8.CycladesArchipelago(Greece)  1.BriefintroductionoftheGreekCASE  CycladesIslandsenteredGreeksovereigntyin1833.TheCycladesisanislandgroupinthe AegeanSea,southeastofmainlandGreeceandconstitutesoneoftheadministrativeentities ofGreece.Intermsofadministrationtheyaredividedin9provinces,20municipalitiesand 11 communities. They form one of the island groups which constitute the Aegean archipelago.TheCycladescompriseabout220islands,themajoronesbeingAmorgos,Anafi, Andros,Antiparos,Ios, Kea,Kimolos,Kythnos, Milos,Mykonos,Naxos, Paros,Folegandros, Serifos,Sifnos,Sikinos,Syros,Tinos,andTheraorSantorini.Mostofthesmallerislandsare uninhabited.Ermoupoliscity(37°27 N24°54 E),onSyros,isthecapitalandadministrative centeroftheprefecture(Fig.1).Theislandsarepeaksofasubmergedmountainousterrain, withtheexceptionoftwovolcanicislands,MilosandSantorini(Thera).Thetotalareaofthe islandsis2572km²with120000inhabitants.  

$(*($16($ *UHHFH

  Figure1.1.MapshowingCycladesregionwithcapital  TheGreekcoastalzoneisofparticularimportance,bothoneconomicͲdevelopment,aswell asonenvironmentalͲculturalterms.ThevalueoftheGreekcoastalzoneisproven,among others,bystatistics,e.g.itsareaofsome132,000km²andcoastlinelengthof15,000km, with40%thereofbelongingtoislands.Every1km²correspondsto113mofshore,whenthe globalaveragedoesnotexceed5m.  However,thesituationisasfollows(adoptedfromTEE,2009):

193    x Greece does not have a comprehensive legal framework in place for integrated/sustainable coastal zone management. These issues are currently addressedinafragmentedmannerthroughregulationsmainlyonlanddevelopment and environmental policy level and individual space and sectoral policies (tourism, urbandevelopment,industry,environment,etc.). x ThedevelopmentandimplementationofcoastalpolicyinGreeceisstillweak. x Coastal environment management plans are not effectively implemented, while a largenumberofregulationshasnotbeenimplementedorhasbeendisplacedaftera shortimplementationperiod. x Ontheadministrativelevel,thereisnomechanismresponsibleforthecoͲordination andarbitrationofinitiativesandactionsregardingcoastalmanagement.Thecoastal planning system is fragmented between national, regional and local bodies. It is characterized by many gaps and duplication, resulting in conflicts of jurisdiction in decisionmaking.Itisoftenorientedtoaddressingproblemsofthepastandcannot foresee future needs and problems. The achievement of governance and interͲ sectoral coͲordination in all levels constitutes a condition for the rational managementofGreekcoastallife. x Local communities, research bodies, environmental and social organisations and professionalassociationsdonotparticipatesystematicallyandjointly,togetherwith the central government, in the development of a policy for sustainable sea and coastalresourcesmanagement. x Thelackof informationandeffectiveinformationcollectionandexchangesystems, the insufficiencies in environmental awareness and the low public participation in almost all decision making levels constitute additional obstacles to resolving the problemsandtoanticipatingandpreventingseriousconditionsinthefuture.  The preparation of Greek authorities for the drawing up of a national programme on the sustainable development of coastal areas and islands (Ministry of Environment, Physical, 2008)includesthefollowingmainobjectives(adoptedfromTEE,2009):  x Settingofgeneralandspecialtargetsforcoastalareassustainabledevelopment. x Demarcation of the coastline and the critical coast area as an area of national responsibilityfortheprotectionofnaturalecosystemsandthesecuringoffreeand unimpededaccess. x Identificationanddemarcationinallcoastalareasofawiderzoneinordertoexercise coastalmanagementpolicy. x In areas under significant pressure for development, the purpose of development must identify the application rules of development plans, ensuring preservation of naturalresourcesandecosystems. x Inareasfacingenvironmentaldegradationproblemsduetoextensivedevelopment, the management purpose must be environmental upgrading through the improvementofnaturalresources,theprotectionofecosystems'operationandthe upgradingofhumanactivities. x In areas free of severe impact due to human activity, the purpose of management mustbetosecuretheirprotectionasnationalreserves. x Foreverytypeofcoastalarea,thedesiredandpermittedusesmustbedetermined,

194   onconditionthatsufficientpublicaccesstothecoastisensured. x Preparation of a certain procedure for the approval and licensing of all significant projectsandactivitiessitedincoastalzones.  2.CoastalIssueSelectionProcess Whydidyouselecttheidentifiedcoastalissues?...... 2.1.2.2,9 Whatisthesocial,politicalandeconomicrelevanceoftheidentifiedcoastalissues? (Pleaseprovidedatathatcanconfirmtheirrelevance)....... 2.1,2.2,9 Haveyoudeveloped,selectedorcalculatedindicatorsinordertodepictthesituationandthe problemsyouplannedtoconsider?...... 2.3,2.3,2.5  2.1.SelectedIssues TheselectedissuesfortheGreekCASEwere: x fisheries x tourism x maritimetransportation  The selected issues in this case are the core of the economic activity and development objectives for the islands and they exhibit a strong relationship between them. The main economic activity for the islands since ancient times by tradition is primary production (agriculture, livestock and fisheries) while later, tourism became the primary objective for development.TourismdevelopmentisbasedsolelyontheexploitationoflocalresourcesIn ordertosatisfytheneedsofthevisitors(oneofwhichistheproductionoffoodgivenalso the relative isolation of the Cyclades islands from the mainland) and also transportation infrastructure suitable to cover the moving needs of the visitors and raw materials both qualitativelyandwithsafety.Finallymaritimetransportationisthebasisofanydevelopment fortheislandsbecauseitispracticallytheonlyplatformforthetransportationofpeopleand goods interconnecting all the economic activities (those related to the coast and others) creatingalsoanegativeexternality(risk)relatedtomaritimeaccidents. 

195  

 Figure2.1.24hshippingdensityinCentralAegeanSea  Intermsoffactsandfigures,wecanhavethefollowing: x fisheries:mainlyimportantforjobandincomesecurityoftheislandsandthesmall ruralcommunitiesdependentonfisheriesthatexisthere.Intermsofusers,wemay estimate that professional fishermen and the dependent persons (family members andfishworkersonboardorondock)are891fishingvesselswith1337fishermen working on board and 3564 dependent persons on average summing up to 4901 people dependent from fisheries (=4.15% of total population). The value of their production (based on national average, National Program for Fisheries Data Collection)forvessels<13m(LOA)is39,383,982.00€(2011). x tourism: a 'trendy' economic activity much preferred by the locals in relation to agriculture.Tourismisthemainobjectivefordevelopmentfortheislands.Intermsof facts and figures, in 2011 almost 570,000 tourists (nationals and internationals) arrivedtoCycladesislands28.Withanaverageof4daysperpersonandanaverage expenditureof79€/day,thevalueoftourismfortheregionis180,120,000.00€per year(2011). x transportation: transportation is a declining sector lately due to the financial crisis andthedecommissioningofmanyvessels(ferries)duetotheirage(accordingtothe law,aferryvesselhasausefulandsafelifespanof35yearsbeforescraping).Interms of facts and figures, arrivals to Cyclades region by ferries in 2006 were 4,039,983 persons and 2,347,665 tn of merchandise giving an estimated value of minimum 941,616,090.00€(averagecostofonlinebookingperpassengerwith1normalcar,no cabin,economy=230€)onlyfromthepassengerswhilefromthemerchandisecanbe upto24,000,000.00€(appx.8Ͳ10€perm³).

 ʹͺƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›‘ˆ ”‡‡ ‡ʹͲͳͳ†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡

196    2.2.Context ICZM is an extremely complicated localized process with several common characteristics (guidelines) as described in the protocol. Within the Cyclades CASE, six (6) interacting modulesofissueshavebeenidentified: ƒ social ƒ environmental ƒ population ƒ business ƒ infrastructure ƒ planning  Allmodulesincludedrivers,pressures,impacts,responsesandstatesandinsomecasesthe sameissuecanbemorethan1(pressure/stateordriver/pressure)atthesametime.  Inthespecifictermsthatareexpectedfortheregionalassessment,thereare2important modules: (a) the population module and (b) the environmental module.The population moduleisaffectedprimarilybythesocialstate(aging,labour,povertyandliteracyindicators) andthebusinessmodule(enterprise,shipping,aquacultureandfisheriesindicators)creating pressurealongthecoastlineintermsofincreasednumberofcoastalinhabitantsandurban sprawl (for tourism mainly). At the same time, the coastal habitation and infrastructure buildingincreases(a)theprobabilitiesofhazardfromclimatechanges(sealevelrisemainly) tothepopulation,theecosystemandtheinfrastructureand(b)thedevelopmentofcoast related business such as fisheries29 and aquaculture. Infrastructure hazards feedback and affect the development of businesses while the economic sectors as fisheries and aquaculture have a negative effect on coastal sensitive ecosystems. Finally, administration module interferes in the process providing (a) urban plans and (b) designating protected areas for NATURA 2000 / Birds / Habitats/ Posidonia beds. Of course administration is a major constituent of the network since it affects all issues with (a) the planning, (b) the legislation, (c) the policies/priorities and (b) its capacity to mitigate negative effects of internalorexternaldriversofthesystem.  BothillustrationsregardingthenetworkofinteractionsoftheCycladessystemandtheDPSIR networkoftheseissuesisillustratedbelow(see2.2.1.and2.2.2.). 

 ʹͻˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›ǡˆ‹•Š‡”‹‡•‹ Ž—†‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’–—”‡ˆ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ƒ†•’‘”–ˆ‹•Š‡”‹‡•

197  2.2.1.CauseͲeffectnetwork

198  2.2.2.DPSIRnetwork



199   2.3.Indicators TheapproachtointegratedcoastalzonemanagementinCycladesregionswasbasedonthefollowing indicatorsindetail:  1.Population  Origin: localdevelopmentplansandstudies  NationalStatisticalSurveyofGreece  Period: 1971Ͳtoday  Method: dataanalysis;spreadsheets  Availability: freethroughInternet  Restrictions: none  Scale: municipality(=perisland)  Numberofproducts: 12maps  2.Landdata(area,coastline)  Origin: localdevelopmentplansandstudies  NationalStatisticalSurveyofGreece  HCMRFisheriesDataCentreGIS  Period: N/A30  Method: GIS31  Availability: freethroughInternet  Restrictions: none  Scale: municipality(=perisland)  Numberofproducts: N/A  3.Sealevelriseeffectsoncoast  Origin: FisheriesDataCentreGIS  GeographicalSurveyofGreekArmy  Period: N/A32  Method: dataanalysis;spreadsheets  Availability: publishedinconference  Restrictions: none  Scale: municipality(=perisland)  Numberofproducts: 3maps  4.Wetlandsandprotectedareas  Origin: GreekGovernmentOfficialJournal  MinistryofEnvironment,EnergyandClimateChangesources

 ͵Ͳ‘–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡ ͵ͳ ” ‹‡™Ȁ” ˆ‘ ͵ʹ‘–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡

200    HCMRFisheriesDataCentreGIS  Islandcoastlinemaps  NATURA2000maps  Period: N/A33  Method: GIS;spreadsheets  Availability: freethroughInternet  Restrictions: none  Scale: municipality(=perisland)  Numberofproducts: 12maps  5.Fishingfleet  Origin: HCMRFisheriesDataCentreGIS  NationalStatisticalSurveyofGreece  EUfleetregister  Period: N/A  Method: GIS  Availability: freethroughInternet  Restrictions: none  Scale: municipality(=perisland)  Numberofproducts: 1  6.Entrepreneurshipindicators  6.1.Islandattractiveness  6.2.Islandaccessibility=indexofisolation  6.3.Numberofenterprises  6.4Ratioofenterprises   Origin: PhDstudy  NationalStatisticalSurveyofGreece  CycladesChamberofCommerce  Period: 2002Ͳ2005  Method: GIS;  Availability: freethroughInternet  Restrictions: none  Scale: municipality(=perisland)  Numberofproducts: 4 7.SocialIndicators  7.1.Agingindicator(>65)  7.2.Youthindicator(<24)  7.3.Levelofilliteracy 

 ͵͵‘–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡

201    Origin: NationalStatisticalSurveyofGreece  Period: 2000Ͳ2013  Method: GIS  Availability: freethroughInternet  Restrictions: none  Scale: municipality(=perisland)  Numberofproducts: 6maps  8.Economicindicators  8.1.Levelofunemployment(intotalpopulation)  8.2Levelofunemployment(ineconomicallyactivepopulation)  8.3Incomesufficiencyindicator(populationbelowpovertylevel)   Origin: NationalStatisticalSurveyofGreece  Period: 2000Ͳ2013  Method: GIS  Availability: freethroughInternet  Restrictions: none  Scale: municipality(=perisland)  Numberofproducts: 6maps  9.Renewableenergyproduction   Origin: Background(statestudy)studyforCycladesdevelopment  Period: N/A  Method: GIS  Availability: freethroughInternet  Restrictions: none  Scale: municipality(=perisland)  Numberofproducts: 1map 

2.4.RelationofselectedindicatorstoPEGASOindicators. TheaboveindicatorscorrespondtothePEGASOindicatorgroupsasfollowing:  NaturalCapital 3.Sealevelrise 4.Wetlandsandprotectedareas PublicService 6.Entrepreneurshipindicators 8.Economicindicators 9.Renewableenergyproduction Balanceduse 1.Population 5.Fishingfleet 7.SocialIndicators

202    Thesolepurposeofanddata(indicator2)istoprovideareasandlengthssuitabletocalculatespatial indicators 

2.5.Indicators

2.5.1.Populationindicators(1971Ͳ2011)

 2.5.1.1.Population1971Ͳ2011and%change 



 

203    2.5.1.2.Populationdensity1971Ͳ2011 

 

204     2.5.1.3.Populationoncoast,2011

       

205    2.5.2.Hazardindicators

                   

206   

                    

207  

 

208    2.5.3.Protectedhabitatindicators   2.5.3.1.Endangeredwetlands

 









 

209    2.5.3.2.Wetlandsingoodcondition



210   

 2.5.3.3.Wetlandspolluted

 

211   

2.5.3.4.ProtectedPosidoniabeds

                  

212     

 Whitepolygonsindicatenovalue                  

213   

 whitepolygonsindicatenovalue                  

214  

 whitepolygonsindicatenovalue                     

215    2.5.3.5.Birdfaunaprotectedareas 

                  

216       

 whitepolygonsindicatenovalue                   

217     

 whitepolygonsindicatenovalue                      

218       

 whitepolygonsindicatenovalue

          

219     2.5.3.6.NATURA2000areas

                   

220    



221    2.5.4.Fisheriesindicators 

  

222    2.5.5.Governanceindicators 

 whitepolygonsindicatenovalue  

223    2.5.6.Economicenvironmentindicators 

 Indexvalues0Ͳ1,0;highisolation,1;lowisolation                     

224  

 Indexvalues0Ͳ1,0;lowattraction,1;highattraction

225   



226   

 

227    2.5.7.Socialstructureindicators   2.5.7.1.Aging/Youthindicators

 whitepolygonsindicatenovalue

228   

 whitepolygonsindicatenovalue



229     2.5.7.2.Literacyindicator

 whitepolygonsindicatenovalue 



230   2.5.7.3.Employmentindicators

 whitepolygonsindicatenovalue

231   

 whitepolygonsindicatenovalue

232   

 2.5.7.4.Povertylevelsindicators

 whitepolygonsindicatenovalue

233   

2.5.8.Renewableenergyproductionindicators 

  

234   

3.RelationbetweenCoastalIssuesandICZMProtocol HowdotheselectedcoastalissuesrelatetotheICZMprinciplesandprotocol?  In relation to the provisions of the ICZM Protocol (2008) per article and per selected coastal issue (whereitapplies)wehave: 

3.1.Toobjectives,Art.5 a. theprocesshasjustbeeninitiatedintheCycladesregionwiththespatialplansof2islandsoutof the 33 inhabited islands: Naxos and Paros. The spatial planning already in effect is not clearly relatedtotheprotocolorinfluencedbytheprotocolandsurelyitwasaproductof'topͲdown' process. Nevertheless it provides a basis for coastal management since these islands are highly touristicandthereforethetemptationstodeviatefromlegalityaremany. b. thebasisofspatialplanningistosupportanddeveloptourism;thisbasedontheprocess,mayor maynotbealegacyforthefuturegenerations c. theprocesssofarprovidesforsustainabilityintheexploitationofnaturalresources.Theislands duetoisolationhavegreatrequirementsforpotablewater(anamountof110000m³annuallyis required)whileseveralpublicworkshavebeendonetomanageandcontrolfreshwater(damsand collectingreservoirs)

  Exampleofwaterreservoirandadam(NaxosIsland)  d. manystepstowardstheprotectionofcoastalecosystemsaretakensuchastheNATURAareasand thePosidonianoͲfishingbedsalreadyset.Howeveritisunclearifthismeasuresareeffectiveor thattheyareenforcedcorrectlyandsufficientlybytheauthorities(forexamplecoastguard) e. theeffectsofclimatechangehavejuststartedtobeconsideredfollowingtheinputofHellenic CentreforMarineResearchteamwiththesealevelriseeffectsontheislandsreport f. publicandprivatecoherencecanbefoundonlyinthetourismsectorsincethisisconsideredsofar asthemainobjectivefortheislanddevelopment 

