-measurable e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

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to face attractiveness problems and information consist a particular improve the state of the islands problem: although vital for the special eventually. features of islands (limited area, isolation and remoteness), the existing Different sets of indicators are quantitative information is extremely developed for sustainable development limited even at the NUTS II level. and attractiveness. The most important of them make up this Atlas. In the next section, a typology of the The complete list of the indicators is European islands is presented to meet analysed in detail in the Scientific the reader with the diversity of the Report of the study. islands, from the very big to the very small. Next is a note on the The analysis is based on information methodology of composite indexes and from 31 Island regions that are the indicators of the Atlas follow. European statistical units (Member Introduction States, NUTS II or NUTS III). Additional information has been used The purpose of this Atlas is to present from other European islands, some basic and essential facts for especially smaller ones that are not European Islands. covered within this analysis. We have tried to refer to islands and not The facts will be presented under two regions, but, this was not possible due broad headings: (a) the state of the to the lack of consistent and reliable islands (sustainability indicators) and data for all islands as a lot of (b) the attractiveness of the islands. information does not exist on the The former heading deals with the island level (especially for coastal situation of Europe’s islands within the islands). Therefore, data for Regions context of sustainable development are used in most cases. Qualitative compared to the European mainland. information and results from previous The later heading refers to the causes studies, reports, work documents etc. of this situation and how insularity are extensively used. affects attractiveness. The data used come from available This framework can provide useful data that have been used already in information and highlight spatial previous ESPON studies and the differences on the problems that ESPON databases for the 24 NUTS II islands face today in Europe and the and III island areas. Other sources causes of these problems classified to include quantitative and qualitative internal and external factors. This data from European Institutions and approach can lead to conceptualization sources (the EC, Eurostat, the Corine and implementation of policy measures database, the EEA). Environmental

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4. The development status of the island, with the use of 4 levels,

1. A Typology of European according to the EU-objectives that Table A1: Number of Islands in Each Category determine the European financial aid: Islands NUTS III ISLANDS SIZE DEVELOPMENT STATUS STATE (0) NUTS II (1) − Convergence Regions: (NUTS 2 (6) (224) The typology of the islands is based Convergence (0) on: regions with GDP per capita of less LARGE Phasing-out (0) than 75% of EU average); (2) Phasing-in (0) 1. The resident population, with three Comp. & Empl. (2) 2 − Phasing-out Regions: (Regions Convergence (2) 2 categories: MEDIU NORTH Phasing-out (6) 3 3 which would still be eligible as M (a) Large islands: >50,000 (231) Phasing-in (0) Convergence regions if the threshold (14) permanent inhabitants Comp. & Empl. (6) 1 1 4 was estimated for EU15 and not Convergence (16) 16 (b) Medium-sized islands: between SMALL Phasing-out (56) 56 5,000-50,000 permanent EU25); (215) Phasing-in (11) 11 − Phasing-in Regions: (Regions Comp. & Empl. (132) 132 inhabitants NUTS III ISLANDS SIZE DEVELOPMENT STATUS STATE (1) NUTS II (5) (c) Small islands: <5,000 formerly Objective I, but presently (8) (117) with GDP per capita over 75% of Convergence (6) 1 2 3 (2) 1 permanent inhabitants. LARGE Phasing-out (0) 2. The administrative status (or EU15); and (13) Phasing-in (3) 1 1 1 − Competitiveness and Employment Comp. & Empl. (4) 2 2 jurisdiction) as an indication of Convergence (14) 5 9 autonomy and power for the Regions: (All remaining regions not SOUTH MEDIU Phasing-out (1) 1 covered by the three types above). (131) M (30) Phasing-in (13) 13 promotion of policies tailored to the Comp. & Empl. (2) 2 islands’ characteristics. At the levels of Convergence (34) 34 Coastal and Nuts III islands are SMALL Phasing-out (8) 8 the independent state, NUTS II and (88) Phasing-in (34) 34 NUTS III regions, data is readily classified with the mainland region Comp. & Empl. (12) 12 available and thus an analysis is within which they are administratively LEGEND: possible, as already mentioned. The attached (for example, Orkney with Convergence: Convergence Regions Phasing-out: Phasing-out Regions problem rests on the fact that, the Highlands and Islands Region of Scotland; Hydra with the Attiki Region Phasing-in: Phasing-in Regions generally, data is not available at a Comp. & Empl.: Competitiveness and Employment Regions lower statistical level. of Greece; and Ouessant with the 3. The geographical distribution and Bretagne Region of France). location of the islands, with a rough According to these criteria, the distinction which between the islands categorization of the islands with more of the North (Baltic/ North Atlantic, than 50 inhabitants is summarised in with colder climate, seasonally strong Table A1 (average population counts domestic tourism, higher GDP per are drawn from census data). capita) and those of the South (Mediterranean, warmer climate, mass international tourism, lower GDP per capita, frontier zones with North Africa and arenas of illegal immigration into the EU).

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2. A note on methodology: availability of data is not indicators). The geographical areas indexes for the state of islands, homogeneous. For urban dynamism Table A2: Limits of the classes used for that are considered for the calculation changes and their the Functional Urban Areas (FUA) the construction of the indexes of the indexes include all types of concept was used, for which data are NUTS areas: attractiveness Indicato rs of Indicat • EU27 available only at NUTS 3 level, which is Accessibilit Cl change, ors FUA The attempt to facilitate comparisons y NUTS 0: Member states with islands as the case of the accessibility indicators as where where (Max=5, (Max=190, statistical units (NUTS 2 and 3); 11 in total: between islands and highlight s EU27 EU27 min =0) as well. min = 24) • Cyprus (CY) island state change = 100 differences among them and between • Denmark (DK) Therefore, a European average is not = 0% them and their national entities and 1 <-35 < 65 0 to 0,55 24 to 42,4 • Estonia (EE) the European average resulted in the available and the classes that were 2 -35 to -25 65-75 0,55 to 1,1 42,4 to 60,8 • Spain (ES) creation of complex indexes with the used for the calculation of the index 3 -25 to -15 75-85 1,1 to 1,65 60,8 to 79,2 • Finland (FI) had to be estimated with different 4 -15 to -5 85-95 1,65 to 2,2 79,2 to 97,6 • France (FR) use of the EU average as a base for 5 -5 to 5 95-105 2,2 to 2,75 97,6 to 116 • Greece (GR) the comparisons. Finaly, five different methods (details below). Data for 6 5 to 15 105-115 2,75 to 3,3 116 to 134,4 • Italy (IT) Attractiveness Potential Index are also 7 15 to 25 115-125 3,3 to 3,85 134,4 to 152,8 • Malta (MT) island state indexes were calculated: 8 25 to 35 125-135 3,85 to 4,4 152,8 to 171,2 available for NUTS 2/3 regions. On the • Sweden (SE) (a) One for the state of the islands 9 > 35 > 135 4,4 to 5 171,2 to 190 • United Kingdom (UK) regions (NUTS 0, 2 and 3 statistical contrary, indicators for other NUTS 2: Island Regions or islands units) and the member states they are attractiveness factors (education level, The calculation of each index is based • Corse (FR83) located in (State Index); R& D and ICT) are available at NUTS 0 on the summing up of the values of • Ionian Islands (GR22) and NUTS2 level. • North Aegean (GR41) (b) One for changes that have taken the class of the individual indicators, • South Aegean (GR42) place during 2000-6 (Change Index); assuming equal weight for each of the • Crete (GR43) (c) Three for the attractiveness of the For the values of all indicators 9 indicators that make up the index. The • Sicily (ITG1) classes were created. These classes • Sardegna (ITG2) islands: basic assumption is that the higher the • Åland (FI20) • One for attractiveness based on were constructed with the basic value from the EU average the better • Illes Balears (ES53) issues of accessibility and urban assumption that the European average the value of the index for the NUTS 3: Island Regions or islands dynamism, the direct effects of in the particular indicator and the geographical areas. Therefore, when • Bornhom (DK014) values around this average should • Mallorca (ES531) insularity (Attractiveness Direct the indicator expresses a negative • Menorca (ES532) Index); form the middle class and four classes issue, such as the percentage of • Eivissa y Formentera (ES533) • One for attractiveness based on should be constructed with higher unemployment, the value of the class • Zakinthos (GR221) values than the middle class and four • Kerkira (GR222) indicators that cover the rest of was inversed, i.e. if the value was 9 it • Kefallinia (GR223) the attractiveness factors with lower values. The middle class becomes 1, if it was 8 it becomes 2, • Lefkada (GR224) identified in the report as indirect has a width of ten values and the six etc. Thus, the value of the index is • Lesvos (GR411) effect of insularity (Attractiveness subsequent classes also have a ten always ‘positive’ and expresses how • Chios (GR412) value width, while the two extreme • Samos (GR413) Indirect Index); ‘better’ or ‘worse’ the state, the • Kyklades (GR421) • One for the attractiveness based classes include all the values that are change or the attractiveness of the • Dodekanisos (GR422) on the natural and cultural lower or higher. In the two cases areas discussed are compared to the • Malta (MT001) where the European average was not • Gozo (MT002) potential of the islands EU average and the average values of • Gotland (SE214) (Attractiveness Potential Index). available, the range of the values of the member states with islands • Island of Wight (UKJ34) the indicator was divided by nine and (except for the case of the first • Eilean Siar (Western Isles) UKM64 nine equal classes where created. The attractiveness index where the • Orkney Islands UKM65 The 3 attractiveness indexes are not • Shetland Islands UKM66 limits of the classes are presented in comparison is with the average value directly comparable and cannot be Table A2. of the range of the values of the synthesized to a composite one as the

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Some of the above islands are included the EU27=100 and then the classes (b) The ESPON multimodal “Governance of Territorial and Urban in more than one NUTS level. Malta is are inverted to keep the overall accessibility indicator; Policies from EU to local level”, as such a case, which is both a Member scale of the values of the indicator number of public employees, State (along with Gozo) and a NUTS 3 already discussed above; These two indicators are selected national governance patterns, shift (d) The percentage of population from government to governance, among all attractiveness parameters area, separate from Gozo. Greek older than 65 in 2007, which is first state structure and process etc. islands are another case where the as the most representative indicators transformed with the EU27=100 and NUTS 2 areas GR22, GR41 and GR42 of insularity influencing directly their then the classes are inverted to keep These five indicators are selected have many islands, but are considered the overall scale of the values of the attractiveness: the first records the among the attractiveness parameters as a single unit, while the NUTS 3 indicator already discussed above. differences of dynamism between that are related to “Lisbon Strategy”. divisions also have typically more than (e) The percentage of artificial land cities based on their population size Data are available typically at NUTS 2 one island (12 for GR422, 20 for to the total land from the CORINE and their functions; the second records level and therefore the Index is GR421, etc.). When data are available data base in 2000, with the the difference of accessibility between EU27=100 and then the classes are calculated only for this level. for both NUTS 2 and NUTS3 level for the European territories, islands inverted. the same geographical area, only the included. The third Attractiveness index NUTS3 data are included in the The State Index is used not only to (Attractiveness Assets Index) is calculation of the index in order to The second Attractiveness index compare islands with EU average but calculated with the use of two avoid double counting. (Attractiveness Indirect Index) is also for the classification of islands into indicators (data from the ESPON calculated with the use of five groups. DataBase) in order to evaluate the Cyprus and Malta are included two indicators: The Change index covers the period islands’ potential: times in the calculation of the indexes: (a) The percentage of population 2000 – 2006 and is calculated with the within the calculation of the member- with low education level % of use of three indicators: (a) The share of Natura 2000 area states average, but also in the the population in 2008 that is first (a) population change 2000 - 2006 on the total area of the islands calculation of the islands’ average. transformed with the EU27=100 and % that is first transformed with the then the classes are assigned and region;

EU27=100 and then the classes are reversed; (b) The density of cultural The variables selected for the creation assigned; (b) Research and Development % of monuments of the island regions of indexes come from the long lists for (b) The GDP per capita with the the GDP in 2008 that is first as estimated by ESPON 2006, The the state and the attractiveness of the EU27=100 change % 2000 – transformed with the EU27=100 and role and the spatial effects of islands, while the availability of data 2006, where the classes are then the classes are assigned (data Cultural Heritage and Identity and the degree of correlation between assigned to the values; for NUTS 2 areas refer to 2007); (Project 1.3.3). them also were considered during the (c) The active population change % (c) The percentage of households 2000-2006, which is first selection. with broadband access % of the The values of all indicators are transformed with the EU27=100 and total number of households in presented and discussed in the text of then the values of the indicator are 2008, which is first transformed with the Atlas in the next section. The State index is calculated with the assigned. the EU27=100 and then the values use of five indicators: of the indicator are assigned; (a) GDP per capita 2006 (EU 27=100); The first Attractiveness index (d) The unemployment rate for the (b) The active population / total (Attractiveness Direct Index) is group 15 to 24 years old in 2008, population % that is first which is first transformed with the calculated with the use of two transformed with the EU27=100 and EU27=100 and then the classes are then the classes are assigned to the indicators: assigned and reversed; values; (a) The average FUA value for which (e) The governance indicator is based (c) The unemployment rate % in the classes are assigned; on quantitative and qualitative data 2008 that is first transformed with produced by the ESPON 2006,

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on the other hand, information on the 3. The Atlas islands at LAU 1 or lower level is not Map 1: The Study Area available at all at the European level, The European islands included in this except for very few variables. In study (Map 1) are very diverse in between, for islands that are terms of the size of their population characterized as NUTS 2 and 3 and the “importance” of this regions, the available information is population within their national not homogenous and very unequal. entities. A quite clear geographical Therefore, different units and levels of distribution is evident: on the one analysis are used: for most indicators, hand, islands in north Europe are data is available only for NUTS 0 and 2 rather small, mainly close to the coast, areas, which yields 11 areas; in the and their population is a small part of cases where information for all the the total national population (less than NUTS 3 islands areas is available, 20 1% except for Estonia); on the other more areas are added. However, some hand, in the Mediterranean, more of these areas overlap: “Malta-state” diverse cases are encountered: there data (NUTS 0 area) is the sum of are two island-states (Cyprus and 1 “Malta-island” and “Gozo-Comino” Malta ), very big island-regions such (NUTS 3 areas); “Illes Balears” is the as Sicilia, Sardegna, Kriti, Mallorca and sum of the 3 newly created NUTS 3 Corse, as well as archipelagos and areas of “Mallorca”, “Menorca”, coastal islands. The ratio of these “Eivissa I Formentera”; In Greece, islands’ population to the “Notio Aigaio” (NUTS 2 area) is the correspondent national total varies sum of the 2 NUTS 3 areas “Kyklades” from 100% for the islands states to and “Dodecanisos”; “Voreio Aigaio” less than 2% for France. Greece and (NUTS 2 area) is divided in 3 NUTS 3 Italy are the non islands-states where areas (“Lesvos”, “Samos” and “Chios”) islands have an important weight; and “Ionia Islands” (NUTS 2 area) in 4 12% of their population lives on NUTS 3 areas (“Zakynthos”, “Kerkyra”, islands. “Lefkada” and “Kefallonia”). Finally, the islands of Kriti, Sicilia, Sardegna The overall analysis is influenced and and Corse are taken into account only limited by the available information as entire island entities (NUTS 2 and data that corresponds to the areas), even if they include NUTS 3 islands’ administrative status: for sub-divisions. islands-states such as Cyprus and Malta, all data are generally available;

1 All references to Malta concern the Malta State (NUTS 0 level); when information is provided for the island of Malta (NUTS 3 level) there is explicit reference.