235   3.2.Toprinciples,Art.6 a. thespatialplansalreadyineffectforNaxosandParosislands(moretofollow)haveconsideredthe wealth, resources and dynamics of the coast within the context of development including the protectedareasandtheareaswhichareconsideredassensitive b. carryingcapacityhasnotbeenevaluated.Thisismainlybecausesuchanevaluationisextremely difficult to be carried out. In relation to tourism, since it is the main objective for economic development,practicallytherearenoupperlimitstothenumberoftouriststhatareacceptableat anymomentexceptthelodgingavailability.Similartothisthereisnolimittothefishingeffort exertedtothemarineandcoastalareasespeciallyifweconsiderthesportfishing(sportfishermen are7Ͳ8timesmorethanprofessionalfishermeninGreece)indicatingthatfishingeffortespecially duringtouristicalperiodscanbeextremelyhighandmuchhigherthanthecapacityofthesystem c. the true ecosystem approach is loosely considered in the spatial planning. It is not evident in tourism development al all while it is loosely related to fisheries management in terms of the legislationandpoliciesoftheMinistryofAgriculturalDevelopmentandFoodduetotheCommon FisheryPolicy d. thedecisionmakingsystemashasbeendescribedis'topͲdown'andwithmaincharacteristicthe marginalisationofstakeholdersonacasebasis.Fishermenreportthattheyhaveneverbeenasked toparticipateandtourismoperatorshavemadenumerousapplicationtotheadministrationfor tourism related infrastructure without any response (even though many public projects are onͲ goingshouldsomeonewouldliketopresentthelackoffundsasanexcuse) e. cross sectoral coordination is also lacking; keyͲpositioned and competent officials have also complainedformarginalisationbythetoppoliticaladministrationoftheregion f. theformulationofstrategiesisslowinrelationtothespeedwithwhichvarioussectors(especially tourism) are developed creating time inconsistencies between spatial plans and actual sectoral management g. mostoftheactivitiesrelatedtothisclauseandtheobjectivesofthepolicymakersisrelatedto tourismandweconsiderthatadequatemeasuresaretakeneitherdirectlyfromtheadministration orfollowingofficialcomplaintsbyNGOs h. thisclauseisnotfollowedinrelationtotourismdevelopmentasthisistheprimary(andonly) objectivefordevelopmentandthusunnecessaryconcentrationandurbansprawlareevident;the portfacilitiesandthefisheriesinfrastructureareverylimitedandobsoleteasitisreportedbythe userstoenhanceconcentrationandurbansprawl(seealsoclausef) i. there have been several scarce studies on risks associated to human activities related to the selectedissuesaswellseveralNGOsactiveinthisfieldbutitisunclearifallthesedeliverablesand reportsareused/affectpolicymaking j. the existing spatial plans and policies/legislation allow for the prevention of extensive coastal environment deterioration while restoration is always hindered by the lack of budget for such works; major exception is the illegal landfills existent in all islands for which there is a major politicalissueinrelationtotheEU

3.3.Coordination,Art.7 a. unfortunatelytheinstitutionalcoordinationislimitedtotheintentionsoftheadministrationon howtomanageanyspecificissue;thereareexamplesofmarginalisationofstakeholders,selective

236   invitation of stakeholders in the process and even interͲadministration marginalisation of keyͲ officialscreatinggapsinthemanagementofthecoastalissues b. thepolicymakingandmanagementsystemfollowsthe'toͲdown'principleregardingtheselected issues(andothersaswell);untiltodaytherehasnotbeenacoastalforumestablishedasinthe example of other Mediterranean countries (for example Lebanon) eventhough it seems that MinistryofEnvironment,EnergyandClimateChangeisplanningtoproposesuchaninstitution withinthenationalcoastalzonemanagementplan c. close coordination between national authorities and regional/local bodies is not clear with evidenceoftheopposite Æthereseemstobeahesitationforbroadparticipationbecause(a)theadministrationisafraidof thereactionofstakeholderstotheirplans,(b)thereisbureaucracywhichhinderstransparencyand(c) thereislackoftrainingandeducationonstakeholderhandling 

3.4.Protectionandsustainableuseofcoastalzone,Art.8 8.2. a. coastalzonesareintheprocesstobereͲestablishedwithinthenationalcoastalzonemanagement planunderpreparationbytheMinistryofEnvironment,EnergyandClimateChangeandwhichwill cover all coastal issues including maritime transport, fisheries and tourism as issues closely relatedtothecoast.Previouslegislationregardingthedelimitationofcoastutilizedtheprincipleof the upward limit reached by the 'winter waves' as the boundary between water and land. In addition, no climate change effects have been considered so far though the national plan may containsuchprovisions 8.3. a. such provisions related to protected areas have been undertaken so far without any official evaluationoftheirsuccessonnational(NATURA)andlocallevels(Posidoniabeds)affectingmainly thefisheriessector b. limitationofcoastalinfrastructuresforthetimebeingisnotapopularoptionsincealreadythe tourismsectorhasgrownaboveitscarryingcapacityandallport/airport/hoteletc.infrastructure requiresfurtherdevelopmenttoaccommodatetheneeds c. provisionsrelatedtoenvironmentalconcernswithintherulesofcoastalmanagementexistthough theirinfluencewhenitcomestotourismdevelopment,isloose d. the policy of 'open access' to the coast is national; however the theory of the 'tragedy of the commons' applies here as well; special example is the conflict between professional and sport fishingduetotheveryhighnumberofsportfishers e. incaseoftourism,thisdoesnotapplyasevidenceshows       

237   

  Photoevidenceofinstallationsandcarparkingonthesanddunes(NaxosIsland)  3.5.Economicactivities,Art.9 9.1. a. attentionandconsiderationoftourismandfisherieswithinthelocalspatialplansaswellasthe national legislation is evident. Results of this are the local spatial plans, the designation of protectedareasandtheprotectedPosidoniabeds b. theminimizationoftheuseofnaturalresourcesisnotclearespeciallyfortourism;furthersteps arerequiredformorestrictcontroloftourismactivities.Asfarasourinformationallow,coastal fisheriesismoreorlessuncontrolled(asisthecaseintherestofthecountry) c. thepartaboutenvironmentallysoundwastemanagementisnotatallconsideredsincemostof thelandfillsintheislandsareillegal(22outofthetotalof27) Photo of the main landfill of thecityofNaxos,NaxosIsland. Duringrainydaysmuchofthe wasteendtotheseabelow       from https://athens.indymedia.org/front.php3 ?lang=en&article_id=1272476

d. seeallabove e. anindicatortoolhasnotbeenyetusedinspatialplanningofthecoast.Howeverthishasbeenan inputfromPEGASOsofar f. notclear

238    9.2. a. agricultureismanagedwithinnationallegislationandplans;limitedlocalinterference b. fishing is also managed on a national scale; not local. Due to the 'open access' principle great conflicts exist between professional fisheries and sport fisheries. Sport fisheries are completely notregulatedduetotourismeventhoughthereexistlegislationwhichcontrolsfishingeffort;there are numerous examples of tourists who fish and sell the produce to gain money for their vacations.Inaddition,intheregionofsouthAegean(inwhichCycladesbelong),fishingwithillegal methodsisalsoevident(dynamite,illegalgearsetc.).ThedesignationofPosidoniaprotectedbeds isapositivestepthoughverylate(2008) c. theestablishmentofaquaculturefarmswascentrallyregulatedinrelationtotheirenvironmental licensesformanydecades;todayaquaculturedoesnotplayanyrole,positiveornegative,since most of the farms in Cyclades region closed down due to the isolation of the islands from the mainland(forrawmaterialsandexports) d. tourismisthebasisofdevelopmentfortheislands.Thedevelopmentofmoreformsoftourismis beneficialthoughuntiltoday,thetripleStypeoftourismisstilloffered(Sea,Sun,Sand) e. theuseofspecificnaturalresourcesismanagedonanationallevel f. limitedfunds,bureaucracyandagendasoftheadministrationbodiesarelimitedandobsoleteto cover the modern needs of the islands which also questions the capacity of the current infrastructuretohaveasmallenvironmentalfootprint g. maritimeactivitiesandespeciallyshippingaremanagedcentrally  3.6.SpecificCoastalEcosystems x thereexistmanystudiesandreportsfromnationalandinternationalRTDprojectsaswellasthe worksofnationalandinternationalNGOs.Howeverthemainquestionwhetherthesereportsare takenintoaccountisnotclearlyansweredandmanycomplaintsexistthattheyarenot x onlyonelawregardingtheprotectionofcertainPosidoniaareasaroundtheCycladesIslandsexist today and unfortunately it was issued very late (2007); in addition very late are the individual spatialplansoftheislandsforwhichonly2existtodaysince2012              

239   



240     

    RedpolygonsindicatetheprotectedareasinaccordancetoMinisterialDecision No.167378/2007(O.J.D'241/4Ͳ06Ͳ2007)  x accordingtoNGOs,mostofthecoastalwetlandsoftheAegeanSeaareinbadshapethoughthisis evidentonlyforthe8outofthe70wetlandsinCycladesregion x themainproblemagainisthelimitedbudgetinordertoconstructpublicworksthatwouldprotect thecoastalecosystemsincludingthemodernizationoftheexistinginfrastructure(portsetc.)

241    3.7.CoastalLandscapes,Art.11 x theprotectionandmanagementofthecoastallandscapesisevidentthroughthespatialplansof the islands (in progress). The process is very slow in relation to the speed of development of importanteconomicactivitiesthathavesignificanteffectsonthecoastliketourism  3.8.Islands,Art.12 a. the promotion of environmentally friendly activities is unclear though there are legislations suitabletocontrolthisissue;inhabitantsparticipationisnotensuredatall b. theCycladesislandsshowavaryinglevelofisolationbetweenthemandbetweenthemandthe mainland due to the limitations of the maritime transportation sector (few vessels, too many islands)  3.9.Participation,Art.14 x seeallabove;participationinlimitedintheregiongovernanceprocess.A'topͲdown'management andpolicymakingapproachisutilizedbytheadministrationwithselectiveparticipationonacase basis  3.10.Awareness,Art.15 Such actions are not currently endorsed by the administration but are initiatives from local professional actors like the Chamber of Commerce, Universities/Research Centres through RTD projects(likePEGASO)andNGOs.Howeverabout30yearsagotherewereafewattemptstocentrally organisetrainingseminarsasaresultoftheinitiativeofindividualofficers(forexampleseminarson fisheriesandaquacultureinNaxosIsland)butdidnotlastlongduetobureaucracyandlimitedbudget  3.11.Monitoring,Art.16 There exist monitoring processes on a national level which keep records on fisheries, aquaculture, shipping and tourism. However, a monitoring system of environmental quality to connect the economicactivitieswiththeecosystemislackingthoughsomesnapshotdatacanbeobtainedfrom RRTprojectreportsandscientificpapers.Themainquestionthoughregardingtheuseofthesedata forplanningisstillunclear.Therelevantmonitoringsystems/actorsare:  x nationalfisheriesdatacollectionprogram(since2003)forfisheries,aquacultureandprocessing x theNationalStatisticalSurveyofGreece x theSETEorganisationfortourism x theCycladesChamberofCommerce,forallproductionandallbusinessesontheislands x IOBEInstituteforbusiness,economicandemploymentnationalreports  3.12.NationalCoastalStrategies,Art.18 According to our information, the National Coastal Management Plan is an ongoing process of the MinistryofEnvironment,EnergyandClimateChangeuntilnow.Animportantissueisconsideredtobe thefactthattodaywehaveinGreecenationalsectoralspatialanddevelopmentplans(forexample the national cadastral plan of aquaculture) as well as local legislation on spatial planning of the

242   Cyclades islands (for no the Paros and Naxos islands plans) already enforced without the national coastalmanagementplanbeingfinishedandenforced.Sothemainquestiontobeansweredishowall these existing plans (and future plans until the national plan is enforced) will be adopted and incorporatedinthenationalplanwhenthisisintheprocessofcompletion!  3.13.Environmentalassessment,Art.19 ProjectandpublicworkEIAandnationalStrategicEIAassessmentsareenforcedaspartoftheprocess toadoptEUlegislationintoGreeklegislationsince1993.  3.14.LandPolicy,Art.20 Asmentionedabove,landpoliciesareenforcedlatelywithinthespatialplanningoftheislands.  3.15.NaturalHazards,Art.20 Theprocedurestopreventandmitigatenaturalhazardsaremoreorlessincorporatedinthenational legislation.ProͲactivemeasuresuchasassessmentsofhazardsorclimatechangeeffectsareextremely limited and only exercised on a case basis (for example in the case of as specific public work). In addition,preventioncapabilitiesareconsideredaslowduetobudgetlimitations.  3.16.CoastalErosion Very limited information exist; it is in our knowledge that there 2Ͳ3 (maximum) scientific papers regardingthevulnerabilityoftheislandcoaststoerosion.Otherthanthat,againasabove,proactive measures are limited to absent and the issue is tackled in the case of a specific public work (local preliminarystudiesforthespecificwork).Theoverallknowledgeoftheadministrationoftheexact levelsofvulnerabilityoftheislandstocoastalerosionisunclear.  3.17.ResponsetoNaturalDisasters,Art.24 Our considerationisthatresponse tonaturaldisastersislimitedduetolimitedbudgetandlimited infrastructure(examplethewreckoftheSeaDiamondinSantorini).  3.18.TrainingandResearch,Art.25 Trainingandresearchasfundedbytheregionsofarwasverylimitedduetobudgetlimitationsand otherpriorities(tourisminparticular).Someearlyattemptsweremadebyindividualofficialsbutdid not last long due to budget limitations and bureaucracy. Most of the training and research is conductedbynationalresearchcentres,UniversitiesandNGOsusuallycentrallyfunded(Ministries)or the EU (framework programs). So far to our knowledge, the local Chamber of Commerce is most active. 3.19.ScientificandTechnicalAssistance,Art.26 Sofar,accordingtotheinformationcollectedscientificandtechnicalassistanceisnotdeliveredfrom the national research centres and Universities.The main reason for this is the limited budget for covering the expenses of constant presence of scientific teams for meetings and workshops which couldfacilitateassistanceaswellasfollowͲupactionsfromRTDprojects.However,theadministration asks for help and support when they decide that it is needed without his to be the correct timing always.

243    3.20.InformationExchange,Art.27 Toourknowledgeinformationexchangethewaytheprotocolprovidesdoesnottakeplaceatthelevel oftheCASEregion.Thismaynotbethecaseathigheradministrationlevels(forexampleatthelevel ofMinistryofEnvironment,EnergyandClimateChange).  4.PolicyIssuesandICZMPrinciplesandApproaches Sofar,howhavebeenthecoastalissuesaddressedbythelocal/regionalgovernment?Atwhichspatial scale?...... 4.1.,9 Canyouassesstheresultsoftheimplementedpolicies?Whicharethemainresultsachieved?...... 4.1.,9 OnthebasisoftheICZMprinciples(astheyareexpressedbytheProtocol),doyouthinkthatthecoastal issueswereaddressedwithanintegratedapproach(intermsoforganization,politics,tools,etc)?...... 4.2.,9 

4.1.Localplans Asmentionedelsewhere,theNationalICZMplanisunderelaborationbytheMinistryofEnvironment, EnergyandClimateChangeatthismomentandthereforeitisimpossibletoassesshowthecoastal issueswillbeaddressedinthelegislationwhichwillbefinallyproduced.Thisplanwillbeenforcedon anationalscale.  ItisimportantatthispointtoevaluatetheprogressmadebyGreeceintermsofICZMprocess(EUͲDG Environment,2011):

  Theaboveclearlyshowsthattheprogressachievedsofarisverylimited. 

244   Onalocalscale,however,theRegionundertooktheinitiativetoproducelocalscalespatialplansfor themanagementofallactivitiesontheislandsincludingalsothecoastalzone.Todayonly1planis readyandenforcedbylaw(thespatialplanof ParosIsland)andanotherisatitsfinalsstages(the spatialplanofNaxosIsland).Bothplansareconsideredasverydetailedandratherstrictinanattempt tocontrolthefastdevelopingeconomicsectors(especiallytourism)oftheislands.Practicallythese spatial plans designate and allow specific land uses in specific areas in an attempt to prevent the utilizationofsensitiveandprotectedareasandecosystems.Inrelationtotheircontents,theplanscan bedescribedassufficientlyintegrated,designatejurisdictionsamongtheactorsanddescribefullythe situationofeachislandintermsofecosystemsandhabitats. 4.2.Evaluation Thelocalspatialplansdesignateandallowspecificlandusesinspecificareasinanattempttoprevent theutilizationofsensitiveandprotectedareasandecosystems.Inrelationtotheircontents,theplans canbedescribedassufficientlyintegrated,designatejurisdictionsamongtheactorsanddescribefully thesituationofeachislandintermsofecosystemsandhabitats.  Toemphasizetheirvalue,thecontentsoftheParosIslandspecificspatialplanarelistedbelow: x Urbanareas x Areasforthedevelopmentofproductionactivities:3zones(I,II,III)forforprocessing,storage andcommerce(typesI,II,andIII) x Specialprotectionareas PEP.1. NATURA2000areas PEP.2. Coastalwetlandareas(10areasaredescribed) PEP.3. Wildliferefuges(3areasaredescribed) PEP.4. Forestareasandreforestation(fromfires;24areas)areas PEP.5. Natureprotectionareas:inlandfrom300mcontourlevelandup PEP.6. Walkingtrailsarea(9areas) PEP.7. Landscapeprotectionareasandareasofespecialnaturalbeauty(6areas) PEP.8. MarinemeadowsofPosidoniaoceanica)accordingtotheDecision167378/2007 PEP.9. Archaeologicalsites(includes5areasandDelosIsland) PEP.10. Agriculturalland x Controlledurbanizationareas PEPD.1. Greatercoastalzonedefinedfromthewaterline(levelofwinterwaves)tothe contourlevelof100m.Theplanprovidestheexceptionof9beacheswhichwillbe studiedfurtherfortheirfaunaandfloraandonlyswimmingwillbeallowedthere PEPD.2. Peripheralmainlandareabetweenthecontourlinesof100and300m x Residentialorganisationperadministrationunitandbuildingcodes x Landusetablespermunicipalityandcommunal x Existing and required infrastructure per administration unit including kindergartens and schools,hospitalsandtreatmentcentres,sportscentresandcourts,greenpublicareas,parks andsquares,cemeteries,administrationbuildings,roadnetwork x Budgetary issues related to the new required infrastructure, ranked priorities and possible fundingsources x Transitionalprovisions

245    Sincetheseplanshavejustbeenenforcedbylaw(2010)itisveryearlytoexaminewhethertherehave beenpositiveresultsornot.  InrelationtotheProtocolPrinciples(Article6),wehave: a. thespatialplansalreadyineffectforNaxosandParosislands(moretofollow)haveconsideredthe wealth, resources and dynamics of the coast within the context of development including the protectedareasandtheareaswhichareconsideredassensitive b. carryingcapacityhasnotbeenevaluated.Thisismainlybecausesuchanevaluationisextremely difficult to be carried out. In relation to tourism, since it is the main objective for economic development,practicallytherearenoupperlimitstothenumberoftouriststhatareacceptableat anymomentexceptthelodgingavailability.Similartothisthereisnolimittothefishingeffort exertedtothemarineandcoastalareasespeciallyifweconsiderthesportfishing(sportfishermen are7Ͳ8timesmorethanprofessionalfishermeninGreece)indicatingthatfishingeffortespecially duringtouristicalperiodscanbeextremelyhighandmuchhigherthanthecapacityofthesystem c. the true ecosystem approach is loosely considered in the spatial planning. It is not evident in tourism development al all while it is loosely related to fisheries management in terms of the legislationandpoliciesoftheMinistryofAgriculturalDevelopmentandFoodduetotheCommon FisheryPolicy d. thedecisionmakingsystemashasbeendescribedis'topͲdown'andwithmaincharacteristicthe marginalisationofstakeholdersonacasebasis.Fishermenreportthattheyhaveneverbeenasked toparticipateandtourismoperatorshavemadenumerousapplicationtotheadministrationfor tourism related infrastructure without any response (eventhough many public projects are onͲ goingshouldsomeonewouldliketopresentthelackoffundsasanexcuse) e. cross sectoral coordination is also lacking; keyͲpositioned and competent officials have also complainedformarginalisationbythetoppoliticaladministrationoftheregion f. theformulationofstrategiesisslowinrelationtothespeedwithwhichvarioussectors(especially tourism) are developed creating time inconsistencies between spatial plans and actual sectoral management g. mostoftheactivitiesrelatedtothisclauseandtheobjectivesofthepolicymakersisrelatedto tourismandweconsiderthatadequatemeasuresaretakeneitherdirectlyfromtheadministration orfollowingofficialcomplaintsbyNGOs h. thisclauseisnotfollowedinrelationtotourismdevelopmentasthisistheprimary(andonly) objectivefordevelopmentandthusunnecessaryconcentrationandurbansprawlareevident;the portfacilitiesandthefisheriesinfrastructureareverylimitedandobsoleteasitisreportedbythe userstoenhanceconcentrationandurbansprawl(seealsoclausef) i. there have been several scarce studies on risks associated to human activities related to the selectedissuesaswellseveralNGOsactiveinthisfieldbutitisunclearifallthesedeliverablesand reportsareused/affectpolicymaking j. the existing spatial plans and policies/legislation allow for the prevention of extensive coastal environment deterioration while restoration is always hindered by the lack of budget for such works; major exception is the illegal landfills existent in all islands for which there is a major politicalissueinrelationtotheEU

246    5.RelevancewithNationalICZMProcess DoyouthinkthatyourworkisrelevantfortheICZMprocessofyourcountry?Whyandhow?......  On the basis of the work that you have done, which are in your opinion, the main constraints in implementingICZMprinciplesandtools?Whatismissing?Wherearethemaingaps?...... 5.2 Whereweshouldputmoreenergyandresourcesinthefuture?...... 5.2 

5.1.RelevancetoNationalICZMpolicy It is our belief that our work within PEGASO is beneficial for the national ICZM policy of Greece. HoweveritshouldbealwaysconsideredthatthenationalICZMplanofGreecehasnotbeenfinalized yetbytheMinistryofEnvironment,EnergyandClimateChangeandenforcedbylawandthereforethe truebenefitsofourworkarenoteasytoevaluate.  GiventhetruesituationofICZMprocessasitisconsideredandappliedinGreece,onemajorbenefit willbetodemonstratethemaindiscrepancieswiththeICZMProtocol(2008)themainofwhichbeing the limited, selective or absent participation of key stakeholders in the planning process without whichnotrueICZMprocesscanbeestablished.Furthermoreitisdemonstratedthatmarginalisation ofstakeholdersinICZMprocessdoesnotoccuronlybetweendifferentstakeholdergroupsbutalso withintheadministration.Withoutproperparticipation,itisobviousthatneitherconflictsaresettled nor consensus is achievedͲboth of which are key elements of ICZM. Also there is no common understandingoftheissuesinvolvedandthestateoftheissuesinrelationtotheconservationofthe coast and the protection of economic activities from negative externalities. The involvement of stakeholders is necessary in any planning process in order for decisions to be understood and acceptedbythecommunity(Airaméetal.,2003;Lundquist&Granek,2005;Stewart&Possingham, 2005).TopͲdownregulationshavesometimesprovedineffective,consequentlybottomͲupsupportby localcommunityshouldbesoughtbeforetheimpositionofanymanagementmeasure(Hilbornetal., 2004).  ItisalsodemonstratedthatthelocalspatialplansoftheislandspreparedbytheRegionhavenotbeen influencedbytheprotocol. 

5.2.ImplementationConstraints Experience from PEGASO and other research projects has shown great failures in these ambitious planstoapplyastandardICZMprocessbecausethereisagreatgapofexperienceandmentalityinthe stakeholderswhichpreventsthesuccessofsuchmanagementinstruments.Theusual'successstories' presentedinmanycasesinvolve theapplication of such processesatthehighestpossiblelevelsof stakeholders(usuallytheGreekMinistryofEnvironment,EnergyandClimateChangeandsimilar)and notwiththeparticipationofallstakeholderlevelsatthesametime.Proof ofthis isthatlowlevel stakeholderscomplainthatareleftoutofthedecisionmakingprocessandthemainreasonforthisis that the project coordinators or administration lack training (cannot handle stakeholders and

247   especially stakeholders that are opposing the process or stakeholders that do not have political influence) and willingness to involve them in the process creating huge gaps. These gaps are responsible today for the inability to manage any area in Greece because the local citizens and stakeholders are alienated and against any novelty even when it is proven that it is beneficial for them.Tosummarize,GreeceistodayinanembryonicstageofparticipationͲbasedmanagement.The situation is better described if we attempt to put the Greek situation within the Olsen diagram of managementphases:

 ItisobviousthatinthecaseofGreece,thestepstakensofarbelongtodifferentphaseswhichexplain thefactthat(a)thereareconflictsintheprocessofmanagementand(b)therearenoactualresults regarding the true integrated coastal zone management process. For example the legislation frameworkexistsbutitrequiresimprovementandcodification,thelocalactorsusuallydonothave authoritybylawtoapplymanagementrules,thelocalmanagementauthoritieshavenotyetprepared a management plan after at least 1 decade of operation or if they have, they do not follow it, eventhough they are obliged by law to do so (mainly because there is no consensus, hence the conflicts),thelocalactorshavenotsecuredfinancialresourcesformanagementandthelocal/regional supportislimitedtotheadministrationlevelandaboveie.someofthefirstphaserequirementsare notfulfilled.Insteadofputtingefforttofulfillallthefirstphaserequirements,thelocalactorshave proceededtoachievegoalsfromthenextphaseie.therearesomeinfrastructurescreated(telemetry system for environmental monitoring, some fishing vessel refuges etc.) but they cannot provide resultsbecausethefinancialsupportfortheiroperation(fromphase1)isnotsecured.Inadditionwe have some examples of limited participation mainly within the management authorities but with limited consensus regarding the management decisions. Nevertheless, some results regarding the protection of the wetlands have been achieved (phase 3) as for example ecosystem protection (NATURAforbirdsandhabitats)andPosidoniabeds.

248    To summarise the situation, in Greece it seems that we jump from phase to phase without establishinganyfoundationforthecorrectmanagementprocedure.Thisresultsto(a)severeconflicts, (b)nosupportbylocalsandalienationofgroupsand(c)noimportantresults. 

5.3.ThoughtsfortheFuture ItisourbeliefthatICZMprocessisnotcorrectlyappliedinGreece(variousexamplesareknownfrom PEGASOandARCHprojects)whichindicatesthatthereisnotclearfoundationforsuchdevelopment builtsofardespitetheRTDandotherprojectsonICZMthathavebeenconductedsofar.  Thefirstandmostimportantstepistoraisetheawarenessofboththestakeholdersontheirposition andpowerofinfluencetheypossessbecauseoftheProtocolofICZMandtheadministrationsothatit will be embedded in their mentality and procedures the key elements of ICZM process ie. participation,transparency,respectandequalaccesstoinformation.  Asecondstagewillbetoattempttoaffectthestakeholdermentalitybydemonstrationandtrainingin ordertoenablethemtoapplymorecivilizedmethodsofexchanginginformationandopinionswhich also indicates that they should be trained to apply basic or advance ICZM tools. In other words to develop a dispute resolution process for ICZM, including conciliation, mediation, negotiation, consensusͲbuilding, and conflict avoidance methodologies. To this end, the introduction of the 'coastalforum'principlesoundsasthebestideaforward.  Athirdstageshouldbetheestablishmentofpresence:theusualsituationisthatthereisnofollowͲup afterthecompletionofprojectsduetothelackofbudgetwhichdeprivesthestakeholdersandthe ICZMprocessitselfofanymomentumachievedduringtheproject.SomeofthestakeholdersͲusually thelowlevelstakeholdersdonotpossessselfͲdeterminationwithintheprocess(duetolackofproper awareness)losetheirinterestwhentheyarenotproperlyhandledandtheycannotseeclearlythe benefitsofparticipation.   6.StakeholderInvolvement Haveyouinvolvedthemainstakeholders?...... 6.1,6.3 Howhaveyouinvolvedthem(e.g.focusgroup,interviews,questionnaire)?...... 6.2,6.4 Whichkindofconstraintshaveyoufaced?...... 6.5 

6.1.Overall Within the Greek CASE of Cyclades islands the creation of a localized network of stakeholders and endͲusers for PEGASO was rather easy and straightͲforward. This is owed to the fact that Hellenic CentreforMarine Researchscientistshave longcooperationwithseveralmembersoftheRegion's

249   administrationandthroughthesecontactsthefurtherexploitationofotherlocalcontactswasvery easy.Duringallcasesofcontactsandfocalgroupworkings,thestakeholdersacceptedtheinvitationto meet and provided enough time for the process. To this end, the setting from ahead of 'rules of engagement' from the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research team (such as transparency, equality, confidentiality and respect of the other party opinion) and the fact that all meetings were meticulously organized before, made these meetings successful and a wealth of information was collected including some information which usually some stakeholders refuse to provide such as incomesetc.  The level of stakeholder involvement, given their very low experience of such proceedings as integratedcoastalzonemanagementparticipationwasmainlyforconsultationaccordingtotheWorld Bank34 classification for information sharing, listen and learn sessions and joint assessments of sectoralissues. 

6.2.StakeholderContactRules TheCASEteamalreadyisawareofthefactthattheirpresenceandfollowͲupofactivitieswiththe stakeholdersareextremelylimitedduetobudgetlimitationsandthatveryrarelythereareadditional fundstocontinuedealingwiththelowlevelstakeholders.Thiscanbeaproblemofcreatingtrustwith these stakeholders because they always have the opinion that they are used without any gain for themandtheirpositionalongtheadministrationandplanningladder.  For this reason, the objective of all the contacts with the low level stakeholders had the following objectives(rankedbyimportance):  1. createtrustbyfocusingontheirinterestsandpersonalities 2. attempttoconvincethemthatpartnershipisthewayforward 3. provide a 'face' to the project so that even when further contact is not 'faceͲtoͲface' the stakeholdersknowwithwhomtheytalkandwhomtocontactiftheyneedto 4. ensure that stakeholders have good knowledge of their position and influence within integratedcoastalzonemanagementprocess 5. promoteintegratedcoastalzonemanagementandPEGASO 6. providethemwithactualexamplesofthetoolscreatedinPEGASOandtrainingtoensurethat theyunderstandtheirusefulness 7. contributeintheirawareness   ͵ͶŠ‡‘”Ž†ƒƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‘—” ‡„‘‘ǡͳͻͻ͸

250   Thiswayweattemptedtocontributetoourpresenceforthesupportofthestakeholdersotherthan thephysicalpresenceandcreatemoreefficientnetwork.However,thedisadvantageofthisprocessis thatthestakeholderneedstomakethefirstmoveandestablishacontactwhenthereisreasonfor thisotherwisetheHellenicCentreforMarineResearchteamcannotbeawarethatanyissuesexist.  Themethodsofstakeholderinvolvement/interactionwere:  x facetofaceinterviewsͲliberalsubjectsandQ&Asessions x facetofaceinterviewsͲquestionnaires x productionofprintedmaterialandCDsfordisseminationofPEGASOmaterialsandtoolsfrom thetoolbox x preparationofspecificfortheareadeliverables(asuploadedinwiki) x organisationof1meeting,roundtablemethod x mentalmodellingonintegratedcoastalzonemanagementissues 

6.3.IdentificationofStakeholdersandStakeholderConflictAnalysis(SCA)  Theperspectiveunderwhichtheselectionofstakeholderswasbasedontheirsectoralposition(outof the4differentperspectivesͲtheothersbeing(a)leveloforganization,(b)dimensionsand(c)degree ofimpactandinterestoftheissueexamined.Thestakeholderscanbeanalysedinthefollowingmatrix (Table6.1):                     

251     Table6.1.Stakeholdermatrix

Possibilityfor Perception on Perception on Reasoningof Stakeholder InterestinICZM involvement in ICZMͲtoday ICZMͲfuture perception ICZMplanning

improvementof theprofession environmental noidea  quality and  the State needs jobsecurityand pollution notinvolved to intervene to providedata income reduces  organize the   production and totally activitiesonthe act as 'coastal Fishermen improvemarket increasescosts marginalised coast and observers' standards and  except on protect the  demand conflicts with national environment   tourism and elections for fortheirbenefit better fishery especially sport voteͲfishing productsforthe fishermen market too many conflicting uses with negative socioͲ national/ economic regional/ local externalities spatial planning perform  plans are responsibility targeted RTD uncontrolled required towards the projects uses of the  society  coast create resolution of  provide raw RTD pollution and conflicts support of and analysed  endanger  social and data environmental habitats 'openaccess'vs Scientists economic  conservation  'controlled development databases  absence of access' to the   development spatialplans coast need to conflict experience,  bediscussed resolution knowͲhow, stagnation in   technology and the fate of the marine RTDfunding scientific/exper protected areas protected areas tadvice (NATURA 2000 schemesshould etc.) since their be designation implemented  illegalactivities 

252  

Possibilityfor Perception on Perception on Reasoningof Stakeholder InterestinICZM involvement in ICZMͲtoday ICZMͲfuture perception ICZMplanning

too many conflicting uses with negative national/ socioͲ regional/ local economic spatial planning externalities plans are  required uncontrolled  only as uses of the resolution of responsibility profession (the coast create conflicts towards the provide raw chamber is pollution and  society and analysed actually a endanger 'openaccess'vs  data national union habitats 'controlled support of  Geotechnical of  access' to the social and experience, Chamber professionals/sc absence of coast need to economic knowͲhow, ientists in spatialplans bediscussed development technology and fisheries,    scientific/exper agriculture, illegalactivities marine support of tadvice geology and  protected areas professionals in forestry) lack of suitable schemesshould thesector legislation be  implemented low  involvement of more scientific professionals in advice should integrated berequired coastal zone management the current improved low diversity coast state is access to the tourism not suitable for coast productoffered the further   development of improved the area is not theirbusiness infrastructure as attractive as  facilities to itcanbe improve their assist in pollution accept more  business developing  visitors/ to the area is Tourism through better strategicgoals underdevelope allow for more underexploited Unions integrated  d infrastructure types of eventhough it coastal zone provide data (ports, airports tourism to be has been management andinformation etc.) developed recognized that   the anarchy in control of development of development of pollution and tourism should coastal otheractionsto be the primary activities (such revamp the objective for asbuildingnew surroundings development

253  

Possibilityfor Perception on Perception on Reasoningof Stakeholder InterestinICZM involvement in ICZMͲtoday ICZMͲfuture perception ICZMplanning

lodgingsetc.) andmakethem  more attractive tovisitors

improve the capacity and sustainability of assist in they are support businesses developing business Chamber of businesses not their direct related to the strategicgoals support agency Commerce related to the interest coast and all  and not coast secondary provide data planners businesses andinformation supporting the former production is reducing over improvementof theyears fisheries  sector35 coastal  pollution is assist in enforcement of evident developing legislation and  Fisheries strategicgoals policies of lack of spatial  administrator  fisheriessector plans provide data   andinformation data collection the region and reporting administration on the fisheries does not take sector intoaccounthis office for scientific advice  ͵ͷˆ‹•Š‡”‹‡••‡ –‘”α ƒ’–—”‡ˆ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ǡƒ“—ƒ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†ˆ‹•Š‡”‹‡•Ǧ’”‘†— –•’”‘ ‡••‹‰

254  

Possibilityfor Perception on Perception on Reasoningof Stakeholder InterestinICZM involvement in ICZMͲtoday ICZMͲfuture perception ICZMplanning

when planning forthecoast

assist in developing spatial plans of conflictofuses strategicgoals theislandshave improvementof   already been environmental illegal activities provide data initiated (plans quality along the andinformation fortheislandof  coast/lack of  Environment Paros have resolution of suitable  actually work administrator been published coastalconflicts legislation and onspecifictools in official  enforcement for integrated journal and the coastal spatial  coastal zone plans for Naxos planning lack of spatial management island just plans due to suitable started) educational background assist in developing strategicgoals  assist in integrated their main coastal zone very high opinion is that management interestinICZM the Greek state implementation as means to completely the Greek state is not  achieve their ignored as NGOs willbeforcedto promoting provide data environmental planning implement environmental/ andinformation protectiongoals approach resource   conservation actually work RTDfunds policies onspecifictools for integrated coastal zone management due to suitable educational background

255  

Possibilityfor Perception on Perception on Reasoningof Stakeholder InterestinICZM involvement in ICZMͲtoday ICZMͲfuture perception ICZMplanning

assist in developing strategicgoals  assist in mainly support integrated theoptionsand coastal zone planning by the mainly support management region conduct theoptionsand implementation  there sole development planning by the  Development implement the objective is the projects on region; provide data Company protocol more support of the behalf of the sometimes not andinformation closely in region region in line with  parallel with ICZMprotocol actually work development onspecifictools whentheyoffer for integrated advice coastal zone management due to suitable educational background improve the way that assist in livelihood of state developing thecitizens administration strategicgoals  is structured,  develop their bureaucracy, assist in Municipalities jurisdiction inefficient integrated and areas legislation and coastal zone communals  a means to a means to absent funds management attract funds achieve achieve for implementation for development development development in  development goals goals many ways provide  results to the information maketheirarea neglect of mainactors of jurisdiction integrated  more attractive coastal zone legislation Prefecture for investments management makers (private or planning as  corporate) priority when decisionmakers