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The data used for the analysis and the effectiveness of the economy Bornholn, Kerkyra and Dodecanisos the EU 27 average (in the 100 – 120 generally cover the period 1996-2008 between areas, while its change rate faced a net divergence compared to class) following the trend of their and originate from the following estimates its dynamism. However, the EU-27. One region, Ionia Nissia, fell respective countries. Notio Aigaio and European sources: use of this indicator is straightforward again below the 75% limit of the Illes Balears have better scores than (a) the EUROSTAT web data base; only if all the persons involved in European average. Consequently, in the national ones (106,9 compared to (b) the EUROSTAT Regional Yearbook generating GDP are also residents of this period, the majority of the island 85,1 and 94,5 compared to 91,7 2009; the region in question which is not the regions has not followed the trends of respectively). On the contrary, in (c) the 4th Report on economic and case for most of the islands2. the countries and diverged from the Cyprus, Ionia Nisia, Voreio Aigaio and social cohesion, 2007; EU average (Map 3). Malta productivity is very low. (d) the ESPON data base and The majority of NUTS 2 and 3 islands (e) the ESPON Altas. (24 out of 31, island states included) have GDP per capita (in PPS) below the EU27 average (79,2 in 2006 with 3.1. The State of European EU27=100), with a range of 20,3 Table A3.1.1: Islands Regions, Cohesion Policy objectives and GDP (2006) compared to 50,0 for the EU-27 (EU, % of EU27 % of National Islands Regions NUTS Cohesion Policy Objective 2009, p.8-9). Only Åland, Illes Balears average 2006 average 2006 The answer to the question “what is (NUTS 2), Shetland and Kyklades Cyprus 2 Phasing-in 90,3 100,0 the situation of European Islands Bornholm 3 Competitiveness & Employment 89,4 72,7 (NUTS 3) perform better than the Illes Balears 2 Competitiveness & Employment 114,1 109,6 within the context of sustainable European average (146,7, 114,1, Eivissa y Formentera 3 Competitiveness & Employment 123,8 118,9 development?” is derived by pointing Mallorca 3 Competitiveness & Employment 111,5 107,1 110,9 and 104,0 in 2006 respectively) Menorca 3 Competitiveness & Employment 124,2 119,3 out the differences that distinguish the and Åland, Illes Balears and Kyklades Åland 2 Competitiveness & Employment 146,7 127,7 islands from the EU-27 as well as from Corse 2 Competitiveness & Employment 85,8 78,4 better than the national average Ionia Nisia 2 Convergence 73,9 78,5 their national entities. The following (Table A3.1.1 and Map 2). Zakynthos 3 Convergence 92,3 98,1 Kerkyra 3 Convergence 67,1 71,3 analysis is structured in 3 sections that correspond to the three components of Kefallinia 3 Convergence 82 87,1 The economic convergence in terms of Lefkada 3 Convergence 64,9 69,0 sustainable development: the Voreio Aigaio 2 Convergence 67,4 71,6 GDP of the examined NUTS 2/3 island Lesvos 3 Convergence 64,1 68,1 efficiency of islands’ economy; the Samos 3 Convergence 65,4 69,5 regions with the EU27 average from social equity; and the environmental 2000 to 2006 was positive for some of Chios 3 Convergence 75,9 80,7 conservation. Notio Aigaio 2 Phasing-in 96,2 102,2 the NUTS2/3 regions with Western Dodekanisos 3 Phasing-in 91,7 97,4 Kyklades 3 Phasing-in 104 110,5 Islands, Shetland, Chios, Kefallinia Kriti 2 Convergence 82,8 88,0 having the best scores. On the Sicilia 2 Convergence 66,9 64,6 3.1.1. Efficiency of Islands’ contrary, Sardegna, Sicilia, Malta, Sardegna 2 Phasing-in 79,5 76,8 Malta 2 Convergence 76,9 100,0 economy Malta island 3 Convergence 78,4 102,0

Gozo and Comino /Ghawdex 3 Convergence 59,2 77,0 The degree of the economic success of 2 Tourism is a typical economic activity Gotlands län 3 Competitiveness & Employment 98,1 80,7 a region is usually assessed with the that raises production in an area; in many cases Isle of Wight 3 Phasing-out 81,1 67,4 Eilean Siar (Western Isles) 3 Phasing-out 77,7 64,5 an important part of employers and employees use of the Gross Domestic Product Orkney Islands 3 Phasing-out 94 78,1 does not reside permanently in it. Therefore, the (GDP) that describes the value of its Shetland Islands 3 Phasing-out 110,9 92,1 activity generates GDP, but part of this production Source: EUROSTAT, TPG calculations output and the effectiveness of its ‘leaks’ out of the area along with the people that economic system. The GDP per leave when the season ends. In parallel, the Productivity level is also diverging (EU, inhabitant (in PPS) is even more created GDP is divided by the number of the 2007, p.178-195): in Corse, Sardegna, permanent inhabitants, giving a high GDP/capita helpful to compare economic growth indicator. Sicilia, and Åland productivity is above

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Map 2: GDP per inhabitant of Member States and island Map 3: GDP change % (2002-2006) for Islands states, NUTS 2 regions, in PPS, 2006 and NUTS 3 islands

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Development of the economy and long services to companies and individuals). Table A3.1.2: Structure of the Gross Added Value (2006, %) term prospects The construction branch is important Manufacture Trade - The structure of the economy of the (more than 10%) on Illes Balears and Primary Secondary - Mining - Tertiary Financial Public Constructions Hotels - Sector Sector Electricity - Sector Sector Services Transport island regions per sector is very on most of the Greek islands, and is Water diverse (Table A3.1.2): services are related with tourism and residential CY Cyprus 2,4 19,0 10,3 8,6 78,6 27,6 26,7 24,4 DK Denmark 1,6 26,0 20,5 5,5 72,4 21,5 24,0 27,0 the most important activity, but the economy in general. The rest of the DK014 Bornholm 2,7 18,7 11,4 7,3 78,6 22,1 19,5 37,0 EE Estonia 3,1 29,7 21,2 8,5 67,2 28,3 23,0 15,9 gross value added produced by the secondary sector (manufacture, ES Spain 2,9 29,9 17,8 12,2 67,2 24,8 21,5 20,8 sector fluctuates between 65% for mining, energy) is rather ES53 Illes Balears 1,1 18,0 7,0 11,0 80,8 39,3 22,1 19,4 ES531 Eivissa y Formentera 0,8 14,9 4,6 10,3 84,3 43,1 22,6 18,6 Orkney and Shetland Islands to 85% underrepresented in islands compared ES532 Mallorca 1,1 18,3 7,3 11,0 80,6 38,8 21,8 20,0 ES533 Menorca 1,8 20,5 8,4 12,1 77,7 38,2 23,7 15,8 for Åland. This is the result of the with the EU and the member-states FI Finland 2,5 32,4 26,4 6,0 65,1 22,1 21,0 22,0 FI20 Åland 1,8 13,7 8,6 5,2 84,5 46,5 13,0 25,1 presence of an important public sector (even though energy has to be FR France 2,1 20,7 14,5 6,2 77,3 19,0 32,9 25,4 for some of the islands, e.g. Gotland produced locally for most of the FR83 Corse 2,1 15,0 5,5 9,5 82,8 22,4 24,2 36,2 GR Greece 4,1 21,0 13,7 7,3 75,0 31,8 19,3 23,9 (41,2%), Western Isles (37,8%), islands). Finally, the primary sector is GR22 Ionia Nisia 3,8 16,7 5,9 10,8 79,4 39,0 20,3 20,1 GR221 Zakynthos 5,3 16,9 4,5 12,4 77,8 43,1 17,8 16,9 Bornholm (37,0%) and Corse (36,2%). important compared to the EU27 GR222 Kerkyra 2,6 13,9 6,2 7,8 83,5 42,8 20,7 20,0 Menorca with 15,8% and Kyklades average in the Scottish Islands, Kriti, GR223 Kefallinia 5,4 22,1 7,2 14,9 72,5 30,2 21,7 20,6 GR224 Lefkada 3,8 20,7 5,5 15,2 75,5 25,9 21,4 28,2 16,4% and generally the Illes Balears Lesvos and Gozo, with more than 8% GR41 Voreio Aigaio 8,0 19,1 8,8 10,3 72,9 22,2 26,2 24,5 GR411 Lesvos 10,2 16,9 8,9 7,9 72,9 20,8 26,3 25,9 and the Greek Islands are in the other of the GVA. On the contrary, in Illes GR412 Samos 4,7 18,3 8,2 10,1 77,0 28,7 24,1 24,2 end of the spectrum. The island states Balears, Åland and the Isle of Wight GR413 Chios 6,4 23,7 9,0 14,6 70,0 20,0 27,6 22,4 GR42 Notio Aigaio 3,2 17,2 7,9 9,3 79,6 42,4 18,6 18,6 Malta and Cyprus occupy the space in the presence of the primary sector is GR421 Dodekanisos 2,9 15,0 6,4 8,6 82,1 45,4 16,7 20,0 GR422 Kyklades 3,7 20,6 10,2 10,4 75,7 37,6 21,6 16,5 the middle with 26,7% and 24,4% of less than 2%, the first two performing GR43 Kriti 8,2 16,8 8,3 8,5 75,0 32,8 18,0 24,2 IT Italy 2,1 26,8 20,7 6,1 71,1 22,8 27,2 21,1 their GDP coming from the public well above the average in economic ITG1 Sicilia 4,0 16,7 10,7 6,0 79,3 21,2 24,1 34,0 sector respectively, following the trend terms. ITG2 Sardegna 3,5 19,1 13,1 6,0 77,3 23,6 23,3 30,5 MT Malta 2,8 21,6 17,7 3,9 74,7 27,4 21,6 26,7 of many other member states (e.g. MT001 Malta 2,5 21,9 18,0 3,8 74,8 27,6 21,7 26,5 MT002 Gozo and Comino 7,9 18,2 12,4 5,9 71,9 25,8 20,8 27,2 Denmark 27,0%, France 25,4%, Concerning employment by sector, 7 SE Sweden 1,4 27,9 23,2 4,7 70,6 19,9 25,4 25,3 Sweden 25,3%, Greece 23,9%). NUTS 2 island regions plus Cyprus face SE214 Gotlands län 3,4 16,8 11,3 5,5 79,8 18,3 20,4 41,2 UK United Kingdom 0,7 23,6 17,3 6,3 75,6 21,3 31,0 23,4 This high presence of non commercial high business concentration in one or UKJ34 Isle of Wight 1,1 21,5 13,8 7,7 77,4 30,7 14,4 32,3 UKM64 Western Isles 6,7 19,6 10,2 9,5 73,6 22,7 13,1 37,8 services in some islands underlines few branches, with tourism being the UKM65 Orkney Islands 12,7 21,3 10,1 11,3 65,9 27,4 9,2 29,3 the low performance of branch with the single higher UKM66 Shetland Islands 10,5 23,6 13,6 10,0 65,9 24,3 8,9 32,7 Source: EUROSTAT competitive sectors and concentration, except for Åland where demonstrates an explicit policy sea transport activities predominate As for the profile of island It seems that an important part of the choice of developing public (EUROSTAT, Regional Yearbook 2009). specialisation within Europe, their main activities on islands are characterized services. “Business services” (real estate, characteristic is the importance of by survival strategies of subsistence, renting, computer activities, R&D, market and non market personal mainly on small islands. Within this Other services, such as transport legal business services, accounting and services and construction (non context, the long-term economical (Åland) or tourism (Illes Balears and management, advertising, competitive activities) along with perspectives seem rather fragile. Greek Islands) are very important in architectural, engineering but also tourism and/or agriculture and some islands with more than 40% of security and cleaning, secretarial, fisheries, two sectors characterised by Irrespective of size, this analysis the GVA produced by these branches. translation services, etc.) which are low value added, excessive use of indicates that islands with better Two Greek islands (Lesvos and Chios) considered the most dynamic elements natural resources and strong economic performance compared to and Cyprus have important financial of a modern economy have a low competition from non European the rest and the EU27 average can be sectors (real estate, renting and other presence on islands. countries with low labour costs. classified in two categories:

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- Islands with very clear Box 1: Main issues in the 3.1.2. Social equity During the 2000s (Map 4), population international specialisation in analysis of islands’ economy: Population evolution and structure projections are in general positive for a low added value activity such Islands have an average GDP/capita The structure of a population and its Western Europe with only a limited as the tourism sector (Illes lower than the EU 27 average, and change is affected by a number of number of regions facing population Balears, Notio Aigaio, Zakynthos, only few of them perform better factors, both external to the area and decline (Germany, many Greek regions Cyprus). Monoculture is the basis (Åland, Illes Balears, Shetland and internal. External factors, such as and some Scandinavian regions), while of their current prosperity, which Kyklades). In general the process of economic conditions, changes in life in Eastern Europe continuing has yielded good results, but at economic convergence is slower than styles, cultures and aspirations are emigration caused again negative the same time they are more for the rest of the EU regions. considered as more important for trends. For island regions, the vulnerable than other areas Islands are lagging compared to their shaping the demographic profile of an evolution is generally positive, with during a crisis. national entities (except Åland, area. For islands, the demographic Illes Balears recording the best results - Islands with a GDP “boosted” by Kyklades and Illes Balears) profiles have been profoundly changed (2,9% per year and 4,2% for Eivissa y specific exogenous influences, For many islands (Nordic islands, during the last decades. Here, we Formentera) followed by Cyprus such as Åland, Shetland, Orkney Corse, Sicilia and Sardegna) GDP level focus on differences between islands (1,6%) and Corse (1,5%). In the and Gotland. Such influences and employment are sustained by an and the European mainland and Scottish islands, Gotland and range from are the existence of a important public sector; this is a sign discuss some important differences Bornholm in the North, Sicilia and duty free area (Åland) to oil of low competitiveness of the between islands. Voreio Aigaio in the South the extraction (Shetland), rather than economy. population seems to stabilise or the utilization of local comparative Even though services remain the most A general demographic trend of the decrease slowly. These positive results advantages. The presence of the important activity, two main groups end of the 1990s was a population seem to come from positive State is an important reason. This with competitive activities are found: decrease on a number of regions in immigration flows and not from public sector acts like a lever for (a) islands where tourism prevails; and the European periphery, but also in natural change, as fertility rates are development, creates (b) few islands with a significant some of the core regions (e.g. in some stable and rather low (1,3) and the employment and GDP, improves activity in agriculture and fisheries. regions of Germany, Italy and France). replacement level is 2,1 children per the attractiveness for residence Long term development perspectives This was the result of negative natural woman. This positive immigration has (more public services), but seem rather fragile – even in the balance or of negative migratory improved the age pyramid as well, as presupposes the possibility and islands with high performance-, balance or a combination of both immigrants are younger and have the policy option of transferring because of the predominance of low (ESPON Atlas, 2006, p.10). Most of the more children (EUROSTAT, Regional public resources, human capital value added activities in an island regions considered in this study Yearbook 2009). These migrants come and know-how from the national increasingly competitive international followed this trend: Sardegna, Sicilia, either from Eastern Europe or from mainland. Islands with a environment based on an excessive Voreio Aigaio recorded a significant Asia and Africa (legally or illegally) for developed and efficient public use of scarce natural resources. decline of their population mainly due almost all islands that are external sector are in general less boarders. But, recent positive to a negative natural balance when vulnerable and exposed to developments of the population of Gotland, Western Isles and Shetland external influences; but this islands (+0,85%, EU, 2009, p.8) displayed a minor decrease. Another option is under threat within a compared to previous decades and the group of islands, including Illes period of bugjet restriction. European average (0,37%) obscures Balears, Isle of Wight, Kriti, Malta, the situation of smaller islands Cyprus, Notio Aigaio and Åland, especially in archipelagos, which recorded an increase. continue to lose population.

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Map 4: Change of Population 2000-2006 Demographic trends have a strong For islands, in regions such as Voreio impact on the societies of the Aigaio and Ionia Nissia the European Union. The low fertility rates percentages are 21,8% and 20,8% combined with an extended longevity respectively, while in other island result in demographic ageing of EU regions the percentages are closer to population and the share of the the average or lower, with Corse at population aged over 65 is increasing. 19%, Sicilia at 17,4%, Kriti at 17%, In 2007, the average population in the Sardegna at 16,7%, Åland at 16,6%, EU-27 at this age was 17%, which Notio Aigaio at 14,6%, Illes Balears at means an increase of 2% in the last 10 14%, Malta at 13% and Cyprus at years especially in rural areas 11,9% (Map S and Graph S3.1.1). On (EUROSTAT, Regional Yearbook, smaller islands, more extreme values 2009). are found.

Graph S3.1.1: Population Age Structure (2006) EU average, Member states, NUTS II islands

Age structure

100%

80%

60% 65< 15-64 40% <15

20%

0% CY Cyprus MT Malta Balears Illes ES53 GR42 Aigaio Notio DK Denmark Finland FI KingdomUK United Estonia EE FR France EU Åland FI20 Sardegna ITG2 Spain ES GR43 Kriti Sweden SE ITG1 Sicilia GR Greece FR83 Corse IT Italy GR22 Nisia Ionia GR41 Aigaio Voreio

EU - States - Islands Regions

Source: EUROSTAT web database, 2009, processed by TPG

Age structure

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Map 5: Population ageing (>65 years old) for Island states, NUTS 2 Map 6: Economically Active Population as % of the total population and NUTS 3 islands

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Economically active Population and between offered and needed skills and highlight structural employment per inhabitant and its trends is Employment Rate structural deficiencies. But, the problems in these areas, rather necessary. These two indicators give an indication complete picture is not always than indicating a sharp rise of of the dynamism and the provided by the unemployment rate employment. The first important issue revealed by competitiveness of the local economy. alone, as in areas with limited incomes is the risk of poverty3 for Demography influences the supply of employment opportunities some Unemployment of the young in EU 27 different groups of population. For labour but the economic performance choose to abandon the labour market is more than double of the overall islands, with an EU-27 average income creates jobs opportunities and demand or to emigrate. Therefore, the unemployment rate (15,5% compared of 16.200 € for 2006, (EUROSTAT, for labour in terms of numbers and unemployment rate could be low, but to 7% in 2008). The lowest rate is 2009) only in Åland (17.190 €) and skills. Economically active population jobs could be sparse at the same time. recorded in Cyprus with 9%, while the Illes Balears (18.306 €) the incomes rate is more influenced by demography Such an example seems to be Malta, highest ones on Sicilia and Sardegna are higher. On the contrary, in Sicilia as it reflects the percentage of the where the absence of job opportunities of 39,3% and 36,8% respectively (11.372 €) and the Greek insular young (<15) and the old (>65) is reflected by the very low activity (Table S3.1.4, Map 8). Female regions the average income per capita population of the area. Only 4 islands rate but not by the unemployment unemployment is higher in the 7 NUTS is very low (e.g. in Ionia Nissia 10.176 (Zakynthos, Eivissa I Formentera, rate. Women, the young and long term 2 island regions for which data are € and in Kriti 10.856 €) and close to Åland and Gotland) out of the 28 unemployed provide complementary available (no data available for Åland 60% of the European average. Out of island NUTS 0, 2 and 3 areas information for the labour picture of and Voreio Aigaio) than the EU 27 these regions, in Sicilia the average (EUROSTAT data base, 2006) score the endogenous potential of the (7,5% in 2008); only Cyprus (4,2%) income is also close to the national better than the EU average 54,5% region. and Malta (6,8%) have recorded better poverty rate (average income for Italy (Map 6). The same pattern is observed scores, while on Sicilia, Sardegna, at 17.632 €) which means that an for female activity: with a European With an average EU 27 rate at 7% for Notio Aigaio, Ionia Nissia and Corse important part of the population of the average at 55,9%, Åland is the leading 2008, East Germany, Poland, many rates of more than 12% are recorded island is living in poverty. Considering region with 76,7% followed by Cyprus Finish regions and a big part of the (Table A3.1.4, Maps 8 and 9). Long- that the non active (young, women (58,4%) and Illes Balears (57,5%); Mediterranean regions face serious term unemployment is very high in and older people) and the unemployed while Sicilia and Malta have the lowest unemployment problems (EUROSTAT, Corse, Sardegna, Sicilia, and Voreio have a higher poverty risk and having scores (28,1% and 32,1% 2009). In 2007, this EU27 average Aigaio (more than 45%, with a EU 27 in mind the low active population respectively) (Table A3.1.4). It seems was at 7,5% compared to 11,6% for average at 37,2%, Table A3.1.4). percentages in most of the island that Åland -following Nordic trends- island regions (EU, 2009, p.8). Among regions, these seem to tend to and the tourism influenced islands these regions, Sicily, Sardegna, Income concentrate high percentage of (mainly Illes Balears, Cyprus and Notio Kerkyra, Zakynthos, the Dodecanese As already analyzed, the Gross population at poverty risk. In Aigaio) have employment rates and Corse perform worse, while Åland Domestic Product is an index for combination with previous results, the higher than the EU average and and generally the Nordic islands measuring the efficiency of the main conclusion is that the size of the the rest of the island regions. perform better (Map 7). The changes economy. However owing to different island does not seem to affect income, of the unemployment rate are very interregional linkages and state which is positively correlated with Unemployment diverse: e.g. in Corse it dropped from interventions, the GDP generated in a economic performance. Unemployment is a very important 22,2% to 8,2% from 2000 to 2007, in given region does not always parameter for social cohesion as it Voreio Aigaio from 11,5% to 4,5%, in correspond to the income available to 3 raises the risk of poverty and weakens Sardegna from 20,0% to 12,2% and in the inhabitants of the region. The population, whose disposable income is below 60% of the national average level of the social fabric. It is the most visible Sicilia from 24,0% to 13,8%, Therefore, in order to estimate the income, as measured by the median (on the sign of labour market imbalances, compared to the EU average drop of population’s welfare the knowledge of assumption that household income is distributed reflecting shortfall in jobs, mismatch 1,7%. These changes appear to income levels (primary and disposable) evenly between all members), is considered to be in a risk of being socially excluded.

ESPON and University of the Aegean 15/39 ESPON EUROISLANDS Project - Atlas of the Islands Map 8: Unemployment rate for the 15-24 age group for Member Map 7: Unemployment rate (total, 2008) states, Island states, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 islands

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Map 9: Female employment rate % for age group >15, for Member Map 10: Female unemployment rate % (2008) for the 15-24 age states, Island states, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 islands group for Member states, Island st ates, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 islands

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as the residential economy has coastal islands in northern Europe important of which are the prevention Box 2: Main issues of the analysis on become a very important activity in are included). In general, pressures of the normal circulation of sediments the social equity: the majority of the islands. on the resources of all these islands that are vital for the preservation of - After a general population are very high and so is the beaches. decrease in the nineties, the trend is The classification of islands by their artificialization of the rather positive since the 2000s, population density yields very diverse environment. On the islands of this Sea and coasts mostly due to in-migration flows. But results (Map 11): category live approximately 6,8 The eastern part of the Mediterranean this is shielding an important and - Very sparsely populated million islanders. A brief description Sea is less productive than the persistent decrease trend that islands, with less than 12,5 of the state of island environment western part. However, over the last 2 characterises the smaller islands, inhabitants per km (c. 58.000 follows. few decades, Mediterranean especially in archipelagos. inhabitants). Most of these are in ecosystems have experienced - Activity rate is significantly North Europe but there are some in Land use and land cover biodiversity changes due to climatic higher in the Nordic and the the Mediterranean (Notio Aigaio). The part of the area under artificial and environmental changes or to touristic islands. The majority (147 islands) is small cover is the first indication of existing accidental introduction of exotic - Unemployment, especially of islands with population less than 50 pressures (Map 12). Trends are species. Observed changes in nutrient young and female, is rather high but inhabitants, but there are 73 islands diverging: on some islands (Malta, concentrations and ratios in the deep there is no correlation with the level of with population between 50 and Cyprus, Bornholm, Isle of Wight and waters of the Western Mediterranean GDP. 5895 (Uist – Western Isles). Mallorca artificial areas cover more suggest that shifts have occurred in - Sparsely populated islands, than the Eu average and more than the relative distribution of nutrients with density between 12,5 and 50 10% of the total area. On others, and therefore probably phytoplankton 2 3.1.3. Environmental conservation inhabitants per km , approximately semi-natural or natural areas are very species in all sea waters. The most 60.000 inhabitants in total. The important and artificial areas rather significant pollution sources are Environmental conservation concerns category includes 60 very small limited. But even in these islands, industrial emissions, municipal waste the capacity of the natural capital to islands, plus 123 larger ones. artificial areas tend to cover the and urban waste water, responsible for ensure the supply of environmental - Islands with intermediate coastal strip, where pressures are up to 80% of pollution in the goods and services to a specific density, between 50 and 114 inh./ more important. A more spatial Mediterranean Sea. Problems of sea community and to preserve ecosystem km2 (the EU27 average). In this approach is required (see the Scientific pollution are very important in the functions and increase the quality of category, 12 small and 53 larger Report of the study for one in the case northern seas and especially in the life. This capacity is endangered by the islands are included, with study islands). Baltic Sea where eutrophication is an pressures inflicted by human activities. approximately 3,5 million people in important problem along with the For island regions, previous ESPON total. Fresh water availability collapse of the fishing stocks. studies (ESPON 2006a; 2006b) will be - Densely populates islands, Most of the islands, regardless their Concerning sea pollution, problems for used to assess pressures from the with higher population density than size, face overexploitation issues of all islands stem mainly from the population and human interventions. the EU average (114 inhabitants/ their underground water, a fact that European mainland and the sea

km2). In this category, 5 small and has put much stress on underground transport than from the islands, as for Population density is used as a first 58 large islands are included. From aquifers (Benoit and Comeau, 2005). most of them the only pressure is from approach, although it does not include these, 35 have more than 200 The construction of dams and household and tourism waste as seasonal pressures by non permanent inhabitants/km2 and 15 of them over desalination plants has been a sewage treatment doe not cover yet all residents and tourists. New 500 (Malta, 4 Italian coastal islands common response, but such settlements. Only in a few big islands constructions that are added to the from which Ischia is the most interventions have created secondary industrial activity is found along with existing ones increase these pressures, densely populated one and 10 environmental problems the most related problems.