256  

Possibilityfor Perception on Perception on Reasoningof Stakeholder InterestinICZM involvement in ICZMͲtoday ICZMͲfuture perception ICZMplanning

anyway other strategic possible objectives are including considered as integrated moreimportant coastal zone (for example management build a port for planning if this tourism)36 mainactors serves the   purpose Lack of political legislation Region will on the part makers of  administration decisionmakers to allow wide participation because they fear lossofpoweror influence; very high to finish and interest since enforce the this is an national coastal too many nonͲ legislation obligation to planning codified makers integrated the EU and any legislation legislations  coastal zone deviation can  exist decisionmakers management leadtofines consolidate in   guidelines need  the national the national can overrule all to be included ICZM planning coastalplanning coastalplanning others in the national/ has been an legislation all is missing for  regional/ local Ministry of imperative task the regional/ manyyears can legislate spatial and Environment, fortheMinistry local plans  without any development Energy and because it already it is recognised further plans Climate complements a enforced that integrated consultation;  Change largenumberof  coastal zone just the public integrated recent policies coordinate the management debate through coastal zone like MSFD, relevant guidelines are internet management WFD, the agencies for a (a) needed for required by the influenced national true integrated planning and EU (in many national plans fisheries data coastal zone (b) Greece is casesignoredin are in progress collection etc. management obliged to use the final today and more to process them decision come so that   making) they cannot possibly avoid it even if enforce the  ͵͸‹ƒ› ƒ•‡•ǡŽ‘ ƒŽƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‘”•ȋ–Š‡ƒ›‘”•ǡ–Š‡’”‡ˆ‡ –‘”–Š‡”‡‰‹‘‹–‡†ƒ–ȌŠƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ —•‡† ‘ˆ†‘‹‰‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ –‹‘•‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘Œ‡ –ȋ̵ ‹” —˜‡–̵Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘‡– ǤȌ

257  

Possibilityfor Perception on Perception on Reasoningof Stakeholder InterestinICZM involvement in ICZMͲtoday ICZMͲfuture perception ICZMplanning

theywantedto 'coastal forum' approach

 EventhoughtheICZMprotocolandotherplatformsforintegratedcoastalzonemanagementdonot distinguish between stakeholders, it is evident from our experience that there are several types of stakeholdersbasedonvariouscriteria:  1. TherearestakeholdersnegativetoanyplanningorchangeintheirstatusͲquobecauseofthe mentalitytheyhaveformedovertheyearsofmarginalisationandintentionalnonͲengagement intheintegratedcoastalzonemanagementprocess.RegionaladministrationinGreecefollows theaxiom'weknowbetterforyouandweplanforyou,sinceyouvotedus'andtherefore, severalstakeholderssuchastourismunionsandfishermendonotparticipateintheprocess ('topͲbottom'structure).ThereisLackofpoliticalwillonthepartofgovernmentstoallowwide participationbecausetheyfearlossofpowerorinfluence 2. Therearestakeholdersupintheplanningladder(suchasadministrators)whoarepartsofthe processofintegratedcoastalzonemanagementplanningsuchasprefects,mayorsetc.since theyarelegallyinchargeofplanning.Howeverthereisalsocomplaintaboutthemtoofrom intermediateadministratorswhoalsoaremarginalisedindecisionmakingeveninthecaseof issuesoftheirjurisdiction 3. Thestakeholdershaveahighlyvariablecapabilitytousecomplextoolsforintegratedcoastal zonemanagementsuchasthedeliverablesofthePEGASOtoolbox.Lowlevelstakeholdersin

258   Greek CASE have no capacity at all to use PEGASO tools since they have no educational backgroundforthis.Aswemoveupalongthestakeholderladder,thecapacitytousePEGASO planning tools increases depending on the educational background; our medium level stakeholders (local administrators for fisheries, environment etc.) have shown interest in indicators and LEAC/SDI/GIS. Our upper level stakeholders showed great interest for all the toolsandforusingthem,intheplanningprocesses,providingthatthereissomeonethatcan runthemandprovidethemwiththeresults.Tothisend,thelocaldevelopmentcompanies establishedattheregionalandprefecturelevelsareveryhelpfulbecausetheyusuallyemploy scientists. PROCESS  ICZM  INTEREST IN

 Figure1.GreekCASEstakeholderinfluence/interestmatrix37  Based on the stakeholder influence/interest matrix, it is possible to further categorise the

 ͵͹–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‹‰‘ˆ‡ƒ Š•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”‹–Š‡ƒ–”‹š™ƒ• ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡‡–‹‰’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•Ǥ •‘‡ ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘Ž‘‰–Š‡ ƒš‹• ‹••–”‘‰Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‹”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‘ƒ•–ƒŽœ‘‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹•Ǥ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡ ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›ȋ‡š’‡”–Œ—†‰‡–Ȍ

259   stakeholders in groups based on their dedication to ICZM and their synergy/conflict with other stakeholders(Table2).  Table2.Tableofstakeholdersbasedoncriticalityanddedication  Dedicated NonͲdedicated Critical NonͲCritical Critical NonͲCritical Similar Scientists Region Fishermen Geotechnical perceptions and Municipalities Development Camber goals Prefecture Company Chamber of Region Fisheries admin Commerce Ministry of office Environment, Environmental EnergyandClimate adminoffice Change Tourismunions NGO Opposite NGO NGO Citizengroups  perceptions and Massmedia goals

6.4.Timelineofscientists/stakeholdersinteraction 

 Figure2.LocalCASESmeeting'stimeline  InitiallythemeetingschedulewasbasedaccordingtothetimeschedulesetintheDoWforWP5but laterduringtheprojectduetothedelayofthetoolbox,themeetingsbecamelessfrequentsincewe didnothavesomethingsubstantialtodelivertothestakeholdersbutnowithasresumeditspaceso that during 2013, we can finish the basic deliverables of the project as well as to collect new informationrequestedforothertasksoftheprojectsuchastheregionalassessmenttask(WP5.2).       

260   

 Figure2.SitevisitsbyHellenicCentreforMarineResearchteam                 

261    6.5.SWOTAnalysisofScientists/StakeholderInteractions  STRENGTHS OPPORTUNITIES 1. goodcontactsusingalongͲestablishednetworkin 1. the main objective of development in the region is thearea tourism; therefore integrated coastal zone management canbeveryinterestingandimportantsincethemainaxis 2. good knowledge of the region due to other ofdevelopmentisrelatedtothecoast projects in the area; experience in integrated coastal zone management developed by our 2. the 2014Ͳ2020 RTD calls for Greece will be organized participation in relevant projects (SPICOSA, throughtheRegionsexploitingGreekͲEUmutualfunding PERSEUS, COCCONET, MESMA, ARCH, SESAME, of structural funds; thisway we can expect that more IASONetc.) focusedprojectsonintegratedcoastalzonemanagement canberealized 3. most of the stakeholders have common understanding of integrated coastal zone 3. the Cyclades region has already initiated a process for managementandsimilarobjectives spatial planning of the islands (one island is already covered) and therefore the timing of presentation of 4. thereareveryfewpotentialopposerswhichmay PEGASO experience, toolbox and deliverables is hinderintegratedcoastalzonemanagementplans appropriate (few'barkingdogs')

5. possible ways to communicate have multiply for the benefit of consumers and enterprises (internet, cloud computing, smartphones and others); more government information can be foundonline

  WEAKNESSES THREATS WEAKNESS THREATS

1. lack of funding hinders the faceͲtoͲface contact 1. somestakeholdershavedevelopedabadmentalityand betweenscientistsandstakeholders opposition in any planning due to marginalisation and isolationoftheproceedings 2. scientists in previous RTD projects selectively approached stakeholders based mainly on the 2. scientists in previous RTD projects selectively criterion of responsiveness and willingness to approached stakeholders based mainly on the criterion provide information; ICZM process and of responsiveness and willingness to provide discretionary selection of stakeholders are not information; we received complaints (also from other compatible parts of Greece in similar projects) from certain stakeholders like the fishermen that they have never 3. some stakeholders have no idea what integrated been contacted by anyone for planning. integrated

262   WEAKNESSES THREATS coastal zone management is; therefore they lack coastal zone management or anything else; this has awareness of their influence and position along created distrust and restrain on behalf of the theintegratedcoastalzonemanagementprocess stakeholders to participate; CoͲoptation of the participation process by more powerful or articulate 4. there islack ofinstitutional structure suitablefor stakeholders, and the exclusion of the poor and integrated coastal zone management; the only disadvantaged possible major player for this task would be the Regional Development Company in terms of 3. scientists and stakeholders have much different cost/benefitsincetheyalreadyoperatewithinthe educational backgrounds and when the integrated Region; therefore there is a lack of connection coastal zone management tools of PEGASO are meant withstakeholders forscientiststheyareuselessforsomestakeholders

5. stakeholders do not know well nor is well 4. stakeholdersdonotknowwellnoriswelldocumented, documented, which research is being carried out which research is being carried out in the area, nor by inthe area, nor by whomand for what purpose; whom and for what purpose; hence the existing hence the existing connection between scientists connection between scientists and stakeholders is low and stakeholders is low (evidence for this is the (evidence for this is the fact that stakeholders oppose fact that stakeholders oppose negatively and act negativelyandactveryaggressiveagainstscientistteams veryaggressiveagainstscientistteamswhenthey when they present the results of their research) Æ presenttheresultsoftheirresearch) resultstolackoftrustforanyfuturecontactattempts

6. language problems; most speak only Greek and 5. cultural and traditional aspects may affect how things thereforetheaccessofstakeholderstoimportant areperceivedbythelocals materialisextremelylimited 6. Lackofpoliticalwillonthepartofgovernmentstoallow 7. stakeholder access to national information wide participation because they fear loss of power or regardingtheirsectorisextremelylimitedinsome influence cases 7. stakeholder marginalisation and years of no practical 8. possible ways to communicate have multiply for progress in sectoral development (sometimes against the benefit of consumers and enterprises theirinterests)havecreated'consultationfatigue';hence (internet, cloud computing, smartphones and the already present hesitation of some stakeholders to others);notallstakeholdersarefamiliarwiththis; participate; this hinders also their own interest to moreprogressisrequiredforthis represent the priorities and needs of the poor and vulnerable groups in the integrated coastal zone 9. objectivesettingprocessesatadministrationlevel managementprocess arequestionable

      

263    7.ICZMTools Whichtools(indicators,LEAC,scenario,participation,economicassessmentandsocialvaluation orothers)haveyouusedduringtheactivitiesoftheCASES?...... 7.1 Whichhavebeenthemainconstraintsfacedduringtheapplicationofthetools?...... Table7.1,7.2 

7.1.TheTOOLSUsed The general experience from previous projects on integrated coastal zone management such as SPICOSA,IASON,SESAMEetc.whichproducedICZMtools,isthatthosetoolshavenotbeenusedin integrated coastal zone management process in the Region of Cyclades and in most cases the stakeholdershavenoknowledgeoftheirexistenceeventhroughinternet.However,basicintegrated coastal zone management tools like GIS have been extensively (actually the environmental administratorofNaxoshasaPhDincoastalplanningGIS)usedandtherefore,ourevaluationisthat thetoolboxusageismoderate.  Consideringtheabove,aprimaryobjectiveofHellenicCentreforMarineResearchteamwastoinform thestakeholdersforthePEGASOtoolboxbyprovidinginternetlinksandprintedmaterial(notonly fromtheCycladesregionbutalsofromallotherPEGASOpartners)sothatthestakeholdershavefull accesstoalltoolsandbeablethemselvestoevaluatetheirusefulnessandtheircapacitytousethem intheirplanningprocesses.Forexample,aspecialbookletofthescienceofparticipatorymethodswas providedtoselectedstakeholdersfortheirinformation(andtraining).  Inaddition,itisevidentfromtheeducationalbackgroundofthestakeholdersthatadvancedtoolsare not very easy to be used by them in the planning process. This is also evident from the fact that usually ICZM or similar plans are usually publicly proclaimed to private technical companies and therefore, for decades there is no such requirement from the public employees (in the administration). The level of education of the stakeholders is medium to low (mostly high school graduates)andthereforetheircapacitytouseandunderstandtoolsisnoteasyorpossibleforsomeof them.  ThetoolswhichwereusedintheGreekCASEwere:  x indicatorsͲusingtheinitial310globallistofindicators x LEAC/GISapplicationswithoneexerciseontheeffectsofSeaLevelRiseontheislands x SocioͲeconomicvaluationͲwithinthesealevelrisefortheestimationofthecostofsealevel riseeffectsontheislands

264   x participatorymethodsͲintheformoffocalgroupclustermeetingsandfaceͲtoͲfaceinterviews x ScenariosͲintheformofsectoralmentalmapping x SDI/AtlasͲbyuploadingshapefiles  RelatedtothePEGASOtoolbox,thefollowingtablesummarisesourevaluation:  Table7.1.PEGASOtoolsacceptanceandfeasibilityofuse Willingness Capacity Problems/Concerns/  Experience touse touse Comments Indicators None Yes Yes 1.thereislackofdataatthe locallevelasrequiredtoplan forsmallislands 2. NSSG does not provide withsuitabledata 3. The proposed indicators look interesting and can be worked out by the stakeholders for their own benefit LEAC/GIS OnlyforGIS Yes Probably GIS is a tool which requires dedicated team of people to work on it which does n ot existattheregionallevel.For this purpose all such work is done by private technical companies and not the stakeholdersthemselves SocioͲ None No No There is no educational economic background for this tool valuation application; in addition the existing official data are providedatascaleunsuitable forplanningforsmallislands

265   Willingness Capacity Problems/Concerns/  Experience touse touse Comments Scenarios None No Probably 1. Scenarios require a good stakeholder partnership with all stakeholders participating whichisnotevidenthere 2.Probablyinthenearfuture and following the setting of the coastal forum by the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change (ifthiswillbeincludedinthe new national coastal plan) then it may be possible that such sessions can be organised Participatory at the level Yes Yes Participatory methods have methods ofinvitation been used at a very basic of social levelthroughworkshopsand groups for public speeches of officials discussions; and administrators regarding not exactly certain issues including applying invited speakers as well; the the science application participatory involved in methodsasasciencehasnot participator beenyetperformed. ymethods SDI/Atlas specifically Yes Yes Somestakeholdersarewilling no; most of to use this tool for planning; them can it will depend on how useinternet complicated the GUI will be and and the type/kind of data it supposedly willbeabletoprovideatthe they will be island level which is already abletouse demonstrated to be extremelypoor

  

266   

7.2.SWOTAnalysisofPEGASOICZMToolsPlatformandtheGreekCASE  STRENGTHS OPPORTUNITIES 1. Hellenic Centre for Marine Research team is 1. Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate technically capable to provide training and Changeisintheprocesstoenforcethenational information to the stakeholders so that to coastal plan of Greece which will consider the introduce them the tools of the PEGASO protocol and outcomes of the various projects platform including PEGASO; Ministry of Environment, EnergyandClimateChangeisamemberofthe 2. Hellenic Centre for Marine Research team is PEGASOEndͲUserCommittee technicallyableͲanditdidͲtodemonstrateto thestakeholdersthephilosophyofanintegrated 2. the local administration is in the process of coastal zone management platform like the setting the General Estate/Town Plan of the PEGASO platform and provide examples of its islands (already finished the first; ongoing the useasapossiblepreludeofthe'coastalforum' second)outoftheover20islandsthatbelongin which may be proposed and enforced by theRegion;thetimingofpresentingthetoolsis Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate morethanextraordinary Change 3. some individuals have the appropriate 3. thereisinternationalsupportbymanypartners educational background to apply some in PEGASO (including international complicatedtoolsbutnotall organisations) regarding the application of platformswhichcanaidourstakeholdersatany 4. PEGASO, ARCH and other integrated coastal timeinthefutureandaftertheendofPEGASO zone management projects that are today project ongoing can be an opportunity for more information on integrated coastal zone 4. some individuals have the appropriate managementprocess educational background to apply some complicatedtools 5. thecomplaintproclaimedbysomestakeholders for marginalisation can be used as a basis to 5. thereisageneralwillingnessfortrueintegrated invite them to the discussion tables, if such a coastalzonemanagementprocesses processisenforced

6. therearesomelocaldatasourcesthatkeepand may provide high quality and update data (for exampletheCycladesChamberofCommerce)

        

267    WEAKNESSES THREATS 1. thestandardprocedureofplanningthroughthe 1. lackofdata/scarcityofdataattherequiredscale public proclamation of the studies towards forsmallislands.Thiswayitisdifficulttohavea privatecompanieshasdeprivedthecapacitiesof good picture of the current state of the coast the administration to work with advances and set correct objectives and goals tools/methods as well as the capacity to (quantitatively); also thisway one cannot correctly evaluate the results provided by the performcorrectsocioͲeconomicevaluation tenderers 2. the current process for planning based on the 2. lackofdata/scarcityofdataattherequiredscale 'topͲdown' approach only with participation for small islands; there are some local data basedonaneedsͲonlybasismarginaliseswhole sourcesthatkeepandmayprovidehighquality economicandsocialsectorsfromtheintegrated and update data (for example the Cyclades coastalzonemanagementprocess ChamberofCommerce) 3. lackoffundingforinfrastructuredevelopment 3. sometoolsrequireITinfrastructurewhichisnot likelytobeavailableortobeinvesteduponby 4. lackoftechnicalsupportfortheinfrastructure the administration including software and hardware 5. inferior quality IT infrastructure is evident and thereforetheuseoftoolsishindered(verylow internetspeeds,computersexceeding5yearsin ageandtechnologyetc.)

8.LessonsLearned Achievements&Lessonslearnt  Inordertoassessthesuccessofourapplicationandtheapplicabilityoftheprocesstothespecific CASE,thereareseveralquestionstobediscussedas: x istheretruepartnership? x isthereequalaccessandcollectivity? x istheICZMsystemintegrated? x isthereGovernanceestablishedandatwhatlevel? x isthereaDSStoolbox;isitaccepted;isitworkingforthestakeholders? 

8.1.Partnershipandcollaboration Asaparticipatoryprocessinitself,ICZMrequirescollaborationbetweenthevariousstakeholdersin ordertobuildacommonandsustainablevisionofagivencoastalarea.Ourfindingssuggestthatthere arestakeholdersandkeyindividualswithintheICZMprocesswhichhaveofficiallydeclaredthatare neglectedandmarginalisedfromtheprocess.ItisthereforeourunderstandingthattheICZMprocess is running based on the 'topͲdown' principle instead of both directions within a frame of equality, respectandtransparency.

268   Thereareatleast4reasonsbehindthis: (a)lowlevelstakeholders(forexamplefishermen)haveshownalienationtotheprocesscreatinga situationfortheadministrationtodisregardtheirparticipationintheplanningprocessduetotheir lackofeducationandknowͲhow;inaddition,keymembersoftheadministrationhavealsodeclared thattheyhavebeenneglectedbythepoliticalleadershipoftheregion  (b)theadministration,tookinadvantagethisparticularbehaviourfromvariousstakeholderssothat toreduceasmuchaspossiblethepossibleconflictscreatinga'topͲdown'procedureintheend;this procedurehasͲinmanyoccasionsͲledtoarbitrarydecisionswhichcreatedlocalsocial  (c) we were informed by some stakeholders (for example, fishermen) that they have never before beencontactedbysomeoneonICZM(NGOs,Universities,ResearchCentresetc.),hencetheirlackof understandingofwhatICZMisandwhatistheirtruepositionintheprocess.Onthecontrarythey informed us that on various occasions several teams approached them for interviews and data collectionbutonlyonceandwithoutanyfollowͲup.  (d) it is evident that in many cases scientists within RTD projects on ICZM or similar select the stakeholders to participate in the RTD process according to how good cooperation they have with them.ThiswayallstakeholdersthatmaybenonͲcooperativeorpresentoppositiontotheprocessare left out of the loop. It is our understanding that ICZM roundͲtable participation process explicitly requirestheinclusionofallstakeholdersregardlessiftheyarenonͲcooperative,aggressiveortheir opinionisoppositetoanyoftheobjectives;theICZMprocessexplicitlydemandsthatallvoicesmust andshouldbeheard.  Theabovecreatedoubtswhethertherearetruenetworksofstakeholdersasadvertisedsuitablefor ICZM. 

8.2.DeͲcompartmentalisation&Collectiveexpertise The principle of “deͲcompartmentalisation” allows stepping out of sectorial issues for taking a systemicandtransversaloverviewoftheissues.Followingthisprinciple,astakeholderplatformbrings together,aroundthesame(virtual)table,differentstakeholdersfromthepublicsector(State,local authorities, public agencies), private companies, scientist community, voluntary sector and civil society,supranationalorganizationsanddonors).  However, from the information collected from the stakeholders, there are some who willingly (themselves)orintentionally(byothers)havebeenmarginalisedandtherefore,thisparticularissueis notclearatthispointforthespecificCASE.

269    TheonlycertainissueisthatICZMprocessrequiresthattheparticipationprocessneedstoberebuild even if this will delay the national/regional/local ICZM process. Hopefully if the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change in its forthcoming national ICZM plan will introduce the institutionofthe'coastalforum'thenICZMplanningwillbeonitsrighttracksinaccordancetothe protocol.Asitistoday,thesystemworkstheotherwayround:whenaCZissueistobeaddressed,the administrationcreatesͲiftheydecidetoͲanadhocroundtablewithspecificinvitedparticipants. 

8.3.IntegrationwithinICZM

8.3.1.BetweenstakeholdersandICZMplanners  The results of the interviews shows loose integration between stakeholders and administrators (responsibleforICZMplanning).Complaintsofneglectandmarginalisationweremadeaswellascases ofselectivecommunicationbetweenICZMgroupsandstakeholders. 

8.3.2.Withinplanners(administration)  TherehavebeencomplaintsthatkeyadministrationstaffforICZMhasbeenneglectedintheprocess of planning. Therefore, integration within administration can also be characterised as loose and mainlybasedonpriorities,politicalagendasandrequirementfor'fastandeasy'processes. 

8.3.3.Integrationofhabitats  In terms of integration of habitats, the ICZM planning process within the Region of Cyclades is considered at this point as effective and complete covering all the possible human activities and requirements for the permanent and temporary (seasonal) inhabitants and visitors of the islands. Proof for this is the lately issued General Estate/Town Plan of Paros Island published in 2012 (Ref. 17250/2582/24Ͳ4Ͳ2012).Thetemplatewhichwillbefollowedfortherestoftheislands(nowtheplan fortheislandofNaxosisunderpreparation)coversthefollowing:  i. urbanzones ii. zonesforproductionactivities(processing,trading,warehousing) iii. zonesofspecialprotection(NATURA2000zones,coastalwetlands,wildliferefuges,forestry and reforestation zones, natural protection zones, tourism walking paths, special natural

270   beautyzones,Posidoniameadows,archaeologicalsites,agriculturalland) iv. zonesofbuildingcontrol(coastalzone,buildingcontrolareasͲZOE,inlandringzonesetc.) v. Transitionalprovisions 

8.3.4.Integrationofdisciplines  Regarding the integration of disciplines, this is questionable as long as there are complaints that stakeholders are marginalised in the integrated coastal zone management process. This is because eachstakeholderusuallyrepresentsorbelongstoasinglesector.Ifaneglectedstakeholderrepresents asector(forexamplefishermenunioninsmallcoastalareasliketheislands),anyattempttoneglect ormarginalisethisstakeholderatthesametimewillleadtothemarginalisationofthesector.  The Hellenic Centre for Marine Research team made any effort to include in the process all stakeholders that have been recognized within this PEGASO project regardless their mentality, opposingopinionorlevelofaggressiveness,thuscoveringallthedisciplinesandindividualsectorsof economy. 

8.3.Governance Theintegratedcoastalzonemanagementgovernancesofarasevidencedthroughourexperiencewith the regional administration indicates that it is not in accordance to the integrated coastal zone managementprocessasdescribedintheprotocol,ratherthana'topͲdown'processwithaneedͲbasis inclusionofstakeholders.  

271   9.OverallGreekCASESSWOTanalysis STRENGTHS OPPORTUNITIES 1. enough amassed knowledge and know-how of 1. in Greece, the next RTD projects will be funded the area of the central Aegean Sea for through the Regions and not from the Ministries fisheries, aquaculture and oceanography from as before (projects ESPA). This provides a great previous RTD projects of the Hellenic Centre opportunity for Hellenic Centre for Marine for Marine Research, NGOs and Universities Research due to our relations in the area and the work offered to the Region administration 2. amassed integrated coastal zone management tools from previous RTD projects such as 2. the local administration has just started working SPICOSA, IASON, SESAME as well as on a new spatial planning for the islands (only ongoing projects such as PEGASO, PERSEUS one is finished already) so the timing with and ARCH (all in which Hellenic Centre for PEGASO deliverables so that the impact of the Marine Research participated or participates) output can be maximum, if the administration appreciates it 3. existing network with main administration stakeholders which allows the immediate and 3. the political and economic crisis of 2010-today direct contact with any other stakeholder not can be an opportunity for some; the outcome in the network (positive or negative) though cannot be judged today 4. the Cyclades area exhibits natural beauty with many places to visit combining coasts 4. the new administration division system named and mountainous areas, inland waters "Kallikratis" has grouped together municipalities suitable for many special types of tourism and communals for which no data existed before such as spiritual or archaeological; the Region but from now on they will be included in the exhibits a very high number of Blue Flag census systems and therefore, accuracy of beaches and marinas collected statistical data will improve

5. the Cyclades region attracts all types of 5. still there is available land for primary tourism including high value tourists since production in the case of diversification of GDP there are available isolated villas costing 500- plans; the cultivated land today is the 32.15% of 1000 € per night the total arable land

6. PEGASO and other projects have provided a 6. a very high number of NATURA 2000 protected very high number (more than 200) of partners sites; 1087.68 km² for birds and 1322.35 km² for which can be accessed for help, advice, know- habitats how and experience in various subjects and issues should such a need arises 7. integrated coastal zone management is now required to be included/implemented in the 7. all islands have marinas and ports suitable for national coast management plans due to EU ferry boats; further development is planned polices and directives (MSFD, WFD etc.) through the Structural Funds of the Regions therefore interest for integrated coastal zone management will increase constantly 8. the GDP per capita shows positive trends which may indicate that the setting of the option to develop tourism as primary, is a correct planning decision

9. possible ways to communicate have multiply for the benefit of consumers and enterprises (internet, cloud computing, smartphones and others)

272    x eventhough RTD projects have been x absent holistic approaches in management conducted in the region, not all scientific disciplines have been covered thoroughly x absent integrated coastal zone leaving significant gas in knowledge for management dedicated agencies in Greece integrated coastal zone management applications x policy making system is operating only along the top-down direction; low level x despite a willingness to make changes, the stakeholders are not involved in the capacity or knowledge as to how to do so process and are marginalised on purpose is not sufficient by the administration; Lack of political will on the part of governments to allow x there is lack of institutional structure wide participation because they fear loss suitable for integrated coastal zone of power or influence; management; the only possible major player for this task would be the Regional x the limitation of funds makes the Development Company in terms of continuous presence of integrated coastal cost/benefit since they already operate zone management researchers and policy within the Region makers in the region very difficult so the participatory momentum that is x not all departments in administration established during a project is have sharing system in place abandoned; this has catastrophic effects in the establishment of a participatory x the mentality of the low level stakeholders system based on trust, presence and is mediocre to bad regarding planning transparency and integrated coastal zone management due to years of marginalisation x the limited presence of scientists and planners is covered by the NGOs who x funding and budget limitations hinder have independent funding and working significantly the correct application of locally; their interference is usually integrated coastal zone management; for creating conflicts among the stakeholders example continuous presence and contact due to different objectives and agendas with stakeholder is almost impossible x the distance from mainland and the x there are still lots of integrated coastal insufficiency of transportation by the zone management issues to be studied; ferry boats due to significant number of especially the waste management since vessels decommissioned due to age (in there are 22 uncontrolled waste dumping Greece the law provides that the use-life landfills and all of them in the region are of a passenger vessel is less or equal to 35 coastal (all 27 of them) years) especially out of the tourist season contributes significantly to the isolation of x fishing sector is very traditional, artisanal the islands; some fish farms closed for (small scale) and old fashioned with old this reason due to problems for inadequate vessels; the production does transporting their products to the not meet the demand especially during mainland markets and exports touristical period x only tourism is promoted; insufficient x the islands are away from the mainland marketing efforts are made for other which affects the product prices and equally important attractions of the availability in the market due to higher islands and local traditional and costs registered name products

x the region is chartacterised by inadequate x missing data from the National Statistical

273   connections via ferry boats with the Survey of Greece are a great threat for mainland except the main islands and correct application of integrated coastal during the small tourist season. Same zone management stands also for the airports which are of small size and unsuitable for charter x the political and economic crisis of 2010- flights and medium to big sized aircrafts today is a significant threat to (the local OA or Aegean uses 40-70 seaters development of all sectors for the connections) x until today (when Hellenic Centre for x the National Statistical Survey of Greece Marine Research submitted an exercise uses an inadequate system of on the effects of sea level rise on the stratification for keeping and publishing Cyclades islands) no projections have statistical data at suitable NUTS levels in been made for the ongoing and planned order to cover the needs not only of coastal works rendering their efficiency, integrated coastal zone management but adequacy and cost/benefit, useless also the MSFD and WFD as already has been demonstrated x bureaucracy in the Greek administration system combined with the complexity of x the existing attractions (for example Greek legislation today and the NATURA 2000 sites) are not modern or fragmentation of services and agencies suitably developed to attract visitors; the between islands creates extremely high tourism sector is still old-fashioned costs and negative externalities in all structured based on the axiom "just aspects of development and business provide lodging and a nice beach and this is enough"38; there are only 5 areas x the sea level exercise showed that a high officially designated for diving most of number of inhabitants have high risk of which are designated in small islands negative effects from climatic changes: which require significant transportation almost 60813 inhabitants are within the of people (and cost) high risk areas (55.14% of the total population); the problem arises from the x local administration exhibits small fact that a lot of people leave along the experience in integrated coastal zone coast (also due to tourism business) management x in several islands there are issues related x only a few administrators can be found to actions incompatible to EU legislation; with good educational background for example illegal household waste suitable for integrated coastal zone dumping (22 uncontrolled landfills) for management which EU has fined Greece several times

x most development in the region accounts x given the Greek experience so far, for tourism; all the rest sectors are slowly incorporation of ICZM in national diminishing and abandoned: from the planning may lead to over- total number of enterprises in the region bureaucratisation (22704) 82.63% provide services (commerce and tourism), 17.18% are x cultural and traditional aspects may within the secondary sector (industry, affect how things are perceived by the construction) and only 0.19% are within locals the primary sector (producers) according to the enterprise register of the x only a few - if any - of the 1239 pillars of

 ͵ͺ̵—ǡ•‡ƒƒ†•ƒ†̵–‘—”‹•–›’‡‘ˆ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽƒ†ƒ••–‘—”‹•ȋ͵–‘—”‹•Ȍ ͵ͻƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‘”Ž† ‘‘‹  ‘”—ǡ‡ ‘‘‹  ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡•• ƒ„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Š ‘””‡ – ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆͳʹ‡ ‘‘‹ ’‹ŽŽƒ”•ǣ •–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡƒ ”‘‡ ‘‘‹ •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ

274   Commerce Chamber of Cyclades economic competitiveness have been (accessed 18 August 2013) achieved in the region

x unemployment is also a potential problem x stakeholder marginalisation and years of which may be settled through investments no practical progress in sectoral in tourism (probably since this is the development (sometimes against their primary objective for the region): 40.22% interests) have created 'consultation of the population are economically active fatigue'; hence the already present hesitation of some stakeholders to x literacy of the youth is very low: 16.8% of participate the total are literate x law enforcement is problematic x the season of tourism is very small; from July 20 to September 15 with main peak during August (official vacations time for Greece is August)

x the islands have limited freshwater water supply; some require to be supplied by tankers; the annual requirements are around 112,000 m³

x especially in the small islands there is insufficient provision of social services due to fragmentation costs

x tools provided by PEGASO which are usable by the high level administrators are the indicators and SDI (LEAC and GIS). The low level stakeholders can use none.

x possible ways to communicate have multiply for the benefit of consumers and enterprises (internet, cloud computing, smartphones and others); not all stakeholders are familiar with this; more progress is required for this

x objective setting processes at administration level are questionable

   

 †— ƒ–‹‘Ȁ”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ ‘‘†•ƒ”‡–‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡƒ„‘”ƒ”‡–‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡ ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ”‡–•‘’Š‹•–‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†‹‡••ǡƒ”‡–•‹œ‡ǡ—•‹‡•••‘’Š‹•–‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘˜ƒ–‹‘

275    References  Airamé, S., Dugan, J.E., Lafferty, K.D., Leslie, H., McArdle, D.A., & Warner, R.R., 2003. Applying ecological criteria to marine reserve design: a case study from California Channel islands. EcologicalApplications13,170–184  Availableat:http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/Final%20Report_progress.pdf European CommissionͲDG Environment , 2011c.Analysis of Member States progress reports on IntegratedCoastalZoneManagement(ICZM).FinalReport.09.08.2011,357pp. Hilborn,R.,Stokes,K.,Maguire,J.J.,Smith,T.,Botsford,L.W.,Mangel,M.,Orensanz,J.,Parma,A.,Rice, J.,Bell,J.,Cochrane,K.L.,Garcia, S.,Hall,S.J.,Kirkwood,G.P.,Sainsbury,K.,Stefansson,G., & Walters,C.,2004.Whencanmarinereservesimprovefisheriesmanagement?Ocean&Coastal Management47,197–205 Lundquist,C.J.,&Granek,E.F.,2005.Strategiesforsuccessfulmarineconservation:integratingsocioͲ economic,political,andscientificfactors.ConservationBiology19,1771–1778 Stewart, R.R., & Possingham, H.P., 2005. Efficiency, costs and tradeͲoffs in marine reserve system design.EnvironmentalModeling&Assessment10,203–213 TEE, 2009. The European strategyon coastal zone management andits application in Greece. First GreekͲChineseForumontheEnvironment,TEE,3Ͳ4/12/2009,Athens       

276   9.NileDelta(Egypt) Chapter1 INTRODUCTION  NileDeltaisthedeltaformedinNorthernEgyptwheretheNileRiverspreadsoutanddrainsintothe MediterraneanSeainarelativelyrecentgeologicalages.Itsareaisabout20000km2wasformedby thesedimentaryprocesseswhichhavebeenoccurredattheupperMioceneperiod.Itisoneofthe world'slargestriverdeltas.ItextendsfromAlexandriainthewesttoPortSaidintheeastandcovers nearly240kmofMediterraneancoastline.Fromnorthtosouththedeltaisapproximately160kmin length.TheDeltabeginsslightlydownͲriverfromCairo.  SevenmajorolddeltaicbranchesoftheNileRiverarementionedinvarioushistoricaldocumentsand inancientmaps.Onlytwooftheseremainactive,DamiettaandRosettabranches.Thesetwomain branchesdevelopedtheRosettaandDamiettapromontorieswhichhaveprogradedduringHolocene timesintotheMediterraneanSea.  PeoplehavelivedintheNileDeltaregionforthousandsofyears,andhavebeenintensivelyfarming foratleastfivethousandyears.TheNileRiverusedtobefloodedonanannualbasis,butthisended withtheconstructionoftheAswanDam.Recordsfromancienttimesshowthatthedeltahadseven distributaries: (from east to west) the Pelusiac, the Tanitic, the Mendesian, the Phatnitic, the Sebennytic, the Bolbitine, and the Canopic. There are now only two main branches, due to flood control, silting and changing relief; Damietta (corresponding to the Phatnitic) to the east and the Rosetta(correspondingtotheBolbitinic)onthewesternpartofthedelta.  Coastalresourcesareexpectedtosufferdirectimpactsthroughsealevelriseandinundationoflow elevation areas. It is estimated that a sea level rise of 18Ͳ50 cm combined with local Nile Delta subsidencewillleadtonegativeimpactsonthelowlevelcoastalzonesbysubmergingsomeofthe north parts of the Nile Delta, Affecting the aquifer near the coast; also would affect quality of agricultural and reclaimed lands; in addition to impacts on tourism, trade and ports in the coastal areas. It would also lead to a decline in productivity of some food crops such as rice and wheat; difficultyincultivatingsomecrops,lossofagriculturallandandchangeinEgypt’scropstructure.Sea LevelRisewouldalsodestroyweakerpartsofthesandbeltalongthecoastlinewhichisimportantand necessary to protect shallow and low level lakes and reclaimed lands. It would also change water quality affecting most of freshwater fish, threatening low buildings in Alexandria and Port Said. Recreationaltourismmaybeaffectedbydegradationofbeachfacilitiesandsalinityofgroundwater.  