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Map 11: Population Density, 2006 Map 12: Artificial land % of total land

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Biodiversity Soil Box 3: Main issues of the analysis on population / total population %, The Mediterranean region is a zone of Desertification risk is a serious environmental conservation: unemployment rate %, population high endemism and considered as an problem for the Mediterranean islands, - Population density varies from older than 65 %, artificial land to the important place for the global as it is an irreversible trend with very low, especially in Northern total land %,); biodiversity (Benoit and Comeau, severe repercussions to their capacity Europe and some Notio Aigaio (b) A “Change index”, capturing 2005). One of the factors behind this for food production, water retention, islands, to much higher than the changes that have taken place during fact is the high fragmentation of biodiversity and generally for the EU average. 2000 – 2006, depending on the habitats due to its relief and its many conservation of ecosystem functions - Some islands show relatively high availability over time of the series of islands. Islands such as Kriti, Mallorca, and services. rates of artificialization, as well the particular indicators used, Formentera, Lesvos, Corse together as a high rate of artificial calculated with the use of three with Sicilia and Cyprus are considered Environmental problems in general coasts. indicators for the period 2000 - 2006: as particularly rich in terrestrial and seem to differ between the North and - Nearly all islands face more or less population change %, GDP per capita marine biodiversity. In general, this is the South: urban sprawl due to serious problems of fresh water (EU27=100), active population reflected to the fact that on most of tourism and holiday homes availability change%, Table A3.1.5. the islands some sort of protected construction, coast artificialisation, - Sea pollution (caused mainly by areas are found, but these areas are water shortages, fires and high soil non island activities), A summary of descriptive statistics for larger in the Mediterranean covering erosion risk are the principal problems desertification and landscape the indexes is presented in Table from 20% to over 40% of the total to be addressed in the South; sea degradation are also serious A3.1.3. surface and part of the NATURA 2000 eutrophication and coastal erosion are concerns for all islands, the network (ESPON, 2006b) On the the main problems in the North. A problems being more acute in the Table A3.1.3: Descriptive statistics for contrary, the only insular region in common problem seems to be fish touristic Southern islands. the State Index, GDP/capita and North Europe with a high percentage stock collapse – more severe in the - Islands’ natural environment - Change Index of protected areas is Western Isles. north- with direct repercussions on especially in the Mediterranean GDP islands’ economies and societies. basin- is rich but particularly (EU= Stat Change Area Today, this natural capital is under vulnerable to human and other 100) e 5 index pressure from climate change, sea external pressures. 2006 level rise, urbanisation, pollution, fires, N 1 1 1 Mean 100,0 5,0 5,0 agricultural practices, exotic species EU27 Median 100,0 5,0 5,0 invasion, excessive fishing etc 3.1.4. Synthesis on the State of Min 100,0 5,0 5,0 (UNEP/MAP-Blue Plan, 2009). An Max 100,0 5,0 5,0 Islands indication of this pressure is the Membe N 11 11 11 After presenting the available data for r Mean 102,1 5,2 5,6 fragmentation of the natural and semi- States Median 104,1 5,2 6,3 natural areas. The majority of the the variables defined in the with Mini 65,3 4,0 2,3 islands have low or intermediate levels methodology, two indexes are Islands Max 122,9 6,6 8,0 of fragmentation with scores of 2 and proposed to summarize these findings Island N 26 26 26 3 in a scale of 0-4, except Malta on island regions (see section 2): Region Mean 88,7 4,9 5,1 (a) A “State index”, for the situation s Median 84,3 5,0 5,0 (ESPON Atlas 2006, p.46). The areas (NUTS Mini 59,2 2,4 2,0 with the lowest level of ecological of the islands in comparison with the 2 or 3) Max 146,7 7,6 8,3 vulnerability are mostly in Europe’s member states they are located in and mountain regions. the EU, calculated with the use of five indicators (GDP per capita 2006, active

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The findings of the State index between European islands and the demonstrate clearly that the average European mainland (as islands started Figure 3.1.1: Schematic presentation of the classification of of the island regions is lower than from a comparatively low level). European islands and island regions that of the EU-27, but also lower than the average of the States A classification of islands on the basis with island regions (Map 13). The of these indicators yields three variance within the island regions is categories, with islands of all sizes higher than that of the Member States (Figure 3.1.1): with islands, with some cases - Performing islands: with a significantly higher (up to 7) and some positive and well balanced state as low as 2. The variance is higher also and a well performing but rather when we compare the State index with fragile economy, based either on the GDP index. tourism economic specialization (Illes Balears and Cyprus) or on The GDP/capita median for island external factors (Åland with a regions is lower than EU-27 and the specific fiscal regime, Shetland one of Member States with islands. and Orkney with oil extraction and These differences are smoothed out in along with Gotland on the public the State index, in which the EU and sector). the Member States values are reached. - Intermediate islands: 10 The variance of the GDP/capita values islands in total with average for island regions is not very high results. Some with tourism (except Åland), but increases specialization (Zakynthos, significantly for the State index. The Kyklades, Dodecanisos, Kerkyra, values of the two variables are Isle of Wight and Kriti), others correlated. Concerning the % of with balanced but not very well population over 65 years, the values performing economy (Malta and for island regions present a significant Sardegna) and the public sector variance, much higher than that of the on Bornholm, Western Isles and Member States with islands. The same Isle of Wight. is also true for the percentage of the - Lagging islands: with low economically active population. attractiveness and low performing economy (Chios, Lesvos, Samos, The findings for the change index Kefalonia, Lefkada, Gozo, Corse underline a recent dynamism –a and Sicilia). global trend for islands- as more island regions have better scores than the This classification could be used to EU27 average but not as high as the diversify the intensity of measures Member States with islands. But, this within an integrated insular policy. performance was not strong enough to reduce the development gap

ESPON and University of the Aegean 21/39 ESPON EUROISLANDS Project - Atlas of the Islands 4 4 1 2 2 6 4 4 4 7 5 5 3 5 Map 13: State index for Island-states, NUTS 2 and 3 islands regions 5 5 7 7 5 5

classes classes inverse (EU=100) 65% 2007 65% 2007 Population >

5 5 3 3 5 5 6 6 9 8 8 4 6 6 6 3 5 5 7 5

classes classes (EU=100) (EU=100)

65% 2007 > Population 81,9 95,4 96,4 97,9 81,5 84,0 97,9 96,6 90,8 106,8 106,8 103,2 124,2 101,5 101,5 110,4 105,6 143,5 130,4 134,5 112,8 118,6

(EU=100) (EU=100) 65% 2007 65% 2007

Population >

16,5 17,1 13,7 14,1 16,5 16,3 18,6 17,8 24,1 21,9 22,6 15,3 19,0 19,9 18,0 13,8 17,4 16,0 20,9 16,2

65% 2007 65% 2007 Population > 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 7 1 3 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 7 8

classes active % of of % active (EU27=100) (EU27=100) economically

2006 population

93,8 92,2 40,9 81,2 67,8 87,3 92,4 88,0 86,4 85,7 112,9 107,5 111,5 110,2 105,7 115,6 110,4 106,1 117,7 134,8

active % of (EU27=100) (EU27=100) economically population 2006 2006 population

53,7 51,1 53,0 52,4 50,3 44,6 43,8 55,0 19,5 38,6 32,2 41,5 43,9 41,8 41,1 40,8 52,5 50,5 56,0 64,1

active % of

economically population 2006 7 2 6 6 6 6 4 4 3 2 2 5 5 5 3 3 7 7 3 6

2006 classes classes 2006 GDP (EU=100)

82 104 65,3 65,3 94,1 92,3 67,4 65,4 96,2 79,5 78,4 77,7 122,9 114,4 111,5 114,9 109,5 103,5 121,5 120,4 110,9 GDP GDP 2006

(EU=100)

Table S3.1.4: Indicators,and classes calculation the of State Index Geo name name Geo

ES531 Eivissa y Formentera 123,8 7 Cyprus y 56,3 118,5 Spain 7 11,2 66,6 CY Nisia 2 Eivissa DK Denmark 8 DK014 Bornholm Menorca Estonia EE 90,3 ES ES53 Illes Balears 2 Corse 8 125,6 73,9 ES531 4 ES532 Mallorca 21,1 Ionia 2 43,1 90,7 104,1 48,5 ES533 4 101,9 124,2 Finland FI Kerkyra FI20 Åland 5 France FR Lefkada 5 11,9 70,7 3 FR83 48,9 7 7 85,8118,2 2 102,9 GR Greece Lesvos 54,2 89,4 8 GR22 19,9 4 32,3 67,8 114,0 3 7 122,0 67,1 Zakynthos GR221 Chios 2 5 16,7 99,0 GR222 1 20,5 2 46,0 96,8 9 150,2 64,9 5 6 13,4 79,7 Kefallinia GR223 Dodekanisos 5 5 GR224 3 25,3 1 45,7 96,2 2 Aigaio GR41 Voreio 8 64,1131,7 Kriti 7 5 GR411 91,7 Samos GR412 22,1 1 45,6 95,9 7 Sicilia 3 78,1 3 7 75,9124,5 GR413 4 5 13,1 4 40,2 84,5 Aigaio GR42 Notio Malta 20,9 146,7 3 29,6 62,2 GR421 3 1 Kyklades GR422 GR43 5 5 103,0 82,8 IT Italy 4 6 ITG1 107,9 66,9 17,3 3 45,9 96,6 Sardegna ITG2 49,3 5 18,2 MT 72,8 34,6 2 Malta MT001 76,9 2 7 3 82,3 MT002 and Gozo Comino 9 13,8 Sweden SE 3 40,3 84,7 SE214län Gotlands 3 UK United Kingdom 103,7 of Wight UKJ34Isle Isles) (Western UKM64 Eilean Siar UKM65 Orkney Islands Islands Shetland 54,1 UKM66 European Union (27 countries) 59,2 5 98,1 113,8 81,1 100 94 19,8 1 5 6 117,7 3 5 35,0 4 16,9 53,8 7 43,5 47,6 73,6 56,6 100,8 113,2 3 100,0 91,5 119,1 5 2 6 14,6 5 4 5 7 18,9 86,6 16,8 22,8 18,8 112,3 100,0 135,5 111,9 4 6 5 9 6 6 4 5 1 4

ESPON and University of the Aegean 22/39 ESPON EUROISLANDS Project - Atlas of the Islands 4 5 5 7 7 5 5 4 4 1 2 2 6 4 4 4 7 5 5 3 5

2,7 7,7 7,3 3,0 7,3 5,3 7,7 2,7 5,3 5,0 4,0 3,0 5,7 3,3 7,0 6,3 7,0 2,7 2,7

index Change classes classes inverse inverse (EU=100) (EU=100) 65% 2007 4 9 5 4 5 4 6 5 6 6 5 5 6 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 Population >

5 5 3 3 5 5 6 6 9 8 8 4 6 6 6 3 5 5 7 5 GDP/ GDP/ capita

change classes (EU27=0) (EU27=0) 2000-6 % % 2000-6

classes (EU=100) (EU=100) 65% 2007 2007 65% Population > 1,5 8,2 4,5 7,9 -8,1 -8,1 -5,0 -9,3 -1,9 -5,4 -0,8 -1,2 -8,3 -6,4 -4,6 10,4 14,2 76,2 10,3 11,0 -12,9 -12,9 =0) =0) GDP/ capita

change 2000-6 % (EU27 % (EU27 97,9 81,5 84,0 97,9 96,6 90,8 81,9 95,4 96,4 130,4 130,4 134,5 112,8 118,6 106,8 103,2 124,2 101,5 110,4 105,6 143,5 (EU=100) (EU=100) 78,0 41,5 94,1 92,4 82,2 67,4 65,3 96,2 79,7 78,4 65% 2007 123,3 114,4 111,4 114,8 109,7 104,2 103,8 121,6 120,3 111,0 Population > > Population 2006 2006 GDP/ capita (EU27 =100) 21,9 21,9 22,6 15,3 19,0 19,9 18,0 13,8 17,4 16,0 20,9 16,2 16,5 17,1 13,7 14,1 16,5 16,3 18,6 17,8 24,1 67,5 96,9 23,6 83,8 93,2 71,2 59,2 60,7 97,4 96,3 88,0 84,8 126,2 126,2 118,8 131,4 119,4 120,7 116,8 115,2 116,8 2000 2000 GDP/ 65% 2007 65% 2007 capita (EU27 =100) Population > 3 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 7 8 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 7 1 1 2 9 9 1 9 6 9 1 9 9 1 2 4 5 8 9 7 1 1

active (EU27 rate% =100) Econo- mically mically change classes 2000-6

classes active % of (EU27=100) (EU27=100) economically economically

2006 population 50,4 50,4 70,1 43,7 24,7 74,1 88,9 95,0 34,7 575,6 581,3 190,6 114,9 492,9 196,6 385,6 126,0 177,7 119,9 -795,6 -362,2 active (EU27 (EU27 rate% =100) Econo- mically mically 2000-6 change 93,8 92,2 40,9 81,2 67,8 87,3 92,4 88,0 86,4 85,7 112,9 107,5 111,5 110,2 105,7 115,6 110,4 106,1 117,7 134,8

0,4 0,5 4,3 4,3 0,3 1,4 0,9 3,7 1,5 2,9 0,2 0,5 0,7 0,7 0,9 1,3 0,9 0,3 -5,9 -2,7 active % of (EU27=100) (EU27=100) active economically rate% Econo- mically mically 2000-6 change population 2006 2006 population

2,6 3,6 2,3 9,9 6,0 1,3 3,8 4,6 4,9 6,5 9,2 6,2 1,8 29,9 29,9 30,2 25,6 10,2 20,0 53,7 53,7 51,1 53,0 52,4 50,3 44,6 43,8 55,0 19,5 38,6 32,2 41,5 43,9 41,8 41,1 40,8 52,5 50,5 56,0 64,1 -41,3 -18,8 6% 6% 2000- Active change 3 1 9 9 3 9 4 9 1 1 1 6 1 9 1 9 5 9 1 1 active % of

economically 2006 population 7 2 6 6 6 6 4 4 3 2 2 5 5 5 3 3 7 7 3 6 (EU27 =100) classes classes

Population 2000-06% change rate

82,2 76,3 92,8 34,9 48,1 56,3

-83,3 -79,1 -81,8 -66,7 859,1 859,1 827,3 192,6 181,8 110,8 153,5 150,0 103,0 146,0 2006 classes classes 2006 -100,1 GDP (EU=100) (EU=100) GDP 06% (EU27 (EU27 =100) change rate 2000- rate Population Population

82 104 104 65,3 65,3 94,1 92,3 67,4 65,4 96,2 79,5 78,4 77,7 122,9 122,9 114,4 111,5 114,9 109,5 103,5 121,5 120,4 110,9 0,2 2,4 2,4 0,2 0,5 0,3 0,5 0,1 0,3 0,1 0,4 0,2 0,4 0,3 0,4

-0,2 -0,2 -0,3 -0,2 -0,2 GDP GDP 2006 2006 (EU=100) (EU=100) 06% change rate 2000- rate Population

TableS3.1.4: Indicators, classesand calculationthe of State Index name Geo name Geo