277   Themostdriversonthecoastalareathathinderthesustainabledevelopmentare:  x FloodingofsomelowͲlyingpartsofthenorthernDeltaandsomeothercoastalzones. x Increasingratesofcoastalerosion,penetrationofsaltwaterinsoil,intrusionofseawaterinto groundwaterandlackofagriculturalproductivity. x AsurveyusingGISandremotesensingtechniqueshasshownanimpactonthenortherncoast andcitiesoftheNileDeltaonthelongtermduetoSeaLevelRise. x Impactonfishproductionduetothechangeincoastalzones’ecosystemsandincreasinginsea temperature. x Associatedsocialandeconomicimpacts.   TheImportanceofthearea  1. Morethan80%ofagricultureproductioniscomingfromthisarea 2. Itisaplaceofnaturalgasproduction 3. Morethan90%offishcatchiscomingfromthisarea 4. Itispathwayofmigratedbirds 5. Itishometoover50percentofEgypt’spopulation  Theapproachusedtoidentifythecasekeyissuesinthestudiedareaisto:  1. Review the Egyptian legislation with respect to the development in coastal area and other guidelinesissued. 2. Identifythestakeholders 3. IntegratewithICZMProtocol 4. Held and organized series of meeting/workshop with all stakeholders. Local, regional and nationalstakeholdersandpolicymakershavebeeninvitedandparticipatedtodiscussthecase andtoidentifytheKeyissues.  Theinvitedstakeholderstotheworkshopincluderepresentativesfrom:  1. NationalInstituteforFisheriesandOceanography(NOIF). 2. MinistryofEnvironmentͲEgyptianEnvironmentalAffairsAgency(EEAA). 3. GeneralAuthorityforFishResourcesandDevelopment(GAFRD). 4. EgyptianShoreProtectionAuthority(SPA). 5. CoastalResearchInstitute(CoRI). 6. GeneralOrganizationforPhysicalPlanning,MinistryofHousing.

278   7. NationalCentreforPlanningStateLandUses(NCPSLU). 8. ThethreeCoastalGovernorates(threerepresentativesfromeachgovernorate)   ThemaincoastalissuesintheNileDeltacase: TheNileDeltaStakeholdershavebeenidentifiedthefollowingcoastalissuesintheNileDeltacase: ¾ Irrationallanduse: The most important change in land use pattern in the coastal areas is uncontrolled urbanization (urbansprawl).Itismostlyduetoashiftinpopulationandactivitiesalongthecoast.Itresultsinmore pressure in this area. Developments are occurring in unsuitable or unsafe area is resulting in deteriorationoflandandmarinehabitatsaswellasconflictsbetweenthoseinvolvedinagriculture, humansettlementsandtourismandnatureconservation.  ¾ WaterQuality: TheCoastalwatersserveasasinkforlandͲrelatedpollution,forexamplefromthemainurbanized, agricultural,industrialareasandshippingaccidents.Thesederivedeitherdirectlyfromcoastalcities discharge points or through the irrigation and drainage canals directly open to the sea and from coastal lagoons "lakes" Maryut, Idku, Burullus and Manzala. The discharge includes heavy loads of pollutantsfromvarioussources.Threehotspotswereidentified,AbuQirBay,ElMexBay(Alexandria) andManzalalake.  Threeareasshowdistinctlyhighlevelsofeutrophication.ThefirstistheareaaroundAlexandria,the secondistheareaofAbuQir,andthethirdistheareafromthenewDamiettatoPortSaid.Someof theseareasarecharacterizedbythedischargeofdomesticsewageandagriculturalrunofffromthe RiverNile,andtheimpactofthecoastallakesanditsrelateddrainagesystem.  EgyptianGovernmenthastakensomeactiontoprotectwaterfrompollutionsuchas; 1. Established of Supreme Council for the Nile River and waterways protection from pollution accordingtoArticle(47),asrepeatedinEnvironmentallawNo.4/1994asmendedbyLawNo. 9/2009anditsexecutiveregulations. 2. Applyingprinciplesofintegratedmanagementofwaterresources,andinthisregard,Egyptian Governmenthasbeentakingseveraloperationalsteps: x Implement monitoring programs for water quality in Nile River and Lakes through monitoringnetwork x Amendlawsandtheirexecutiveregulationsconcerningprotectionofwaterresourcesto deal with development and advanced technology used in the industry for waste water treatment,suchasLawNo.48/1982fortheprotectionofwaterresourcesfrompollution

279   and its executive regulations, amended by resolution No. 402/2009, and Law No.4/1994 amendedbyLaw9/2009regardingenvironmentalprotectionanditsExecutiveRegulation. x Expand in providing economically, environmentally sound technology for swag network and treatment stations in all of Egypt; in addition to raising the efficiency of existing networkandstation x Restrictissuanceofclearanceproceduresforindustrialestablishmentsfordischargetheir treatedindustrialwastewaterintowaterways. x Encouragepeopleforapplyingcleanandenvironmentalfriendlytechnologies  ¾ ShorelineerosionandClimatechange CoastlinesinNileDeltaarenaturallysubjecttoerosionandaccretion;however,certainpartsofcoast are protected by hard coastal structure. The Nile Delta is extensively used for agriculture. In lower partsofthedelta,thesalineseepagefromtheaquiferaggravatesthesalinityproblemstoagriculture. Human presence in certain areas makes protection from erosion. In undeveloped areas, better planning is required to ensure that human activity is integrated withnatural processes rather than actingagainstthem.  ¾ Naturalresourcesandhabitatsincoastalareas Alteration and degradation of biophysical properties of beaches, estuaries, and wetlands. Certain activitiesposeadirectthreattonaturalresourcesifnotadequatelymanaged.Theseincludefishing, hunting of coastal and marine animals such as turtles and seabirds, boating activity, mining, extraction,refining,andlandreclamation.  ¾ Fisheries Overfishingactivitiesinmarinearea,impactreleasedfromaquaculturefishfarms.WithinthelowͲ lyingcoastalzoneofthedeltatherearesomelargeandshallowcoastallagoons,lakeswhichsupply considerablepartoffishproduction,nowadays,theselakessufferingfromdeteriorationandneedto berestoration.  ¾ SocioͲeconomicImpacts Furthermorealloftheaboveissueswithoutnodoubtcanaffectthesocialandeconomicconditions forpopulation,butthemostvulnerableonetodirectaffectsarethefishermenandfarmersespecially threatenedpopulationsinlowͲlyingareas,eg.,Inundation,agriculturelosses,erosionandimpactson infrastructures.   TheSocial,political,environmentalandeconomicalrelevanceoftheidentifiedcoastalissue: 

280   Thestudyareacovers3coastalgovernorates;ElBohera,KafrelSheikandElDakahlia(FigureͲ1).The middleeasternpartofNiledeltacontainsauniqueecosystemwhichisveryvulnerabletochanges; lakes(twolakesIdukoandBurulluswithvariousbiodiversityfaunaandflora,routeofrestingareafor migratory birds), wetlands, sandy beaches, sand dune, black sand with its economic value and agriculturalfertilelandsand.MostoftheeconomicactivitiesinEgyptarerunningortakeplaceinthe NileDeltasuchas;farming,mining,fishing,harbor,industrialarea,tourismresortandarchaeological tourism(pharaonic,CopticandIslamicinRosettatown),aquaculturefishfarmingandtransportation withassociatedinfrastructuresuchasthecoastalroad.Sometimesthisdiverseofactivitiesincrease theconflictsofinterestamongstakeholdersandgivestheopportunityforpoliticalinfluencetotake place whenever it is positive or negative decision. Hence,an integrated Coastal Zone management planisrequiredtosolvetheconflictofinterestamongstakeholderandtopreservetheecosystemand achievethesustainabledevelopment. 

  MapͲ1:MapshowingtheNileDeltagovernorate StudyArea  The study area considered here is the Nile Delta Mediterranean coast between Alexandria Governorate on the west and Damietta Governorate in the east passing through Beheira, Kafr ElͲ SheikhandDakahliagovernoratesfromwesttoeast(FigureͲ2).Thesouthernlimitoftheareaistaken asadistanceof5kilometerssouthoftheInternationalCoastalHighwayexceptatexistingpopulation centerswhicharewhollyconsideredinthecurrentstudy.Legallyandforplanningpurposes,thestudy area includes land assigned by Presidential Decree No. 108/2000 to the New Urban Communities Authority.Thislandiswithinanarrowplainstretchingforabout160kilometersinthecentralsector ofDeltabaseandincludingfouradministrativecenters;namely,Belkas,Burullus,MotobasandRashid.    

281   

&RDVWDO 5RDG

  MapͲ2:TheareaaboveyellowlineincludescoastalareaisPEGASO’NileDeltacase

282    TheapproachusedtodeveloptheICZMplanforNileDelta  In the framework of PEGASO project, a Nile Delta Coastal Group has been established by Decree No"1'andcomprisesspecialistsfromthecoastalprovinces,coastaldevelopment,besidestheprevious mentionedstakeholders(see1.4)tostudyanddiscussthekeyissuesandputtheplantodevelopthe ICZMplan. 

  ThemandatesofthiscoastalGroupare: 1. Identifythekeyissues(pressure)experiencedbythestudyarea 2. Compilationofdevelopmentplansandprogramsinthestudyarea 3. SWOT analysis and evaluation of current and terminated plans and programs and identify conflictsandlessonslearned. 4. Participationinthepreparationofintegratedcoastalmanagementplanforthestudyarea 5. Developmentofpoliciesthatwillbeproposedtoimplementthedevelopmentplans 6. ApprovedtheFinalproductofPEGASOproject(proposedNileDeltaIntegrationCoastalzone ManagementPlan)  The coastal group conducts several meetings and workshops, in the first one, they identified the geographic coverage areas for case study which include the shoreline for the three coastal governorates (Dakahlia, Kafir ElShaiekh and El Bohera ) with landward limited 2Ͳ5 km or till the internationalcoastalroadandthentheyidentifiedthefollowings:

283   1. Reviewasmuchaspossibleallplananddecreeissuedforstudyarea 2. Reviewasmuchaspossibleallpreviousworkdone 3. Identifiedthegapsandconflictsinplanamongstakeholders 4. Identifiedtheopportunitiesforeconomicdevelopment. 5. Proposethemodificationneededtolanduseplan  Forthispurposefoursubgroupshavebeenformulatedfromthecoastalgroupeachoneresponsible forcertainfieldinrelationtooneofthekeyissue.Thesesubgroupsare: 1. Landusesubgroup 2. Shorelinemanagementsubgroup 3. Naturalresourcessubgroup 4. Waterqualitysubgroup  Eachofsubgroupshavefollowedtheidentifiedactionplanandprepareareportdiscussedingeneral coastal group meeting, six meeting were held for this purpose and the output reports from the subgroupsarepresentedtohighlevelpolicymakersataministeriallevelandauthoritiesintheNile DeltacaseFinalworkshop.Theseresultswillbediscussedinthefollowingchapters  Chapter2 Landuse  Theintricate,pristinefragilenatureoftheNileDeltacoasthascomeintomajorseriouschallenges sincetheestablishmentofAswanHighDaminthesecondhalfofthelastcentury.Thesewerebasically typifiedbyextensiverapidshoreerosionprocesseswithassociatedphenomenalikedestructionand lossofhabitats,changesandimbalancesincoastalwaterregimesandbodies,deteriorationofcoastal water quality through increasing loads of anthropogenic materials from agricultural, industrial and domesticusagesetc.Thesechallengesandthreatsareexpectedtobeheightenedwiththepotential developmentoftheareafollowingtheestablishmentoftheInternationalCoastalHighway(ICH)inthe North Delta region about two decades ago. The highway has triggered government and local administrationbodiesaswellasinvestorsandlocalsforexploitationandtakingadvantageofthenew appealingsettingofthearea.Themultipleandconflictinggoalsofstakeholdersfortenure,holding andstartingprojectswiththelackofcoordinationorintegratedplanningwouldresultinunplanned developmentthatwastesnaturalandfinancialresourcesonshortͲ,mediumͲandlongterms.  StudyArea  The study area considered here is the Nile Delta Mediterranean coast between Alexandria Governorate on the west and Damietta Governorate in the east passing through Beheira, Kafr ElͲ

284   SheikhandDakahliagovernoratesfromwesttoeast.Thesouthernlimitoftheareaextendsto2Ͳ5 kilometerssouthoftheInternationalCoastalHighwayexceptatexistingpopulationcenterswhichare includedinthecurrentstudy.Legallyandforplanningpurposes,thestudyareaincludeslandassigned byPresidentialDecreeNo.108/2000totheNewUrbanCommunitiesAuthority.Thislandiswithina narrowplainstretchingforabout160kilometersinthecentralsectorofDeltabaseandincludingfour administrativecenters;namely,Belkas,Burullus,MotobasandRashid(Figure.2).  GeneralFramework  ThisstudycomeswithintheeffortsofEgypttodeveloptheareainenvironmentallysoundconsistent approachthatminimizesconflictsamongdifferentstakeholdersmaintainnaturalandfinancialassets fromlosses.ThegrowinginterestintheNileDeltaMediterraneancoastoverthepastyearsledtothe needofdevelopingastrategyforurbandevelopment(housing,touristandrecreationalareas)inthe contextofenvironmentaldeterminantsanduniquecharacteristicsoftheregion.  ObjectivesandMethodology Inthecontextoftheprecedingframework,theobjectivesofthestudywereformulatedasfollows: A. Toidentifylocationssuitableforurbandevelopmentwithin5kmͲdistancesnorthandsouth of the international highway to the Mediterranean coast of the International Coastal Highwaytoorganizeurbansprawlandreduceunplannedurbandevelopment. B. Todevelopapreliminarydevelopmentstrategyfortheareatakingintoaccountthepotential hazardsofclimaticchangeandrisingsealevels. C. Takingintoaccounttheenvironmentalrisksandtheirimpactsontheshort,mediumandlong term. D. Developastrategyconsistentanddonotinterferewithnationalstrategiesatthesametime span.Amongthemostimportantofthesenationalstrategiesisdeploymentofpopulation anddevelopmentfromtheDeltatodesertareas. E. Considerdevelopmentofeconomicefficiencyasanobjectiveofthisstrategy. F. Maximizeuseofavailabletourismpotentialalongthecoast.  ¾ SpatialrangeforthenorthcoastoftheDelta  ThenortherncoastoftheDeltabelongstothreerangeswithdiversepotentialcontributeinenhancing developmentprocess: x Coastalplain:exposedtoenvironmentalandnaturalrisksonthemediumandlongterm. x Intermediatearea:withhighpotentialforurbanandeconomicdevelopment. x InsideDelta:requiresubͲroadstolinkwiththeirurbancenters.

285   Accordingtothedevelopmentpotentialofeachsector,theycanbedividedasfollows: x Coastalstrip:fitfortransportservices,tradeandindustrialactivitiesaswellasbusinessand recreationaltourism. x Intermediarysector:urbandevelopmentbasedonservices,industryandaquaculture. x InsideDeltasector:exploitationofthespatialandavailableeconomicpotentialinthespaces aroundroadsleadingtothesubͲurbancentersincentralandsouthernDelta. Thisreportwillfocusonthecoastalplainarea  ¾ Locationandspatialrelationships  Scope of the study area includes the coastal northern part of the following three governorates, (Dakahleya,KafrElSheikhandBehaira)fromeasttowest. TheadministrativecentersarerepresentedinDakahliagovernoratebyBelqascenter;inKafrElSheikh Governorate; Burullus center , Hamoul Center, Riyad center, Sidi Salem center, Motobas center. HoweverinBehairagovernorate,RachidcenterconsidersthemostappropriatetypelocalityofNile Delta(seeMap2).  ¾ TransportandRoads  Thestudyareaisastripeextendsalongtheinternationalcoastalnorthroad.Theinternationalroadis located in the far north near the beach, and is associated with some cross links and streams from somesmalltowns;Sherbin,Belqas,Hamoul,andMotobas.Thepassageoftheinternationalhighway between the Mediterranean Sea and Lake Burullus in the region from Baltim to Rositta makes it difficulttolinkbetweentheinternationalroadandtheNorthDeltaarea.Thusitreducesthebenefitof theinternationalroadinthispart.Currenttrafficlevelonthehighwayisverylightandcanfacefuture movementwithanadequatestandardofservice. The new urban communities that will be established in the study area will be linked by the internationalroadandmustbelinkedtourbanareasinthenorthofDeltawithcrossstreams.   OverviewofthecurrentlandͲuseinthethreegovernorates   First:DakahliaGovernorate:  Dakahliaisoneofthefivelargestgovernorates.ItlocateseastandwestoftheDamiettabranchandis bordered by the Mediterranean and Damietta governorate from the north, Sharkia and Qaliubiya governoratesfromthe south, Gharbia,andKafrElͲSheikhgovernoratesfromthewest.Itcoversan

286   areaofabout3471km2whichisabout1842thousandacres. IntheDakahliagovernoratethecultivatedareasrepresenthigherproportionfollowedbyunexploited plainareasthenurbanareasinaccordancewithuses.TheurbansettlementmostelyinGamasacity andtothewestthereisaplainunexploitedarea.Howevertheencroachmentisapproximately2km2.  Ö The proposed landuses, according to the comprehensivereportof the northern coast of the Deltaasanewurbansettlementasfollows: Theestablishmentofpublicbeachesandtouristareasalongcoastofthegovernorateandnorthof theinternationalcoastalroadisofthemostimportantproposals;thefollowingfigureshowsthat:  Ö Population problems: Several factors affect number of population, for example the area characterizedbypresenceofmarshes,coastallakes,Salina,highlevelofsalinityinunderground water. All these factors decrease number of population and urban centers  Second:KafrElͲSheikhgovernorate  KafrElͲSheikhlocatesinthefarnorthofthecenteroftheDeltaboundedbytheMediterraneanSeaon the north, Gharbia governorate on the South, Dakahlia governorate on the east and Behaira governorateonthewest.Itstotalareaisabout3748km2.BurullusLakeisoneofitsmostimportant naturalattractions.  Kafr ElͲSheikh governorate acquires the largest share of the international coastal road where more thantwoͲthirdsoftheroadrunsthroughitscities,fromthelinkofRashidBridgewithBurullusBridge tilltheboundariesofKafrElͲSheikhwithDakahliaandthecoast(MapͲ2).  Ö ThemostimportantlandmarksisBurullusLake: ThelakelocatesinthemiddleoftheDeltabetweenRosettaandDamiettabranches,theaverage width of the lake is 14 km, and the area reached 114500 acres in 1981. The depth of water ranges between (0.5 mͲ15 m). The region exposed to winds when comes from the eastern north.Agriculturaldrainagesdischargeinthesouthernregionofthelake.Thelakelinkedwith theMediterraneanSeainthenorthatBurullusstrait.  Ö Severalfactorsaffectnumberofpopulation,forexampletheareacharacterizedbypresenceof marshes, coastal lakes, sabkha, high level of salinity in underground water. All these factors decreasenumberofpopulationandurbancenters. 