Table S3.1.5: Indicators, classes and calculation of the Change Index Bornholm CY Cyprus Denmark DK DK014 Estonia EE ES Spain 0,2 Balears Illes 82,8ES53 ES531Eivissa y Formentera ES532 Mallorca Nisia 3 0,1 18,3 ES533 Menorca 0,9 -10,3 89,5 1 99,7 FI Finland FI20 Åland Ionia 2,7 4 FR France 3,5 1,4 FR83 Corse Kerkyra GR Greece 0,9 323,0 GR22 1227,5 GR221 Zakynthos 496,1 9 0,6 74,5 GR222 3,9 1,2 GR223 Kefallinia 74,2 2 74,9 -0,7 2,0 GR224 Lefkada Chios Aigaio 518,1 1,5 Voreio GR41 5,3 5 419,7 GR411 Lesvos 9 Dodekanisos 0,0 -3,4 GR412 Samos -0,2 9 686,0 9 67,4 -4,9 0,572,3 1 GR413 Kriti GR42Aigaio Notio 5,0 1,5 26,6 5 GR421 21,1147,3 0,4 GR422 Kyklades 187,7 -0,3 -90,7 GR43 9 -0,1 -7,4 3,8 536,6 IT Italy -150,1 91,9 -6,0-0,4 9 9 97,9 1 -1,1 3,0 ITG1 0,2 Sicilia 75,8 13,0 1 62,8 1 -7,8 Sardegna ITG2 4,7 4 19,8 512,3 MT Malta -0,2 2,7 6 32,1 406,7 Malta MT001 0,2 9 82,9 MT002 and Comino Gozo 80,1 2,8 SE Sweden 9 -64,9 4,6 SE214län Gotlands 9 3 0,2 20,4 1,1 Kingdom UK United 4,3 382,4 83,1 1 77,5 9 UKJ34 of Wight Isle 5,6 37,0 618,1 Isles UKM64 Western 112,8 0,9 UKM65 Islands Orkney 3 3,3 0,6 6 Islands Shetland UKM66 88,5 0,1 5,3 1 EU (27 countries) 124,2 9 305,0 72,9 9 83,2 0,0 0,5 712,6 90,3 14,6 26,4 11,4 96,9 10,4 0,7 118,5 0,3 162,0 2,1 3 1,8 104,2 1405,1 0,0 9 124,2 9 240,3 101,8 0,3 6 281,9 145,5 1 7,4 86,9 9 5,6 7,6 9 5 147,0 8,0 100,0 1 -2,2 9 9 86,0 1,1 5 59,2 7,7 -0,3 6,6 6 1,5 12,0 7 56,5 146,9 -0,9 6,3 64,8 -2,5 5 -42,5 0,9 1,7 8,0 8,3 64,0 0,9 -0,4 5 127,4 5,7 9 230,5 5,2 5 1 122,4 -47,7 7,4 5,7 64,9 0,7 7,7 8 9 73,6 6 7 100,0 1 59,3 83,2 6 98,4 66,9 6,0 79,6 85,9 -5,6 5 77,1 5,3 98,3 -6,7 81,4 94,1 100 -6,1 -0,1 4 1,8 8,2 4 100,0 7,3 4 2,0 5 0,0 5 6 7,0 5,0 7,0 4,0 5 5,0 CY Cyprus Cyprus Spain CY Nisia DK Denmark Bornholm DK014 Menorca Estonia EE 90,3 ES 2 8 Balears Illes ES53 125,6 Corse 73,9 Formentera y Eivissa ES531 4 21,1 Mallorca ES532 90,7 43,1 2 Ionia 104,1 48,5 ES533 4 101,9 124,2 Finland FI Kerkyra Åland FI20 5 France FR Lefkada 70,7 11,9 5 3 7 48,9 7 118,2 FR83 85,8 2 123,8 102,9 GR Greece Lesvos 54,2 89,4 8 19,9 67,8 32,3 4 GR22 114,0 3 7 122,0 67,1 Zakynthos GR221 2 Chios 99,0 16,7 5 GR222 1 9 20,5 96,8 150,2 46,0 5 2 64,9 79,7 13,4 6 Kefallinia GR223 Dodekanisos 5 5 3 GR224 25,3 96,2 45,7 1 2 8 Aigaio 131,7 Voreio GR41 64,1 7 Kriti 5 GR411 22,1 95,9 45,6 91,7 1 Samos GR412 3 Sicilia 7 7 7 3 124,5 78,1 75,9 GR413 5 4 13,1 4 40,2 84,5 Aigaio Notio GR42 Malta 20,9 62,2 29,6 3 146,7 GR421 3 1 Kyklades GR422 GR43 5 5 103,0 82,8 IT Italy 4 6 107,9 ITG1 56,3 66,9 17,3 96,6 45,9 3 49,3 ITG2 Sardegna 5 18,2 72,8 34,6 2 MT Malta MT001 76,9 7 2 3 82,3 Comino and Gozo MT002 9 13,8 84,7 40,3 3 Sweden SE län Gotlands SE214 3 118,5 UK United Kingdom 103,7 Wight of Isle UKJ34 (Western Isles) UKM64Eilean Siar Islands Orkney UKM65 54,1 Islands Shetland UKM66 countries) (27 Union European 59,2 7 5 98,1 113,8 100 81,1 11,2 94 19,8 1 5 6 66,6 117,7 5 3 35,0 4 16,9 2 53,8 7 47,6 43,5 73,6 56,6 100,8 113,2 8 3 100,0 91,5 119,1 5 2 6 14,6 5 4 5 7 18,9 86,6 16,8 22,8 18,8 112,3 100,0 135,5 4 111,9 6 5 9 6 6 4 5 1 4

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infrastructure and transport services. • Only Island NUTS 2 & 3 regions are 3.2. Analysis of Attractiveness Table A3.2.1: Attractiveness This means that distance from the considered for the calculation of the parameters parameters and influence of European Pentagon (London-Paris- index and not separate islands, fact insularity Milano-München-Hamburg) makes that shades the problems smaller The second question of the analysis accessibility rather problematic for a islands face (more on the issue concerns “the causes which have Direct European peripheral area. Only follow); led to the current situation.” The Attractiveness influence accessibility by air can improve this • Potential accessibility by road and overall context links the existing Parameters by insularity situation as an airport -and particularly by rail is calculated for islands as in situation of the area (representing the 1 Accessibility --- an international one- improves access continental areas, a fact that clearly “effect”) with its level of attractiveness Public and Private possibilities. But in general, the ignores reality. Neither the 2 services to business -- (representing the “cause”). The accessibility of a peripheral area additional time needed to go to an content of this link is examined in this and population Agglomeration cannot be improved rapidly, as island by ferry is taken into account section. More specifically, the impact 3 --- economies geographical distance and frequency of (e.g. Gotland Island and of insularity to several attractiveness Environmental and 4 +++ scheduled trips are also very Gavleborgs Lan region on the parameters is approached by cultural heritage Feeling of safety – significant parameters. Therefore, Swedish mainland have the same distinguishing between attractiveness 5 ++ Security “peripherality” is considered as a accessibility by road, as they are for businesses and attractiveness for Natural and technical 6 +/0 permanent geographical feature and equally distant from Stockholm), population. Since regional hazards the fact that some of these peripheral nor the fact that islands do not attractiveness has been explored in No direct 7 Labour qualification regions are islands should be taken have railway networks and access previous EU studies a lot of influence No direct into account. Considering islands, to rail stations requires long trips parameters have already been 8 Information society influence since most of them are located in the (e.g. Satakunta in West Finland identified (Table A3.2.1). Research and No direct 9 geographical periphery of Europe (Map with a dense railway network has Innovation influence No direct 1) and that entails long trip durations, the same value of accessibility by In the following paragraphs: 10 Social capital influence the lowest level of accessibility is rail as the archipelago of Åland with The values of attractiveness variables No direct 11 Governance Quality expected for almost all of them within no rail network at all) are taken are presented; influence Europe. Additionally, on most of them into account. The perception of the islanders about Employment No direct 12 and particularly on the smaller ones, • Potential accessibility by air the relative importance of the different opportunities influence Source: TPG airports do not exist, so they can only overestimates the existence of a parameters of attractiveness is be accessed by sea which makes the local airport in a NUTS 3 area, while examined; accessibility of these islands even ignoring the proximity of an area to Finally, three attractiveness indexes 3.2.1. Measurement of more problematic. an international airport (e.g. are presented. attractiveness parameters Zakynthos (Ionia Nissia) with 2 In the Atlas we use the multimodal domestic flights per day during 3.2.1.1. Accessibility According to the ESPON Atlas (ESPON accessibility index developed by winter has a score of 76 and Voiotia ESPON (ESPON 2006 “Transport –one hour distance by car from the Atlas, 2006, p. 34), “the ‘core’ of the European territory and the ‘periphery’ services and networks”, where more international airport of Athens- has details on the calculation are available) 55). In general, the values of the are concepts based on the idea of “accessibility”. Under this perspective, and data from the ESPON DataBase. index are 90% dependent on the This approach has a number of very air accessibility indicator. geography and physical distance are important shortcomings for islands: • The transport of goods is not taken very crucial parameters when referring to accessibility in terms of into account.

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• Daily accessibility is given too much schedules of a public service. A weight in the approach and this is characteristic example is offered in Table A3.2.2: Comparison of the ESPON multimodal accessibility index between not always the main concern of the Box 4. island NUTS 2 & 3 regions and selected European mainland regions residents or visitors of islands, with NUTS 3 area By Road By Rail By Air Multi-modal Index Gavleborgs Lan (SE) 12 15 47 44 factors such as frequency, trip A different approach (Figure A3.2.1) is Satakunta (FI) 11 11 50 46 duration and cost, are at least provided by the EURISLES project and Cyprus 5 4 56 51 equally important. is muchcloser to the reality of islands Indre (F) 98 102 35 53 (EURISLES, 1996 and 2002). The Gotland (SE) 12 12 77 70 Despite the above shortcomings and assumption made was that most of the Gozo and Comino (MT) 11 10 77 71 Irakleio (GR) 5 4 78 71 the subsequent fact that the passengers and goods are transferred Corse-du-Sud (F) 24 22 79 73 multimodal accessibility index by sea and the real time required to Královehradecký (CZ) 94 82 73 73 overestimates the accessibility of reach the island regions from the Lungau (DE) 103 73 72 74 islands, the values demonstrate that European centre (symbolised by Åland (FI) 12 12 82 76 all islands are below the European Maastricht) was calculated accordingly Perugia (IT) 91 65 75 76 Ille-et-Vilaine (FR) 85 100 74 77 average (100); only two of them - (travel time by road, crossing time by Messina (IT) 34 29 82 77 Illes Balears and Isle of Wight – are ferry, waiting time and a frequency Dodekanisos (GR) 4 4 87 79 very close to the European average coefficient). This approach has to be Kerkyra (GR) 22 20 86 80 Bolzano-Bozen (IT) 129 113 71 80 (Table A3.2.2, Map 14). enriched with air transport. Oost-Groningen (NL) 134 134 67 80 Cagliari (IT) 10 9 91 83 As already noted this analysis Moreover, transport to/from the Malta Island (MT) 10 9 91 83 considers at most NUTS 3 level islands islands is still divided in national Elbe-Elster (DE) 127 114 82 86 and does not reflect the reality of blocks, which impedes even more the Bornholm (DK) 32 47 102 94 archipelagos and smaller islands. It is full participation of islands in the Ardennes (FR) 164 145 83 94 Oostende (BE) 158 156 89 98 true that on bigger islands with large internal market. The fragmentation of Islas Baleares (ES) 19 17 108 99 populations, many vital services the internal market in the case of Source: ESPON Database (health, education, administration etc.) islands distorts competition at EU In Bold type: Island NUTS 2 & 3 Regions; are offered and “overseas” travel is level. Therefore, islands are less Regular type: mainland regions less necessary and frequent. In a few favoured in terms of accessibility, cases –for islands located very close to compared to the continental mainland, another big island or to the mainland- for transport choice, travel time and the population can commute daily costs. The situation is even worse for (e.g. in the Archipelagos of Stockholm small islands: more complex (need and Uppsala Counties), but this is to use many different means of clearly an exception. Much more transport to travel out of the island); common are cases of “double more costly; lengthier. The insularity” –with smaller islands in conclusion reached is that insularity Archipelagos- that create handicaps affects accessibility negatively for not comparable to any situation on the both islanders and visitors. mainland as access to transport services is not related only to geographical distance but also to trip

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Map 14: Accessibility of European Islands (ESPON Multimodal Figure S3.2.1: Accessibility of European Islands (EURISLES) – virtual Accessibility index - 2001) distances of the islands fr om the centre of the EU

Source: EURISLES

Table S3.2.3: Accessibility of selected islands of the Dodecanisos (GR) 2009 Travel Number Total Travel Acces- Destinat Departure Distance Virtual time of conne- time speed sibility ion port port (km) distance (h) ctions (h) (km/h) index Rodos 439 14,8 10 25,2 29,7 748,44 1,70 Kos 346 11,6 10 22,0 29,7 653,40 1,89 Pireas Kalimnos 315 11,8 4 34,8 26,9 936,12 2,97 Leros 298 10,0 4 33,0 26,9 888,61 2,98 Lipsi 283 10,5 2 54,5 26,9 1466,05 5,18 Kalimnos 121 4 17 7,5 26,9 200,96 1,66 Rodos Lipsi 160 5,4 8 16,9 26,9 454,61 2,84 Kalimnos 26 0,5 60 1,3 26,9 33,68 1,30 Kos Lipsi 66 2,5 14 6,0 26,9 161,40 2,45 Leros Lipsi 20 0,8 14 4,3 26,9 115,67 5,78

The calculation of virtual distance is performed - P stands for the probability to catch the ferry: If with the formula: there is one daily connection then there is a VD= (RΤ + ΒΤ+ WΤ + (P * 168/Ν)) * TS, where: possibility of having to spend 12 hours ashore on - VD stands for the Virtual Distance in Km; average and p= 12/24= 0.5, for 2 daily - RT stands for the Real Travel Time between the connections p= 6/24=0.25, for 3 daily port and the destination in hr including all connections p=4/24=0.17, and for 4, possible stops; p=2/24=0.08; - BT stands for Boarding Time in hr (i.e. the time - N stands for the frequency of weekly required to be in the port in order to get on the connections between the departure and the ferry, typically 2hr for major ports and 1hr for destination port; smaller ones); - TS stands for the travel speed of the ferry in - WT stands for possible waiting time the total trip Km/hr, here taken as constant at 20 knots or includes a change of ferries in a port in hr; 29,7 km/hr.-

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Box 4: An example of ‘double times the cost of travelling by car, Map 15: Virtual distance for the accessibility of Lipsi island to different insularity’: the island of Lipsi, while for four persons it is Public Interest Services Dodekanisos, Greece approximately 10 times higher. In terms of the time required, the time of The island of Lipsi is located in the travelling by ferry is 54,5 hours (table Dodekanisos Archipelago in Greece A3.2.2), while by car it is 4 hours (Map 15) with 687 inhabitants. The (with an average speed of 70 inhabitants are offered a limited km/hour). number of services locally and have to travel very often out of the island and to different destinations for different purposes (Table A3.2.3). Complex combinations may have to be made: if for example the mayor of Lipsi wants to travel to Brussels for a meeting of European mayors the shorter route involves ferry to Kos, flight to Athens and flight to Brussels and needs more than a day, even without considering the possibility of an interruption of the service due to bad weather. A visualization of the virtual distances that inhabitants of Lipsi have to travel in order to acquire different Public Interest Services is presented in Map 15. Concerning the travel cost, a passenger ticket from Lipsi to Pireas (by ferry) costs (in 2009 for conventional and not high-speed ferries) 53€ and the car ticket costs 111€, total 164€. For 4 persons and a car the total cost is 323€, or 80,75 €/person. The cost for covering the same distance of 283km on the European mainland by car reaches 28€ assuming that the car consumes 0,10 lit/km of gas. Adding a cost of 6€ for the tolls, makes a total of 34€ or 8,5 €/person. The comparison raises the cost for one person by ferry to 4,8

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3.2.1.2. Public, Private and Networking demonstrate the differences of the Table A3.2.4: Existence of Public and Private Services on selected small islands services to business and population services located on them and the Tax service/ Pharmacy Hospital Bank Tertiary Education The existence and quality of services extremely important role of Social Security No. In Mariehamn- available to population and businesses Only a Clinic. Need to travel to No / accessibility for each island (Table Kokar No yes college Mariehamn or Turku-Upsala Internet services of an island is an important A3.2.4). Turku - Stockholm Doctor + nurse. Need to travel to No / In No, in other areas of Lipsi No no attractiveness issue (confirmed by the Rodos or Athens. Kalymnos Greece Small, threatened with closure. Need No. questionnaires to residents that Samso Yes yes Yes As shown in the paper “Territories with to travel to Aarhus Aarhus No, in other areas of follow). These services are linked with specific geographical features” (EU, Kalymnos Yes Yes yes Yes Greece accessibility as already mentioned. 2009), the problem of islanders’ Source: EUROISLANDS data Accessibility to appropriate public accessibility to some key services such interest services like health, education, as hospital and university is On the other hand the cost for the Table A3.2.5: Need in Basic social security, administration, energy, particularly acute: for 27,8% of them state to provide infrastructures and Infrastructures in Notio Aigaio (2002) water, telecommunications, culture, a hospital is located at more than 30’ public interest services to all the Hypoth transport, etc, for the whole of the from their home when the European islands of an archipelago, such as Actual esis of Type of infrastructure situatio European population was underlined average is only 10,4%. Moreover, for Notio Aigaio is very high. With a one n by the European Spatial Development 36,8% of the islanders tertiary population of 305,500 dispersed in 48 island Perspective as a mater of social justice Transport education is located at more than 90’ inhabited islands, the need for and as a sine qua non condition in distance compared with the European infrastructure and the operational cost infrastructure order to stop the concentration of Ports 3 50 average that is 7,4%. The particular per capita is extremely high; if all the Marinas 4 12 population within the Pentagon. Access situation of islanders compared to population was concentrated in one Fishing Ports 8 15 to banks, accounting, marketing and “european mainlanders” is that if a island, the needs should decrease Airports 1 14 engineering services has equal service is not provided ON an island, spectacularly (Table A3.2.5). Heliport 4 23 Education importance for economic activities. the cost in money and in time to infrastructure access it is so disproportionally high Concluding, in terms of access to Primary schools 90 211 Previous studies (EURISLES, 2002 and compared to the cost on the european services, islands are less favoured Secondary schools 58 83 PLANISTAT, 2002) have insisted on mainland that makes islanders to compared to the continental mainland Health infrastructure the fact that population size migrate to the european mainland, or as far as the distance from public Hospitals 1 5 determines to a great extent the to live on the island accepting a lower and private services is concerned. Health centers 10 11 Local Dispensary 0 37 availability of services on an island. quality of life. The size of the permanent population Environment

According to the PLANISTAT study, a matters for the provision of services Infrastructure Waste Water Treatment population of 4 to 5 thousand consists This problem is particularly important (reduces the per capita cost); it is 8 35 a key threshold for the provision of an in archipelagos and small coastal much higher for small islands. The Installations Installations for Solid 4 18 important part of services locally, but islands as the existence of a service on same is true for networks. The Waste Treatment there are “superior services” (e.g. an island has almost no effect to problem is more acute for the Energy Infrastructure Energy Production hospitals, tertiary education, cinemas, nearby islands as inter-island archipelagos islands since the 1 21 laboratories for medical analysis accessibility is generally low. At the presence of a service on an island Factories Source: National Statistical Office of among others) that are located only in same time, the existence of a service does not have necessarily direct Greece, Rotas 2006 a big regional city or in the capital. on an island does not necessarily entail positive effects for nearby ones.

the provision of good and complete Consequently, the public investments In the case of small islands, some services. needed are huge, leaving little room examples are very revealing and for other type of investments.

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3.2.1.3. Agglomeration economies / Size of population, in tourism, as transport Table A3.2.5: Classification of Islands’ Functional Urban Areas based on the market nodes, in manufacturing, in knowledge importance of their functions (2001) Dynamic cities and urban regions are FUA process, and in decision making (both NUTS3 FUA FUA FUA FUA FUA FUA FUA FUA REGION popu- recognised as vital assets in regional CODE dem tra uni dec adm tou man ave private and public) at the European lation development. A total of 1595 level is presented in the Map 16. The NICOSIA CY 250633 3 0 1 3 4 1 1 1,9 Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) with LARNACA CY 160733 2 3 0 2 2 2 1 1,7 island FUAs are mostly renowned for LIMASSOL CY 71740 2 0 0 3 2 4 1 1,7 more than 20.000 inhabitants have tourism: only Valletta is an important PAPHOS CY 47198 1 3 0 2 2 3 1 1,7 been identified across Europe on the ROENNE DK007 35481 1 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 centre for transport, knowledge and IBIZA ES53 73724 2 2 0 0 2 4 2 1,7 basis of commuter relations and public decision making, while Calgiari PALMA DE MALLORCA ES53 432113 3 3 3 2 2 5 2 2,9 employment areas. Some of them are MARIEHAMN FI2 25776 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1,4 and Catania are considered as AJACCIO FR831 77287 2 1 0 0 2 4 1,5 of trans-national importance, the important knowledge centres for their BASTIA FR832 76439 2 1 0 0 2 2 1,2 Metropolitan European Growth Areas CORFU GR222 39487 1 0 0 0 2 4 1 1,1 universities. MITILINI GR411 36196 1 0 1 1 2 2 1 1,1 (MEGAs, more than 70 in Europe, 47 KHIOS GR413 23779 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 0,9 of them with more than one million RODHOS GR421 53709 2 3 1 1 2 4 1 2 Concluding, islands are lagging ERMOUPOLIS GR422 13400 1 0 0 0 2 4 1 1,1 people); others have a trans-national, behind compared to European IRAKLION GR431 154801 2 3 3 1 2 4 1 2,3 national, regional or local importance IERAPETRA GR432 23707 1 0 0 0 1 4 1 1 mainland cities in terms of RETHIMNON GR433 31687 1 0 2 1 2 2 1 1,3 (ESPON, 2006, Potentials for agglomeration economies, since KHANIA GR434 53373 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 1,7 polycentric development in Europe). BARCELLONA POZZO DI ITA03 51945 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 due to the population size and the MESSINA ITA03 236183 2 0 3 0 1 3 2 1,4 small size of the market, economies of MILAZZO ITA03 52817 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 The importance of towns and cities lies scale cannot be developed, AGRIGENTO ITA04 177245 2 0 0 0 1 2 1 0,9 SCIACCA ITA04 63363 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 in the agglomeration economies and diversification of activities and services CALTANISSETTA ITA05 154547 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 economies of scale that develop due to is low, cultural and social life remains GELA ITA05 159012 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 ENNA ITA06 93963 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 the concentration of different activities limited and therefore, urban dynamism ADRANO ITA07 62039 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 and population, as well as in the conditions that enable the creation of CALTAGIRONE ITA07 51098 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 CATANIA ITA07 608249 3 0 4 0 1 2 2 1,6 competition between companies that FUAs and MEGAs cannot be met. GIARRE ITA07 86130 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 helps to innovate and to keep prices MODICA ITA08 107589 2 0 0 0 1 2 1 0,9 RAGUSA ITA08 90318 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 low. The attraction of diversified VITTORIA ITA08 91826 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 3.2.1.4. Environmental and cultural heritage activities and services for enterprises LENTINI ITA09 59525 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 Environmental and cultural heritage SIRACUSA ITA09 258332 3 0 0 1 1 2 2 1,3 and population and dynamism related ALGHERO ITB01 45127 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 are analysed as capital assets that can to cultural and social life are other OLBIA ITB01 49671 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0,7 help the development of islands and SASSARI ITB01 204440 2 0 3 1 1 3 2 1,4 important aspects of towns as well. NUORO ITB02 80080 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 enhance quality of life. It is a fact that MACOMER ITB02 22921 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 0,9 many of the activities on islands rely ORISTANO ITB03 77149 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 On islands, La Valetta and Palma are CAGLIARI ITB04 460774 3 0 4 1 2 3 2 1,9 on these resources (activities such as the only two MEGAs (Table A3.2.5). IGLESIAS ITB04 129103 2 0 0 1 1 2 2 1,1 tourism, farming, fisheries, quarrying VALLETTA MT 388594 3 4 2 3 4 3 1 2,9 They are considered as “weak” MEGAs, VISBY SE094 57313 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1,4 etc.) and often constitute a since they have limited functions and Source: ESPON 2006 Data Base, TPG calculations monoculture without alternatives. This FUApop: FUA population lower competitiveness especially in the FUAdem: FUA demography function results in high economic, social and fields of knowledge and innovation. 15 FUAtra: FUA transport function environmental vulnerability. FUAuni :FUA Knowledge function more FUAs of trans-national or FUAdec: FUA Decision making for the private sector function FUAadm: FUA Decision making for the public sector function national importance are located on 9 FUAtou: FUA Tourism function more islands. Their importance in FUAman: FUA Manufacturing function FUAave: Averege of FUA’s performance

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Map 16: Urban Dynamics: MEGA & FUA functions’ importance (2001) As already discussed in the state of the developed, including the right human islands, the environmental capital of and social capital. the islands is particularly rich, especially that of Mediterranean 3.2.1.5. Feeling of safety – Security islands. The analysis focuses also on The social capital pan-European cultural heritage (ESPON 2006c). Its research (more below) concluded with measurement or estimation is not easy the feeling of safety of the population and existing approaches place (e.g. in relation to crime) measured on emphasis on the presence and density a 4 point scale question with the of cultural heritage (monuments, sites, highest scores indicating lower levels events, landscapes etc.), cultural of safety. Illes Balears, Scotland and infrastructures (museums, theatres, Sicily have the lowest levels (2.77, galleries etc.), to the intellectual 2.27 and 2.24 respectively). The capital and the professionals of culture highest levels of safety were presented that can valorise the existing capital in North Aegean and Bornholms Amt and produce new. Concerning the (1.35 and 1.43 respectively). number of monuments and sites Regarding differences between North registered on islands, Gotland in the and South Europe no statistically North, Sicilia, Sardegna, Illes Balears significant differences were observed. and the Greek islands in the South,

have the highest numbers. 3.2.1.6. Natural and technical hazards Culture employment is very low to all The risk for natural and technical NUTS 2 Mediterranean islands, except hazards was estimated during the Cyprus. Åland, following the trend of ESPON 2006 program (ESPON 2006d) most of the Scandinavian regions have with 15 parameters (avalanches, a high level of employment in cultural drought, earthquakes, extreme professions. Although cultural temperatures, floods, forest fires, heritage is richer in the Mediterranean landslides, storm surges, tsunamis, islands, cultural professions are more volcanic eruptions, winter and tropical developed in the Nordic islands and in storms, air traffic hazards, major Nordic countries in general. The accident hazards, nuclear power plants ESPON approach detected a positive and oil production, storage and exception of Illes Balears. transportation) that were weighted using the Delphi method. Concluding, the presence of important The aggregate hazard typology gave a cultural and natural assets, good score for islands compared to the especially in the Mediterranean European mainland as Corse, Cyprus, islands, can be a very important South East Sicilia and all the Greek advantage when an appropriate island regions face a medium risk (25- framework for their sustainable use is 75 percentiles) and the rest of the