287   Ö The current uses of land according to the National Center for State landͲuse planning are distributedamongurbansettlements,fishfarms,swampsandislands.However,thepercentage ofcultivatedareas,unexploitedplainareasandlakesisconvergent.  Ö Current land uses, according to the stated comprehensive plan for the development of the northerncoastofthedelta; Landusesinthestudyareaclassifiedintoagriculturalareas,landsunderreclamation,orchards andtrees,exploitedareasinagriculturalonpartsofthesanddunes,aswellasmarshes,gas fields,urbancompoundsunderconstruction,ruralcompoundareas,sanddunes,blacksand areas,fishfarms,lakesandindustrialzones.  Ö Proposedlanduseasmentionedinthestrategicschemeforlanduseinnortherncoastofthe Delta; Tourism projects,water sports, camps and green areas along the coast of the governorate; alongthenortherninternationalcoastalroad,industrialandstrategicareas.  Ö Proposedlandusewithinthecomprehensivedevelopmentplanforthenortherncoastofthe Deltaasnewurbansettlement; Establishmentoftouristareasandfishfarmsalongthecoastofthegovernorateandnorthofthe internationalcoastalroadareamongthemostimportantproposals.  Third:Behairagovernorate;  BehairagovernoratelocatesatthewestoftheRosettabranchoftheNile.Itcomprisesfourimportant highways,namelytheCairoͲAlexandriadesertroad,theCairoagriculturalroad,theinternationalroad andthecircularroad.Itconsistsof13centresand14cities,andcontainsimportantindustriessuchas cotton,chemicals,carpets,electricityandfishing.   Ö PopulationProblems: ThestudyareaextendsinthenorthoftheDelta,withitsnaturalfeaturesandcharacteristicsthat limitsurbandevelopment,sothatitspopulationislimited.Itischaracterizedbythepresenceof marshes, Salina, coastal lakes, salinity soil and increase of salinity in ground water. All these factorsleadtolackofpopulationandurbancenters.  Ö CurrentlandusesaccordingtotheNationalCenterforStatelandͲuseplanning: Percentageofcultivatedareas,unexploitedplainareasandlakesisconvergent;therestusesis distributedamongurbansettlements,fishfarms,swampsandislands.

288    Ö encroachmentonagriculturalland: Encroachment is approximately 40.5 km2, the proposed land mandates received from the NationalCenter.  Ö ProposedlandusereceivedfromtheNationalCenter: According to the National Center it is suggested that mandate of the region is divided to the MinistryofHousing.  Chapter3 ShorelineprotectionPlan TheNileDeltacoastlineextendsfor240kmfromAbuQir,nearAlexandria,inthewesttoPortSaidin theeast.Thecoastlineisbackedbyaplainsurfaceofcoastalplainareaof~13,000km2(Fig.1).This coastalplainisbackedbytopographicfeatureslyingbelowandabovethemeanseaͲleveluptothe3 mcontourthatincludecoastalwetlandswhichrangefromsmallpondstolargelagoons;theselagoons are also referred as lakes. These lagoons represent 0.25 of total Mediterranean coastal wetlands (Sestini1992).Mostofdeltafront,with1Ͳ10kmwidesandbeltisstillalmostemptyandunused,due toitspoorconnectionwiththerestofEgypt..However,anumberofresortbeachesandnewcities havebeencreatedsuchasRasElͲBarcityandthenewDamiettaCitynearDamiettaPort.  ThesurfaceoftheentireNileDelta(20000km2 )representsonly2.3%oftheareaofEgypt,butas muchas46%ofthetotalcultivatedarea(55040km2),anditaccommodatesapproximately45%of Egypt’s60millioninhabitants(Sestini1992).Theimportanceofthiszoneisfurtherunderlinesbyits highlevelofagricultureandfishproduction.  TheNiledeltahassubstantialresourcesinitscoastalzoneandanumberofurbancenters.Asthe coastal zone encompasses more than 40% of Egypt’s industries, this region is extremely important economically,containingsubstantialcapitalinvestment.  ThecoastalenvironmentoftheNiledeltahasbeendegradedatmanyplaces;thisdegradationhas negatively impacted the human use of the coastal zone, causing the loss of important economic assets. Irrational land use, water pollution, shoreline erosion, flooding and deterioration of natural resources and habitats are the main challenges to be addressed and managed. These challenges moreover will be exacerbated due to the foreseen climate change impacts, land subsidence, and prolongedvulnerabilitytofloodingrisksandcoastalerosion.Thesalineintrusioninthegroundwater willincrease;ifnomeasuresaretaken.  OverviewofpreviousdevelopmentandICZMplansofNileDeltaincluding

289    Shoreprotectionplans  In1980uptonow,extensiveengineeringstructureshaveemplacedalongtheNileDeltacoastlineto modulate effects of beach erosion, including revetments, jetties, groins, detached breakwaters and seawalls(Figs,2aͲg).Amongtheseprotectionworks,theshoreͲparallelstructuresofRosettaseawall, Burullus seawall, BurullusͲBaltim detached breakwaters, Damietta seawall, and El Gamil detached breakwaters. InordertofacethediachronicshorelinelossesattheoutermarginoftheRosettapromontory,where erosionrateswerehigher,twoseawallscomprisedofartificialembankmentcoveredbydolosconcrete blocksof4to7tonwereconstructedbetween1988and1991tothewestandeastoftheRosetta mouth(Fig.2c).Thetwoseawallswereconstructedinlandandextendalongshoretoalengthof1.5km and3.35kmatthewesternandeasternshores,respectively.Theystand6.75mabovemeansealevel, andhaveawidthvaryingfrom48to70m.Asaconsequence,erosionisterminatedatthetipdueto constructionofthisseawall,originallywas106m/yrpriortoconstructionoftheseawall(FrihyandKomar, 1993).

290                            Fig.1.MapoftheNileDeltaandAlexandriaregionshowingmajorgeomorphologicunitsandcoastalsectors vulnerable tobeacherosionandprotectedareas(afterFrihyetal.2011).Smallarrowswithlettersatogshow positionsofprotectivestructuresenlargedinFigure2.     

291   Despitethisstructure,waverunupbypassedtofrequentlyfloodthelowͲlying(0Ͳ1m)areabehindthe westernseawall.Additionalerosioncontrolstructureswerethenbuilttofaceerosionattheeasternand western edges of the seawalls. These included five groins constructed in 2003, their length ranging between400to500mseaward,spaced800to900mapart(Fig.2c).Subsequentlyin2005,another10 shortgroins(80Ͳ150mlong)withspacingbetween500to600mwereconstructedattheleesideofthe westernseawall(Frihyetal.2010).  Further east, a concrete 600Ͳm long seawall was built in 1950 to protect the eroded beach downstreamoftheBurullusinletjetties(Fig.2d).Totheeastofthiswallabasaltriprapof~1.3kmin lengthwasconstructed.TheBurullusͲKitchenerdrainsector(10kmlong),isartificiallyprotectedbya series of shore parallel detached breakwaters and nine short groins. The detached shore parallel breakwaters, 17 units, were built in various stages between 1993 and 2007 (Figs. 2d, 3f).Each individualbreakwaterextendsfor250to350mparalleltothebeach,atadistanceof220mfromthe shoreandspaced320to400mapart.Thebreakwaterswereconstructedparalleltothebeachinthe activesurfzoneatadepthbetween3mand4m.Thesebreakwatershavecontributedinprotecting thebeachanddunebeltbyformingaseriesofaccretionarytombolosandsalientformation(Fig.2d).  Another series of 8 shoreͲparallel breakwaters were built during 1991Ͳ2002 along Ras El Bar resort; beacherosionwas10m/yratthepast(Figs.2e,f),Frihyetal.(2004).Adolosseawallof6kmͲlonghas beenconstructed,using4Ͳ7tondolossimilartothoseatRosetta,toprotectthetipoftheDamietta promontoryeastoftheNilemouth(Fig,2f).ThiswallisextendingstraightlyintheeastͲwesttrendupto the accretionary spit. Both the Rosetta and Damietta seawalls have been effective in protecting the uplandareasfromwaveattackandseaͲlevelriseaswell.

292   

                               Fig. 2.Vectormapsshowingmajorprotectivestructuresconstructedtomitigateeffectsofbeach erosion andseaͲlevelrisealongtheNiledeltacoastline.(afterFrihyetal.2011)Theirpositions(aͲg) areillustratedinFigure1.aElAsafraͲMandarabreakwater.bMohamedAlyseawall,cseawalland thefivegroinsconstructedatRosettapromontory.dBurullusͲBaltimdetachedbreakwatersfronted adunebelt.eRasElBardetachedbreakwaters.fDamiettaseawall(afterFrihyetal.2010) 293   Problemsthathamperthedevelopmentplansofthearea   Environmentalproblems  Main challenges facing the Nile delta are irrational land use, shoreline erosion, water pollution, floodinganddeteriorationofnaturalresourcesandhabitats.Thesechallengesarewellrecognizedin Egypt; their seriousness is illustrated by many studies by Egyptian research institutes. Several initiativeshavebeenlaunchedsincetheearly90Ͳtiestoimplementcoastalzonepoliciesfordealing with these problems. As a result several plans have been elaborated, but they have not been implementedinaconsistentway.Thesemightbeduetoinstitutionalcoordinationandclarificationof responsibility,lackofparticipatoryapproach,andlimitedscopeofEgyptianLegalFramework.  Shorelineerosion  Beach erosion associated with seabed sedimentation in channels (harbors, lagoon, and estuarine inlets)stillamajorissueintheNiledeltacoastalplainofEgypt(Figure1).Erosioncommencedalong theNiledeltacoastlinewhendischargesfromtheriverbegantodecreaseinthelate19thcenturyasa resultofconstructionofriverflowcontrolstructures,suchasdamsandbarrages,ontheupperand lowerNileRiver(UNESCO/UNDP,1978).Followingvirtualcessationofsanddeliverytothecoastfrom theNile,theactionofwaveͲdrivenlongshorecurrentscontinuedtotransportbeachsandtotheeast, resultinginamajoradjustmentofthedeltacoastline(UNESCO/UNDP,1978;Fanosetal.,1991;Inman etal.,1992).Transportprocessesofsedimenthavealsocausedsedimentationproblemsinchannels suchasharbors,lagoon,andestuarineinlets.  As the Nile Delta is a typical waveͲ and currentͲdominated delta area, extensive beach erosion occurringalongtheoutermarginsoftheNiledeltaͲpromontories,whilesomeaccretionhasoccurred mainlyinthesaddlesorembaymentsbetweenthesepromontories(Frihyetal.,1991;Blodgetetal., 1991; Inmanetal.,1992; FrihyandKomar,1993). However,this generalerosion/accretionpattern, Figure 1, has been interrupted by numerous protective engineering structures. Maximum rates of erosionoccurredadjacenttothedeltapromontoriesat,Rosetta,BurullusandDamietta.Forexample erosionwasoriginallyͲ100,Ͳ6,andͲ10m/yr,respectively,beforeprotectionoftheRosetta,Burullusand Damiettapromontories(FrihyandKomar,1991).Thecoastalbarriersseparatebetweenthelagoons andtheMediterraneanisalsoexperiencedmilderosionofͲ5m/yr.Ingeneralandunderwaveaction, theerodedsandfromthesepromontoriesiscarriedtotheeast,whereitisdepositedandresultsin beachaccretionjusttotheeastofthepromontorysaddlesandalsoalongthenextembaymentswith ratesofshorelineadvancingupto13m/yr,resultinginanoverallsmoothingofthecoastline(Figure1) (FrihyandKomar,1991).Someoftheerodedsandistrappedlocallybyanartificialstructureresulting inlocalshorelineaccretion.Aportionoftheerodedmaterialhasalsoaccretedintheformofspitsor

294   shoalsnearthelagoonandriverinletsthatadverselyimpactedtheirnavigationentrances(Frihyand Lawrence,2004).  SedimentationProblems  ErosionoftheNiledeltaisnottheonlyproblemoccurringalongtheNiledeltacoast.Sedimentationof thewaterpathwaysalsoconstitutesamajorproblemintheNiledeltacoastline.Theprogressofthis problemcausestheshoalingandatsometimestheclosureoftheNileestuariesandthelakeoutlets resulting in navigational hazards and associated impacts on fishing and the national economy. This problem is taking place at Rosetta and Damietta estuaries and the outlets of Idku, Burullus and Manzala lakes. Also sedimentation is taking place at the Damietta Harbor, Gamasaand Kitchener drainsinlets.  To mitigate this problem, water pathways and navigation channels along the Nile delta coast are periodically dredged via Hopper dredgers to maintain continuous water exchange and adequate shippingchanneldepthforsafenavigationofsailingvessels,waterexchangeandfishingboats.   Climatechangeinducedsealevelrise  PreviousstudieshaveindicatedthattheNileRiverdeltaicplainisvulnerabletoanumberofaspects, includingbeacherosion,inundationandrelativelyhighratesoflandsubsidence.Analysisofhistorical recordsobtainedfromtidegauges atAlexandria,Rosetta,Burullus,DamiettaandPortSaidshowa continuousriseinmeansealevelfluctuatingbetween1.8–4.9mm/yr(Frihyetal.2010)(Figure3). ProjectionofaveragedseaͲlevelrisetrendrevealsthatnotallthecoastalplainoftheNileDeltaand AlexandriaisvulnerabletoacceleratedseaͲlevelriseatthesamelevelduetowidevariabilityofthe land topography. The topography includes highͲelevation features: sand dunes carbonate ridges, protectionworks,andlowͲlyingwetlands(lagoons,fishfarms,andponds).Accretionaryorprograding beaches(5Ͳ10m/yr)alongembaymentsandtheNileDeltapromontorysaddlesalsocancompensate forerosioninducedfromtheeffectofacceleratedseaͲlevelrise.Inmarkedcontrast,locallowͲlying wetlands and fish farms (<1 m depth) which border the southern margins of Idku, Burullus and Manzalalagoonswouldbeaffectedifcoastalprotectionmeasuresarenottaken.Themostvulnerable areasarecoastalwetlands(lagoons,lakesandponds)andmostofthe0Ͳ1melevatedstrandplain. The most hazardous region would be the Manzala lagoon area, where subsidence rates exceed 5 mm/yr. Consequently, sea incursion will gradually lead to significant change in the ecologic system includingfisheriesandwildlifeaswellaswaterpenetrationinthesurroundinggroundwatertable. Recreationbeaches,commercialharbors,fishingports,cities,villages,fishfarms,archeologicalsites andthecoastalhighwayadjacenttotheselagoonsappeartobethreatenedsocioͲeconomicallyasa resultofpossiblechangeinclimate.Sincewetlandsactasbufferstotheinlandpenetrationofcoastal

295   flooding,thelossofcultivatedNileDeltalandtosouthofwetlandswillbeunderthreat.                    Fig.3.ComparisonofrelativeseaͲleveltrendsestimatedfromannualtideͲgaugerecordsatAlexandria,Abu Qir,Rosetta,Burullus,DamiettaandPortSaid.Solidlineistheregressionrelationship.Theregressionlines together withtheslopes(RSLR)areindicated.TheyallshowanoverallupwardtrendofrelativeseaͲlevel (RSLR) fluctuatesbetween1.8to4.3mm/yr.TidegaugelocationsareshowninFigure1.(afterFrihyetal. 2010).     Marinepollution  The researchers from National Institute Oceanography and Fisheries and experts from coastal governorateswerereviewedtherunningandterminatedmonitoringprogramsofcoastalwatersto assessthewaterqualityanddefinehotspotareasinthestudyareaaswellastoproposetheactivity and to suggest modification of monitoring programme if needed. Their report presented and discussedingeneralmeetingofNileDeltastakeholdersandpolicymakers. Duetotheincreaseindevelopmentactivitieswhetherindustrial,agricultural,orurbanthatarebeing conducted attheEgyptian coasts, whichmayleadto generating manykinds of wastesthatwould

296   negativelyaffectmarineenvironmentandorganisms. TheEgyptianEnvironmentalAffairsAgency(EEAA)hasdevelopedanationalMonitoringprogramin collaborationwithNationalInstituteofOceanographyandFisheriesandtheInstituteofPostgraduate StudiesandResearchattheUniversityofAlexandria,aimstomonitorwaterqualityalongEgyptian coastperiodically and identify sources of pollution and to define pollution hot spots along the EgyptianMediterraneancoasts. Thismonitoringprogramstartedin1998byselectingfixedstationsalongcoastsoftheMediterranean Sea. The monitoring activities are conducted seasonally on a regular timing using water quality indicatorwhichmeasuresphysical,chemicalandmicrobiologicalparametersasfollows: x Physicalmeasurements(temperatureͲpHͲdissolvedoxygenͲelectricalconductivityͲ salinity–transparency). x Chemicalmeasurements(nitrateͲnitriteͲammoniaͲtotalnitrogenͲphosphateͲtotal phosphorusͲchlorophyllͲa–silicate). x Bacteriologicalmeasurements(coliformbacteriaͲstreptococcusbacteriaͲEscherichia coli). MonitoringresultsofwaterqualityforthecoastalwatersatNileDeltaduringlastfouryears:  1. The concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) is higher than the internationally permissiblelimitsinallstationsduringtheyear2010withtheexceptionoftwostationswhich recordedthelowestvalues.Thiscouldbeduetodirectsewagedisposaltothoseareas. 2. Salinityconcentrationswasrangedinallmonitoringsitesduringbetween(28.06Ͳ38.35 mg/L) 3. pHvaluesandtemperatureswerewithinthenaturallimitsofthecoastalwaterduring differentperiodsoftheyear. 4. ThehighesttransparencyofwaterwasrecordedinNileDeltacoastlessduetothe 5. increaseofdifferentactivitiesattheestuariesoftheriver. 6. Bycomparingtheaverageconcentrationoftotalnitrogenin2010withtheaverage concentration during the 2008Ͳ2009 year, it was noticed that there was a significant decreaseinvaluesinallsites,inadditiontoasignificantdecreaseinmostofthemonitoring sitesifcomparedto2008Ͳ2009values. 7. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of ammonia in most of the monitoringsites,whereitwaswithintheacceptablelimitsduringallstationsexceptatoutletof estuaries. 8. Bycomparing the average concentration of ammonia in 2010 with the previous two years,itwasnoticedthatthereisadecreaseinconcentrationduring2010,asaresultofsome factoriesreconciliationoftheirenvironmentalstatusbystoppingdischargeoftheirwasteson theMediterraneancoast.