ESPON and University of the Aegean 30/39 ESPON EUROISLANDS Project - Atlas of the Islands islands face lower risks. Important south, island regions score less than the islands mainly in the The penetration of Information and risks for these islands are emanating 20% except Cyprus (28,5%), while Mediterranean ones: the educational Communication Technologies (ICT) from droughts, forest fire, Sardegna, Sicilia, Notio Aigaio, Ionia attainment level is particularly low has two different components: access earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, Nissia, Corse and Malta have less than even on islands with high levels of GDP to the Internet (related to the existing volcanic eruptions and oil 12,5%. In the north, most of the per capita and despite the presence of infrastructures) and the capacity to transportation and storage. Nordic countries and island regions a University (e.g. on Sicilia, Sardegna, use it (expressing the digital divide). score more than 25% (on Åland Malta and Mallorca). Low trends of The level of penetration of ICTs on 25,4%) of the population with a such a lifelong learning make the situation islands varies significantly and is 3.2.1.7. Labour qualifications diploma. worse, undermining their directly related to the corresponding Education, vocational training and competitiveness. On Nordic islands, national performance. At the European lifelong learning play a vital role in the This proportion unsurprisingly human capital is better prepared to level, the use of ITC is higher in economic and social strategy of the correlates negatively with the share of face new challenges. denser populated areas such as capital European Union within the Lisbon the population with low regions. Islands in north Europe have process. Securing education and educational level (with an EU27 high percentage of households with lifelong learning opportunities in every 3.2.1.8. Information society average at 29,1%) that is high for broadband connections and their region and for all inhabitants has to be Information society has a double role almost all Mediterranean regions. In population uses the internet very the cornerstone for national strategies. on islands: first, it contributes directly Malta the ratio is extremely high at often. On the contrary, Cyprus, Greek to GDP as a productive sector and 74,7%, where the other insular and Italian islands have very low The percentage of the total second, affects indirectly local regions (Kriti and Illes Balears penetration of ITC’s. Malta, Illes population within the education productivity and ameliorates the included) have a ratio between 45% Balears and Corse are situated in system in all levels of education is a accessibility of the population and of and 60%, only Cyprus scores close to between. key indicator. Many regions with local businesses to different key the EU average (32,6%, Graph higher scores than the European services. A3.2.1). average (21,5% in 2007) are classified as less developed, e.g. Andalusia in Finally, concerning lifelong learning, Graph A3.2.1: Proportion of the population aged 25-64 years by Spain, Latvia, different Polish regions, northern countries and island regions educational level (2005) French outer most regions, north present higher scores than the EU Ireland as well as Sicilia, Kriti and Educational attainment average (9,3% of the population Alland. The rest of the Greek islands as continue to refresh their skills); on 100% 90% well as Cyprus, Malta and Sardegna Aland this percentage is up 24,8%! On 80% 70% have a student population between 18- the contrary, most of the southern 60% hight 50% medium 40% 21,5% but Corse and Balearics as well countries and island regions have less low 30% as Denmark have an even smaller than 7% of their population within 20% 10%

percentage (lower than 18%, 0% Sardegna ITG2 Sicilia ITG1 MaltaMT Aigaio Notio GR42 IoniaNisia GR22 ItalyIT Corse FR83 VoreioAigaio GR41 Kriti GR43 ES53 Illes Balears GR Greece EU FR France ÅlandFI20 ES Spain CY Cyprus SE Sweden Kingdom UnitedUK EE Estonia Denmark DK Finland FI lifelong learning processes (in Greek EUROSTAT Regional Yearbook, 2009, islands less than 2%) with the p. 114-123). exception of Illes Balears (8,6%) and Cyprus (8,5%) (EUROSTAT, 2009 and The proportion of the population aged EU - Member States - Islands NUTS 2 EU 2010). 25-64 years who has successfully completed tertiary level education is Source: EUROSTAT web database, 2009; Tertiary level education is considered as “High It appears therefore that there is a diverse across Europe, with the EU27 educational attainment”, upper secondary qualif ication is considered as “Medium educational shortage in the human capital of attainment” and up to lower secondary qualification is considered as “Low educational attainment” average at 22,4% (Graph 6): in the

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The same pattern is observed for e- well as its adaptation to insularity is are performing better than other Social trust commerce: more than 55% of the necessary. Mediterranean islands but are below Three questions measuring social trust population in Åland use internet for European average (ESPON Atlas, were combined in one quantitative shopping while people in Corse and the The EU as a whole dedicates 1,9% of 2006, Table S3.2.13). According to the variable. According to the results of Balears use it as much as the its GDP and 1,11% of the employment Regional Innovation Performance the analysis differences of social trust European average. Malta has the to R&D. In all islands, very low Index for 2002-3 (EU 4th Report on between regions are statistically lowest score while the rest of the expenditure and human capital Economic & Social Cohesion, 2007, p. significant. In particular, several South Mediterranean islands are classified dedicated to R&D are recorded in 79) all Mediterranean islands European regions record the lowest, among the European regions with the comparison with EU average (Eurostat performed below the EU average (Illes including Ionian Islands (mean score: lowest use of this facility (lower than webdata base, 2009) and only in one Balears, Notio Aigaio and Voreio Aigaio -1.30), South Aegean (-0.87), Sicily (- the EU average 15%) (EUROSTAT, case (Kriti) R&D performances are recorded the poorest performance) 0.69), Cyprus (-0.48) and Crete (- 2009). better than the national ones: 0,94 % where the Nordic Islands (or the 0.41). The highest levels of social trust of the GDP and 0,84% of the human european mainland region to which are observed in Southern Finland and The findings on ITC penetration follow capital compared to 0,59% and 0,77% these islands are attached) performed Åland (0.61), Bornholms Amt (0.59) a similar pattern as the labour (2005); from the other regions Sicilia above the average. and Illes Balears (0.42). Statistically qualification results, with the Nordic (0,8% and 0,6% respectively 2005), significant differences of averages islands performing better that the Malta (0,54% and 0,56% - 2008), All islands perform very poorly in were also observed between South Mediterranean ones. The Voreio Aigaio (0,48% and 0,39% R&D. This is due to (a) the lack of and North regions of the study. “technology” gap causes lack of 2005) and Sardegna (0,58% and significant Research Institutions Northern regions present an average information and knowledge, factors 0,47% - 2005) have the highest located on the islands (lack of score of 0.54 whereas Southern that are necessary to achieve social involvement. On the contrary, Åland infrastructure) and (b) the low regions have significantly lower levels equity and economic competitiveness. (0,16% - 0,21% -2007) and Illes attractiveness of islands for highly of social trust (-0.43). Balears (0,33% – 0,31% -2007) have educated and skilled people. Among particularly low involvement in R&D. the Mediterranean islands, all of which Institutional trust 3.2.1.9. Research and Innovation Considering that the part of the private are far below European average, Kriti, Trust in institutions was investigated Knowledge and innovation constitute sector resources dedicated to R&D is Sicilia, Malta and Sardegna perform for three entities (Parliament, one of the three main areas of action lower than 0,2% (except in Malta relatively better than the rest since European Parliament, and Legal in the new Lisbon partnership for where it is 0,4%) the assumption that these islands have Universities and System) and was measured in one growth and jobs. The performance of research is concentrated in the research institutes, which are the variable. One-way ANOVA tests the different areas is assessed through Universities and in public research incubators for R&D Development. recorded several statistically significant R&D expenditure, patents, institutes is unavoidable. This is typical differences of means between regions. employment in Science and for Sicilia and Sardegna that are Differences are significant between Technology and in the medium and 3.2.1.10. Social capital considered as knowledge nodes of north and south European regions, high tech manufacture. On islands, For assessing social capital on islands, European significance (ESPON Atlas, with Southern areas having higher R&D is particularly important as it has the results of the European Social 2006, p.25 – EUROSTAT, 2009). scores (South: 0.08, North: -0.10). to address the characteristics of Survey have been used4 (2003), with Mean scores for each region reveal the insularity (small scale, environmental the main outcomes being: The high performing regions of highest levels in the Ionian Islands vulnerability and remoteness) and competitiveness and innovation (0.53) followed by South Aegean and therefore the penetration of present the same concentration for the Cyprus (0.32 and 0.25 respectively). technology in low skilled societies as Information Society Index as well. Illes 4 This Survey was not organised on a NUTS level On the other hand, Scotland (-0.65), Balears, Åland and Cyprus plus Kriti and didn’t cover all island regions or Member Mediterranee (-0.47) and Illes Balears States such as Malta.

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(-0.25) have significantly lower levels education, all included in one factor. patterns of government are still of institutional trust. The results indicate significant dominant. 3.2.2.1. Islands’ attractiveness for living disparity between the level of (Local Authorities’ Responses) Social networks satisfaction among Southern and 3.2.1.12. Employment opportunities Classification of Factors Social networks measurements were Northern regions (average of Northern The particular indicator can be In Table A3.2.6 the hierarchy of based on the number of organizations areas 0.25 whereas for Southern approached indirectly by the attractiveness factors based on their in which individuals are members or regions -0.20). percentage of the economically active importance is presented. Values closer volunteers. One-way ANOVA tests population, the evolution of the to 1 denote higher importance while reveal several statistical differences Nordic islands present higher employed and unemployment (total, those closer to 5 signify lower between regions regarding the density scores in social capital than the women, young) that were presented importance. Factors not rated by the of these networks. The highest mean southern ones: higher levels of social earlier in this report (previous respondents are excluded. Parameters score is presented in the area of trust and civic participation indicate section). are classified in four classes according Bornholms Amt (2.14) followed by more “connected” areas, therefore to the frequency of the values: Scotland (1.60) and Southern Finland more enhanced productivity and level High priority factors (up to 3.5). (1.58). The majority of South of cohesion. Intermediate priority factors (from European regions have significantly 3.2.2. Classification of 3.51 to 4.00). lower levels (Illes Balears: 0.05, Attractiveness factors by islanders 3.2.1.11. Governance Quality Low priority factors (4.01 to 4.85). Ionian Islands: 0.18, North Aegean: Governance quality influences public The perception that islanders have Insignificant factors (from 4.86 to 0.41, Sardegna: 0.50, Sicily: 0.57, policy and is linked to effective about the importance of the 5.00). Crete: 0.59). Similar results are development. Here, it refers to the attractiveness parameters is very observed for volunteerism, with lower effectiveness of local authorities and important as it can influence (among The five most important factors are scores on Balears and Ionian Islands the procedures used in order to involve other issues) policy priorities. It has (Table A3.2.6): where no respondents declared to be underlined here that “scientific the participation of stakeholders in Quality of health care system, positive answers. The highest scores planning and decision making objectivity” is necessary but not critical Trip frequency, were noticed in Bornholms Amt (0.79). processes- these parameters make an to persuade businessmen and Regularity of water supply,

area more attractive than another. population about islands’ Job Opportunities, Interest in politics Quality of life. attractiveness and to influence their Regarding the level of interest in Different national traditions of decision for location. The findings politics, the least concerned citizens governance across European space come from field research to local Table A3.2.6: Classification of factors are those in Greece, Spain and Italy. exist and that these differences still populations, stakeholders and influencing the attractiveness of The most interested ones are those of influence practices (ESPON Atlas, businesses in the case study (for islands for living Scotland and Southern Finland and detailed analysis see the Scientific 2006, p.60). A categorisation of High priority factors (1.00-3.50) Åland. This is reflected in the average countries in terms of their “shift Report of the study). For population Quality of health care system values of all South (2.85) and North attractiveness, respondents were Trip frequency towards governance” shows that Regularity water supply regions (2.61). countries such as France, Spain, UK, asked to rate twenty four different Job Opportunities factors that could define islands' Medial priority factors (3.51-4.00) Sweden, Denmark and Finland are Quality of life Level of satisfaction with public issues leaders at this process. On the other attractiveness for permanent residence Quality of education services. The level of satisfaction was measured on a scale from 1 to 5 (1 was the first Regularity of energy supply hand in Malta, Cyprus, Esthonia and Low priority factors (4.01-4.85) for several public issues including the particularly in Greece, traditional most important factor of Cost of travel national government, democracy, attractiveness, 2 the second most Cost of living Quality of nature health services, the economy and important factor and so on). Quality of transport

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Career opportunities Effectiveness of solid waste business according to their average 20 15 - governance is considered as an Cost of Land collection Connection to the water waste system score important factor influencing local Connection to the waste Insignificant- complementary factors (4.86- 21 14 development 5.00) High priority factors (1.00-3.50) water system Effectiveness of solid waste collection Trip frequency Quality of public transport - economic incentives are important 13 18 Linguistic, religious, racial or ethnic diversity in Economic incentives system for local entrepreneurs society Regularity of water supply Opportunities to attend cultural events Development vision of local authorities Quality of public transport system Regularity of energy supply The differences in the classification Quality of built environment Travel cost 3.2.3. The results of the Delphi Networks of trust and social capital Medial priority factors (3.51-4.00) workshop between local stakeholders and Training opportunities Effectiveness of public administration experts could be attributed to the Participation in non-government collective activities Labour costs The Delhi workshop included two Land and construction cost more technocratic view of the experts different rounds for factors of 3.2.2.2. Islands’ attractiveness for economic Quality of transport services that express the broader (global) view Supply of trained/ qualified human capital attractiveness for both residence and activities (Chambers and Local Authorities Competence of local authorities to solve problem concerning attractiveness and the economic activities. The second round Responses) Low priority factors (4.01-4.3) islands development perspective based Quality of local public transport of the evaluation between experts The second type of questionnaire was Broadband connection on parameters such as the human produced some differences compared addressed to chambers and local Possibility to support innovation capital, ITC, innovation. The locals Degree of stakeholder involvement in decision making to that of locals (Table A3.2.9). authorities (municipalities, prefectures, Support by other business have a less broad view since they universities) in order to investigate Business support agencies focus on the everyday problems and Insignificant- complementary factors (4.31-4.40) From the classification of and define the factors that make an Security can see the solutions to the “classical” attractiveness parameters, some island attractive for setting up local Effectiveness of solid waste collection hard infrastructure and activities. Connection to the waste water system remarks can be made: economic activities. In total 55 Cooperation with other business - both stakeholders and experts responses were gathered, 40 of which Threat of natural hazards Threat of technological hazards. place high importance to the main were valid. Participants were asked: a) characteristics of attractiveness to prioritize the five most important Common factors influenced negatively by insularity: factors from a list of 24 and b) to rate From the listed factors, ten are accessibility and services of public all factors on a scale from “very common (table A3.2.8). In most of interest (energy, water, healthcare, important” to “insignificant”. As them, the hierarchy ranking has small education); preservation of quality of before, values closer to 1 indicate the differences. life and quality of nature are seen as most important factors and those an asset by both the stakeholders and closer to 5 are the least important Table A3.2.8: Commons Factors of the the experts; ones. attractiveness of islands for living and

business ranked in decreasing priority The first six factors are (Table A3.2.7): Table A3.2.9: Factors of attractiveness at the 2 nd round of Delphi The Frequency of scheduled trips, Busi Popula Factor of attractiveness ness tion Average Factor of attractiveness for living Average Economic Incentives, Factor for business hiera hierarc Regularity of water supply, Regularity of energy supply 5.765 Job Opportunities 6.00 rchy hy The vision of local authorities, Frequency of scheduled trips 5.706 Quality of life 5.824 Trip frequency 1 2 Regularity of energy supply, Supply of trained human capital 5.294 Frequency of scheduled trips 5.412 Regularity of water supply 3 3 Effectiveness of public administration 5.176 Quality of nature 5.353 Travel cost. Broadband connection 5.176 Quality of health care and services 4.882 Regularity of energy supply 5 7 Travel cost 6 8 Competence of local authorities to solve problems 5.176 Regularity of water supply 4.824 Regularity of water supply 4.824 Career opportunities 4.353 Table A3.2.7: Classification of factors Land cost 9 13 Quality of transport services 10 11 influencing islands attractiveness for Broadband connection 14 -

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3.2.4. Attractiveness indexes The population with low educational Table A3.2.12: Indicators, classes and calculation of the Attractiveness Direct Index level of the total population (% for Three indexes for the attractiveness of Agglomeration Access FUAave Multimodal Attractiveness 2007) covering labour qualification; Geo name Economies multimodal islands are proposed: classes Accessibility Direct Research and Development (FUA) classes (a) A first based on issues CY Cyprus 1,75 4 51 2 3 influenced directly by insularity expenditure % of GDP (2008); DK014 Bornholm 1 2 94 4 3 households with broadband access % ES53 Illes Balears * 99 5 2,5 (Attractiveness Direct); ES532 Mallorca 2,9 6 ** 5 5,5 (b) A second based on issues for ITC evolvement; unemployment % ES533 Menorca 1,7 4 ** 5 4,5 of young people (15-24 years old) for FI20 Åland 1,4 3 76 3 3 that are indirectly influenced by FR83 Corse 1,35 3 76 3 3 insularity (Attractiveness jobs opportunities the Governance GR221 Zakynthos No FUA 0 70 3 1,5 GR222 Kerkyra 1,1 3 80 4 3,5 Indirect) indicator (qualitative approach from ESPON 2006f). GR223 Kefallinia No FUA 0 48 2 1 (c) A third based on the natural GR224 Lefkada No FUA 0 58 2 1 and cultural assets of the islands GR411 Lesvos 1,1 3 72 3 3 These variables are considered as key GR412 Samos No FUA 0 68 3 1,5 (Attractiveness Assets) as an GR413 Chios 0,9 2 65 3 2,5 indication for quality of life and a ones in the Lisbon Strategy as they are GR421 Dodekanisos 2 4 79 3 3,5 driving forces for a competitive GR422 Kyklades 1,1 3 67 3 3 potential for development. GR43 Kriti 1,6 3 61 3 3 economy in a long term perspective. ITG1 Sicilia 0,9 2 65 3 2,5 The results for islands are particularly ITG2 Sardegna 1 2 65 3 2,5 For the construction of the MT001 Malta 2,9 6 83 4 5 Attractiveness Direct Index two alarming with all island regions MT002 Gozo and Comino No FUA 0 71 3 1,5 SE214 Gotlands län 1,4 3 70 3 3 indicators are used (Table A3.2.12): situated at a significant distance from the European and the UKJ34 Isle of Wight No FUA 0 96 4 2 for accessibility, ESPON’s Multimodal UKM64 Western Isles No FUA 0 24 1 0,5 Accessibility Index; and for urban member states average (Graph UKM65 Orkney Islands No FUA 0 29 1 0,5 A3.2.2). UKM66 Shetland Islands No FUA 0 24 1 0,5 dynamism the Functional Urban Areas * Calculation of “regional” FUA is irrelevant as the cites are on different islands (FUA) concept was used, where data ** As Accessibility has been estimated only for Illes Balears, the same value is used for are available only at NUTS 3 level. A The Attractiveness Assets Index is both Mallorca and Menorca European average is not available and calculated with the use of the following the classes used for the calculation of indicators (Table A3.2.14): for natural Graph A3.2.2: Box-plots of the Direct and Indirect Attractiveness indexes for islands NUTS the index had to be estimated with the assets, NATURA 2000 areas %; for 3 island regions (A) and for national values and NUTS 2- 3 island regions (B) normalisation method using the cultural assets, the concentration of maximum and the minimum values monuments in an area is estimated. from all European regions (see section 2). As already explained above, islands Finally, a high positive correlation score particularly low for both (Pearson’s rh0=,668, S=0,25, N=11) these variables (the median value is detected between a composite direct is 3 with the EU27 average at 5) and indirect attractiveness index and except only two islands overpass the the state of the islands only for the 11 average of European NUTS3: Malta NUTS 0/2 island regions. In order to and Mallorca (Graph A3.2.2A). be confident that there is a causal link between attractiveness and state The Attractiveness Indirect Index further statistical analysis with more is calculated with the use of the data (mainly more areas) is necessary. 7A 7B following indicators (Table A3.2.13):

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9 4 8 7 1 1 1 1 6 8

9,0 2,0 7,3 5,0 1,0 1,8 2,2 1,2 3,8 6,8 with with band 2008 2008 holds broad- House- classes access % % access (EU=100)

veness Indirect Attracti- 44,9 36,7 36,7 44,9 91,8 112,2 126,5 151,0 134,7 116,3 with 4 3 2 4 band 2008 2008 holds holds broad- House- access % % access (EU=100)

nance nance Gover-

22 22 18 18 22 55 62 74 45 66 57

% with band 9 1 4 3 1 2 6 1 7 5 2008 2008 holds holds access access broad- House-

9 2 9 7 1 1 1 1 5

R&D R&D 2008 2008

diture years) %GDP expen- classes classes (NUTS 2 different different classes 2008 (EU27 2008 (EU27

=100) inverse Unemplo-yment Unemplo-yment 15-24 total rate

71,1 30,5 25,3 42,1 28,4 98,9 143,2 196,3 115,8 R&D R&D 2008 2008 diture (EU27

=100) years) %GDP expen- (NUTS 2 different 48,7 89,1 78,2 96,2

157,7 105,8 121,8 141,7 129,5 251,9 2,2 0,8

2,72 1,35 3,73 0,58 0,48 0,54 1,88 (EU27 =100) =100) 24 2008 24 2008 total 15- total R&D R&D 2008 2008 Unemplo- diture years) %GDP yment rate expen- (NUTS 2 different

Attractiveness Index Index Attractiveness 9 1 8 3 1 1 1 1 1 9

19 15 7,6

24,6 16,5 22,1 20,2 13,9 39,3 12,2 low low level level tional educa- classes inverse 24 2008 2008 24 15- total Unemplo- yment rate 59,5 59,5 72,9 50,9 175,9 115,5 137,5 163,9 153,3 194,8 256,7 low low level level

ional (EU27 (EU27 =100) educat-

40

17,3 51,2 21,2 33,6 47,7 44,6 56,7 74,7 14,8 low low level level tional

educa-

Geo name Table A3.2.13 (continued): Indicators, classes and Indicators, ofthe calculation classes Indirect A3.2.13 (continued): Table

Geo name

of the Attractiveness classes Indirect Indicators, and Index A3.2.13: calculation Table CyprusCY Denmark DK EE Estonia ES Spain ES53 Illes Balears FI Finland ÅlandFI20 FranceFR CorseFR83 GreeceGR IoniaGR22 Nisia VoreioGR41 Aigaio NotioGR42 Aigaio Kriti GR43 24,3 9 IT Italy ITG1 Sicilia 12 ITG2 Sardegna MT Malta 155,8 57,7 SE Sweden 10,6 UnitedUK Kingdom 76,9 EuropeanUnion (27 countries) 26,7 18 14,9 67,9 171,2 115,4 15,6 95,5 1 9 36,8 21,3 7 100,0 8 6 20,2 235,9 8 136,5 1 3 129,5 5 3,8 4,4 8 4 5 6,0 5 4 1 6,0 1 1,6 3,4 2,4 2 2 5,0 1,2 7,0 ES53 Illes Balears 55,6 191,1 17,4 0,33 Balears 4 55,6 Estonia 1 50 102,0 CY Cyprus Denmark IllesDK 5 37,5 EE 10,9 67,9 1,29 9 ÅlandES Spain 2 54 110,2 ES53 FI FinlandCorse 101,4 6 0,16 5 FI20 29,5 8,4 32,6 220,6 FranceFR 1 64 130,6 11,6 0,22 1 64,2 FR83 112,0 1 57 116,3 Greece GR 8 GR22 Ionia Nisia 7 VoreioGR41 Aigaio GR42 NotioAigaio 4 Kriti GR43 57,2 IT Italy SwedenITG1 Sicilia 0,46 48,1 ITG2 196,6 Sardegna MT Malta 165,3 56,7 197,4 16,5 SE 3,75 24,2 8 9 71 144,9 UnitedUK Kingdom 1 EU (27 countries) 58,9 9 1 49,3 1 202,4 0,16 29,1 169,4 0,15 33 100,0 8,4 1 1 7,9 67,3 0,58 5 1,18 1 1 30,5 1,9 62,1 18 2 18 100,0 1 36,7 1 36,7 27 5 31 1 49 1 55,1 63,3 100 1 1 5

ESPON and University of the Aegean 36/39 ESPON EUROISLANDS Project - Atlas of the Islands

Map 17: Attractiveness Direct Index for Island-states, NUTS 2 and

7 3 9 7 3 3 NUTS 3 islands concerning accessibility and urban dynamism 5,5 8,5 8,5 3,5 4,5

Assets Assets indicator indicator

6 5 5 5 9 1 8 9 8 8 2

r

Cultural indicato

of 4,3881 0,0000 2,4110 3,1097 1,6877 1,3136 0,0403 1,1947 0,3013 0,3681 ents ents 0,5668 Density Density monum

2 8 9 5 1 9 2 5 9 9 9 6 5 4 1 1 4 5

total total

classes NATURA 2000 % of of 2000 % Land under under Land

(EU27=100)

69,7 63,8 67,6 95,8 93,0 33,8 45,8 85,2 128,8 153,5 103,5 139,1 190,1 203,5 230,8 111,7 102,1 100,0

total NATURA 2000 % of of 2000 % Land under under Land (EU27=100) (EU27=100)

27 27 9,9 9,1 9,6 4,8 6,5 18,3 21,8 14,7 19,8 13,6 28,9 32,8 15,9 14,5 13,2 12,1 14,2

Land under under of total total of 2000 % 2000 % NATURA

980 980

5875 5434 5066 3344 27446 92107 16020 21849 423639 794721 111051 272314 407861

Land 2000 4959995 4959995 4972249 2595058 under under (km2) 61090938 NATURA

Geo name

of the Attractiveness Index Assets classes and calculation A3.2.14: Indicators, Table

CY Cyprus Denmark DK DK014 Bornholm EstoniaEE SpainES IllesES53 Balears ES531 Eivissa Formentera y ES532 Mallorca ES533 Menorca FI Finland FI20 Åland FranceFR 8034 74276 CorseFR83 Greece GR GR221 Zakynthos 13880379 13,5 GR222 Kerkyra 8,7 GR223 Kefallinia GR224 Lefkada 27,4 GR411 Lesvos GR412 Samos 95,1 GR413 Chios 61,3 GR421 Dodekanisos 2942 GR422 Kyklades 193,2 114727 Kriti GR43 5176 IT Italy ITG1 Sicilia 1,9 9477 13,2 ITG2 Sardegna 5 12,7 1 MT Malta 0,2396 MaltaMT001 45372 0,0023 9 GozoMT002 and 10,5 Comino SwedenSE 13,4 32265 92,7 SE214 Gotlands län 70878 89,4 21,5 UnitedUK Kingdom 4 1 IsleUKJ34 of Wight 73,9 35,1 UKM64 Western Isles 21,6 UKM65 Orkney Islands 385255 5064396 151,4 UKM66 ShetlandIslands 4,5 EuropeanUnion 1 (27 countries) 4 1 4 247,2 20,0 0,0026 0,0306 152,1 1880238 4086 16,8 2,3124 7670683 2 99765 2,0741 22651 9 14,9 7,7 141,1 1 2 118,4 17,1 8 1,3064 18,3 9 9 8,5 7 2,0745 104,9 5,4702 54,2 120,2 3 1 6 6 128,9 9 7 4,5 59,9 7 0,5840 9 7,5 5 1 7 0,0400 7 8 8 9 0,0670 1 2 0,2531 8 2 3,5 4 5 2,5

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Map 18: Attractiveness Assets Index for Island-states, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 islands References ESPON, 2006g, Transport services and networks Aigaio EPE (2006) Intraregional disparities ESPON (2006)h Territory matters for in the archipelago of Notio Aigaio competitiveness and cohesion. Benoit G. - Comeau A. (ed), (2005) A ESPON Atlas – Mapping the structure of the sustainable future for the Mediterranean. European territory, October 2006, p. 34 The Blue Plan's environment and ESPON (2007) Monitoring Territorial development outlook, Ed. Earthscan, Development, available at p.450 http://www.espon.eu/mmp/online/website CEC, (2007), Territorial Agenda of the EU, /content/projects/947/1296/index_EN.ht available at ml http://www.bmvbs.de/Anlage/original_10 ESPON Project 2013/1/6. 2008, TIP TAP: 05295/Territorial-Agenda-of-the- Territorial Impact Package for Transport European-Union-Agreed-on-25-May-2007- and Agricultural Policies,. accessible.pdf ESPON 2006, Applied Territorial CEC, (2008) Green paper on territorial Research:Building a scientific platform for cohesion, available at competitiveness and cohesion. http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/consu ESPON, 2009, ESPON progress on ltation/terco/index_en.htm Territorial Impact Assessment (TIA). Commission European Communities EU, 1999 3rd cohesion report. (1987): Third Periodic Report on the EU, 2004, 4th report on economic and Socio-Economic Situation of the Regions. social cohesion. EC, Brussels EU, 2009, Territories with specific Commission Of The European Communities geographical features, no 02/2009, table (2004): Third Report on Economic and 3.1, p.8 Social Cohesion: a new partnership for EU, 2010,Investing in Europe’s future, cohesion, convergence, competitiveness, preliminary version, %th report on cooperation, CEC, Brussels. economic and social cohesion. EEA, (2010), The environmental dimension EURISLES, 1996, The transport system in of environmental sustainability, EEA the islands, Ed. L’Haramattan; Technical Report, no 9/2010 EURISLES (1997), Statistical Indicators of ESPON 2004, The Territorial Impact of CAP Regional Disparities caused by Insularity and Rural Development Policy. and Peripherality, EURISLES, available at ESPON 2006a, Territorial trends of www.eurisles.org. management of natural heritage EURISLES 2002, Of the coast of Europe, ESPON 2006b, Territorial trends and policy CPMR edition, impacts in the field of EU environmental European Commission. Green Paper on policy Territorial Cohesion. SEC(2008) 2550, ESPON 2006c, The role and the spatial 2008. effects of cultural heritage and identity. European Commission. Impact Assessment ESPON 2006d, The spatial effects and Guidelines. SEC(2009) 92, 2009. management of natural and technical EUROSTAT (1994) Portrait of Islands. hazards in EUROPE EUROSTAT 2009, web database ESPON 2006e, Synthesis report III, Planistat, 2002, " Analyse des régions ESPON 2006f, Governance of Territorial and insulaires de l'Union européenne" Urban Policies from EU to local level

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