297   9. BycomparingtheaverageconcentrationofchlorophyllͲainthefourtripsin2010with thoseinthelasttwoyears,therewasnoticedthatadeclineinmostofthesitescomparedto previousyearsexceptforMaadiastationandtheELborgasaresultof 10. waterfromEdkuLakeandagricultural,sanitaryandindustrialdischargeinthoseareas. 11. NitriteandNitratesconcentrationarelow,rangedbetween(0.002,0.033mg/L)and recordeditshighestvalueintheMaadiaarea(0.098mg/L). 12. Total phosphorus concentration ranged between (0.007, 0.093 mg / L). The highest concentrationwasrecordedintheEstuariesoutlets. D Bacteriologicalmeasurementsweremadeforwatersamplesthecoastalareaduringthefour fieldtripsin2010foreachofthetotalcoliformbacteria,escherichiacolibacteriaandfecal streptococci bacteria, living in the intestines and stomach of humans and other living organisms;theirpresenceinwaterisconsideredanindicatorofsanitationpollution.Results werecomparedtoEuropeanstandardsof1988andEgyptianstandardsof1996,asfollows:Ͳ o Totalcoliformbacteria500cells/100mlofwater, o Escherichiacolibacteria(E.coli)100cells/100mlofwater, o Fecalstreptococcibacteria100cells/100mlofwater.  Resultsofmonitoringduring2010havebeenimprovedinsomemonitoringsitesas; waterquality wascleanandfreefromfecalthantheprevioustwoyears.Ingeneral,thereportshowsthatthereis an improvement in water quality as a general of the Egyptian Mediterranean coasts compared to previousthreeyearsasaresultofeffortsbeingconductedthroughcooperationwithstakeholders, continuousinspectionofindustrialandtouristic resortsdischarging directly or indirectly inthe Mediterraneanaswellasfactoriesreconciliationoftheirenvironmentalstandards.

 DigrameͲ1:ShowingsomemeasurementsintheNileDeltacoastalareasduringyear2009 (thereferenceinEEAAreport2009) 

298   In General, the pollutants are accumulated in the lakes or the nearͲshore sea water may have deleterious effects on its organisms, ecosystem and damage the marine life in the whole polluted area.Majoroutfalls/landͲbasedsourcesalongthedeltacoastandquantitiesofeffluentsdischarged daily(inmillionm3)arepositionedinFigure4. Theseproblemsareconfinednow,inAbuQirBay;duetothedrainageofthewastesofthefactories andtheindustrialdevelopmentdirectlytotheseaandinthethreeinlandwaterbodies(Idku,Burullus andManzalalakes). Miningofthesanddunes  These dunes are acting as a natural defence line against erosion. Recently the inhabitants in the coastal zone are damaging them by excavation e.g. the sand dunes in the western part of Rosetta promontoryhasbeendisappearedandtheagriculturelandaresubjectedtothedynamicforcesofthe sea.LargeamountsofsanddunesbetweenBurullusandBaltimwereusedintheconstructionofthe coastalroad.Thisaffectstheproductsandhencetheeconomy.Figure20showsthesummaryofthese problems. 

 1LOH'HOWD       .  PortSaid  2. /DNH %XUXOOXV   Alex. 5    /DNH 0DQ]DOD  /DNH (GNX   /DNH  NILE  0DUXLW    Figure4.Majoroutfalls/landͲbasedsourcesalongthedeltacoastandquantitiesofeffluents  dischargeddaily(inmillionm3).Source:MedPoll1993    Opportunitiesoftheareafordevelopment Irrationallanduse,waterpollution,shorelineerosion,floodinganddeteriorationofnaturalresources and habitats are the main challenges in the Nile delta. However, shoreline erosion resulted from

299   coastal processes and sea level rise due to climate change are essential problems. Although these problems,“areasofopportunity”stillexistwithintheNiledeltacoastalplain.Theseareasareprotected bynaturalandartificialsystems(Frihyetal.,2010). InadditiontothemanͲmadeengineeringstructuresbuiltatthedeltacoastline,citedabove,anatural defensesystemprovidesanaturalmechanismforprotectingthecoastalplainoftheNileDeltaagainst beach erosion and SLR (Figure 1).Thissystemincludes:accreting/advancingcoastlines,highͲelevated topographicfeaturessuchassanddunes.Bothnaturalandartificiallyprotectedcoastalstretchesare schematicallypresentedalongshoreinFigure1.Insomesectors,beachesarebackedbyhighͲelevated features such as coastal dunes or shoreͲparallel carbonate ridges. Theoretically, the coastal dune systems cover the backshore of the Burullus/Baltim sector, Abu Qir Bay and Gamasa embayment could prevent rising sea level from invading the interior of this region (location in Fig. 1). It is unfortunate that large areas of Gamasa dunes has been dredged for various uses, including land reclamation,landfilling,fishfarmingandroadconstruction. Inasimilarmanner,progradingoraccretingcoastlinescanbepartofthenaturalseadefensesystem when its prograding rate exceeds erosion induced from coastal processes and seaͲlevel rise. Commonly,convex shores such as bays and embayments have a higher tendency toward accretion than either straight or concave coasts (Lakhan and Pepper, 1997). Sectors experiencedsignificant shorelineaccretionexistparticularlyalongtheRosettaeastsaddleatAbuKhashaba,thecentralpart ofAbuQirBay(Fig.2d),GamasaembaymentandGulfofElTinehplain(Fig.1).Thesezonesarenot vulnerabletoSLRifthenetrateofaccretionexceedsoratleastbalanceserosioninducedfromother factorsincludingSLR.Fortunatethatshorelineofthesezonesareseawardprotrudingwithanaverage ratebetween5and12m/yr(FrihyandKomar,2003). Chapter4 DevelopmentPlanoftheNileDelta  LandͲuseplan ThepresentandfuturelandͲuseplansofthecoastalplainarepresentedinFigure5and6.Theseplans have been made by the national centre for planning state land uses, Urban Planning and Governorates.Suchplansincludefishfarm,industrialzones,beachesrichinblacksand,recreational beaches,newcoastalcities,unusedareasandshippingzone.

300  

Figure5.LanduseplansatthewesternNiledeltacoastalplanpreparedbytheNationalCentreforPlanningStateLand uses,UrbanPlanningandGovernorates.Ratesofbeacherosionandaccretionarealsoindicatedalongthecoastline (afterFrihyandDebeas(2012).

 Shorelinemanagementplan Management of the delta coastline is discussed herein by combining management plans, rates of beachchanges(shorelinestability),protectionworksandnaturalresources(Figure4and5).  Fromthewet,developmentplanslocatedwithinthecentralofAbuQirBayaresafeinviewofbeach instability,buttheyarethreateningbymarinepollutionsourcesdraininthewesternpartofthebay (Fig.5).Thecentralpartofthebayseemstobestablewithanaccretionrateof3m/year.Furthereast, thenewRosettaproposedtobecreatedwestoftheRosettaestuaryisfrontedbyaseriesofgroin

301   fieldthatwillactasashelterforthisnewcity(Fig.5).  EastofRosettaestuary,thenewMotobosIndustrialZoneplannedtobeestablishedalongtheRosetta saddle at Abu Khashaba is located within an accretionary coastline (Fig. 5). Presently, this area is experiencingaccretionatanaveragerateof14m/year.ThisareaisfollowedbytheBurulluslagoon barrier,37kmlong,whichismoreorlessstable.Thedevelopmentplansexistedorproposedbetween westBurulluslagooninletandKitchenerdrainarefrontedbyavarioustypesofprotectivestructures, bothnatural(sanddunes)andartificial(detachedbreakwaters),excepttheareawestofBaltim.This area,6kmlog,areexposedwithnoprotectionandisnotsafefordevelopment.  The development plans located within the central limb of Gamasa embayment are experienced significantaccretionof8m/year(Fig.6).Fortunately,thissectorhoststheproposednewMansora City.  RecreationcenterseastoftheDamiettaHarbor,~5mlong,needprotectionasitiserodingatannual rateof4m(Fig.6).Materialdredgedannuallyfromtheapproachchannelofthisharborcanbeusedas aborrowmaterialfornourishmentofthiscoastalsector.  Amonitoringplanhastobeimplementedtoevaluateanychangesinbeachesfrontingexistingand futureplannedsectors.

302   References ʊ Beltagy,A.L.,1985.SequencesandconsequencesofpollutioninNorthernEgyptianLakes,1.Lake Burrulus.Bull.Inst.Ocean.AndFisheriesARE,11,23Ͳ92.  Blodget,H.W.,Taylor,P.T.,andRoark,J.H.,1991.ShorelinechangesalongtheRosettaͲNilePromontory: Monitoringwithsatelliteobservations,MarineGeology,99,67Ͳ77.  ʊ ElͲRayis,O.,ElͲDin,S.H.,AbuElͲAmayem,M.,1979.Hydrographyanddistributionofheavymetalsand pesticidesinlakeManazala.IAPSO,GeneralAssembly,CamberraͲAustralia.  Fanos,A.M.,Frihy,O.E.,Khafagy,A.A.andKomar,P.D.,1991.Processesofshorelinechangealongthe NileDeltacoastofEgypt.CoastalSediments'91conference,Seattle,Washington,2:1547Ͳ1557.  Frihy,O.andDebeas,E.(2012).Decadalepisodicchangeinwaveclimateandcoastalerosioninthe NileDeltaofEgypt(underpreparation). Frihy,O.E.andKoma,rP.D.,1991.PatternsofbeachͲsandsortingandShorelineerosionontheNile Delta”JournalofSedimentaryPetrology,Vol.61,pp.544Ͳ550.  Frihy,O.E.andKomar,P.D.,1993.LongͲtermshorelinechangesandtheconcentrationofheavyminerals inbeachsandsoftheNiledelta,Egypt,MarineGeology,115,253Ͳ261.  Frihy,O.E.andLawrence,D.2004.EvolutionofthemodernNiledeltapromontories:developmentof accretionalfeaturesduringshorelineretreat.EnvironmentalGeology,46:914Ͳ931.  Frihy,O.E.,Fanos,M.A.,Khafagy,A.A.andKomar,P.D.,1991.Nearshoresedimenttransportpatterns alongtheNileDeltaEgypt.J.CoastalEng.,15:409Ͳ429.  Frihy,O.E.,DeabesE.A.,Shereet,S.M.,Abdalla,F.A.2010.AlexandriaͲNileDeltacoast,Egypt:update andfutureprojectionofrelativeseaͲlevelrise.EnvironmentalEarthSciences,61:1866Ͳ1887.  Saad, A. H. M., 1990.State of the Egyptian delta lakes, with particular reference for pollution problems.RegionalSymp.EnvironmentalStud.(UNARC),Alexandria.  Sestini, G., 1992.Implication of climatic changes for the Nile delta coast. Chapter 14: In Climatic ChangesandtheMediterranean,EditedbyL.Jeftic,J.D.Milliman&G.Sestini.PublicationEdward Arnold,aDivisionofHeider&Stroughton,1992,pp.535Ͳ601.  LakhanVC,PepperDA(1997)Relationshipbetweenconcavityandconvexityofacoastanderosion andaccretionpatterns.JCoastalRes13:226Ͳ232. Inman, D.L., Elwany, H.S., Khafagy, A.A. and Golik, A., 1992. Nile Delta profiles and migration sand blankets.Proceedingatthe23rdInternationalConferenceonCoastalEngineering(AmericanSocietyof CivilEngineering)2:3273Ͳ3284.  UNESCO/UNDP., 1978. Coastal protection studies. Final Technical Report, Paris, 1, 155p.

303    Chapter5 ProposedIntegratedCoastalZoneManagementPlanoftheNileDelta(ICZMP) BriefbackgroundoncurrentstatusofICZMinEGYPT  GeographicCoverageoftheEgyptianCoastalZone  AccordingtotheamendmentmadetotheLawoftheEnvironmentNo4in1994amendedin2009,the coastalzoneinEgyptwasredefinedinArticle1/3 9 asfollows: "ThecoastalzoneextendsalongtheshorelinesoftheArabRepublicofEgyptseawards,encompassing theterritorialwater,EEZandthecontinentalslopeareas,andlandwardstoareasofactiveinteraction with the marine environment for at least 30 km in the desert areas, unless interrupted by major topographicalfeatures,whileinthelowerNileDeltaregiontheterrestrialpartwouldextenduptothe +3.0mcontour.CoastalGovernoratesidentifythecoastalzoneinaccordancetotheirphysicalsetting andenvironmentalresources,butshouldbeextendedfornotlessthan10kmlandwards”  MediterraneancoastofEgypt  TheMediterraneancoastalzoneofEgyptisofgreateconomicandenvironmentalsignificance;andit combines localities of intensive socioͲeconomic activities and urbanized areas. The pressure of the humanactivityonthecoastalresourcesoftheMediterraneanisveryintense.Theenormousurban populationandadjacentagriculturalareas,allcontributetothepollutionloadreachingcoastalwaters, impactedandthreatenedthebiodiversity/ecosystems. Egypt'sMediterraneancoastlineoccupiesthesouthͲeasterncorneroftheMediterranean.Theprimary andsecondarycoastlinesstretchforabout1,550km.Ofthis,1200kmisprimarycoast(i.e.affectedby waves)extendingfromSallum(west)toRafah(east),whiletheremainderconsistsoftheshoresof sheltered coastal lagoons (Figure 1). Along this coastal area, there are eight coastal governorates. Thesearefromwesttoeast:Matruh,Alexandria,Behaira,KafrElͲSheikh,Damietta,Daqahliya,Port Said,andNorthSinai.(EEAA,2005).  The western part of the coastal area is relatively sparsely populated rangeland with rainͲfed agricultureandgrazingasmajorlandͲuseaswellaslocaltourism.However,thisareaisintensively developedatpresentfortourismandurbanprojects.Ontheotherhand,theeasternportionandthe coast around the Nile delta have population densities which are among the highest in the Mediterraneanregionandareahosttonumerouseconomicactivitiesincludingagriculture,industry, tourism,fisheries,andshippingandportactivities.   

304   CurrentICZMInstitutionalContext  ThenationalenvironmentalorganizationistheMinistryofStateforEnvironmentalAffairs(MSEA),the EgyptianEnvironmentalAffairsAgency(EEAA)anditseightRegionalBranchOffices(RBOs)whichare chargedwithoverallenvironmentalissuesincludingICZM,monitoringandregulatoryprocess.EEAAis continuouslydevelopingthecapacitiesandpartnershipsnecessarytostrengthenitspresenceinthe Governorates.ThisisachievedthroughtheexpansionandtheconsolidationofitsnetworkofRegional Branch Offices (RBO's), and the development of the capacities of the Environmental Management Units(EMU's)ofthegovernorates. At the sector level, many line ministries have a department or unit mandated with environmental management issues. These environmental departments/units vary in terms of their capacities and experiences.  MilestonesofmainICZMrelatedpolicy  1994 LawfortheEnvironmentN°4 1994 EstablishmentoftheNationalCommitteeforIntegratedCoastalZoneManagement (NCICZM) 1996 Developingofthe‘FrameworkProgrammefortheDevelopmentofNationalICZM PlanforEgypt 1996 PreparationoftheGuidelinesonEIAProcedures 1996PreparationoftheEnvironmentalGuidelinesfortheDevelopmentofCoastalAreas 2002 Developingthe2ndNationalEnvironmentalActionPlan 2009 AmendmenttoLawfortheEnvironmentN°4tointegrateICZMProtocolbylawN°9 whereICZMarticlewasintroduced. 2012DevelopingofICZMNationalStrategy(underadaptionprocedures)  NationalCommitteeforIntegratedCoastalZoneManagement  The EEAA was given specifically the authority to “participate with the concerned agencies and ministriesinthepreparationofaNationalICZMPlanfortheMediterraneanSeaandRedSeacoasts”. WiththismandatetheEEAAhasinitiatedthecoordinationofICZMplanning,inwhichthefirststep was to establish the National Committee for ICZM (NCICZM). A Ministerial Decree constituting the establishmentoftheNCICZMwasissuedin1994,amendedin1996,andfinallyin2007.  The function of the committee is not only to drawͲup a consistent policy and strategy for future development,butalsotoresolveconflictsbetweenusersinterests. Further to the issuance of consecutive ministerial decrees, the committee consisted at present of members from different authorities and representatives from the NonͲGovernmental Organizations

305   (NGOs). Clearly, institutional arrangements are required at different administrative levels (national, regional,local)fortakingresponsibilityforICZM  a. ThemandatesoftheNCICZMareasfollows:  ƒ TocoordinateallcoastalactivitiesbetweenthecompetentauthoritiestowardsICZM,through thedrafting,settingandapprovalofgeneralguidelinesforallactivities,includingEIA. ƒ Toensurethatalllanduseplansanddevelopmentactivitiesinthecoastalareatakeinaccount contingencyarrangements. ƒ To harmonize between the proposed development activity and the carrying capacity of the ecosystemforthesustainableuseofavailableresources. ƒ ToensureefficientcommitmentstotheRegionalandInternationalconventionsconcerningthe protectionofthemarineenvironmentandthecoastalareas. ƒ Toapproveprogrammesandplansaimsatrestoringandrehabilitationofcoastalecosystem thatsuffersfromenvironmentalstress,damageanddeterioration. ƒ Tocoordinateandspecifymandatesfordifferentauthoritiesinthecoastalarea. ƒ Toapprovenationalarrangementsrelatedtotheprotectionoftheenvironmentinthecoastal areasandthecontingencyplans. ƒ Toreviewandevaluateallmajorprojectstobeexecutedinthecoastalzone,particularlythose ofaconflictnatures. ƒ Toreviewanyfutureactivitiesorprojects,addingtotheabove,relevanttotheICZM ƒ Followupstudiesconcerningclimatechangeandsealevelsrise. ƒ Follow up the procedures regarding the Protection of the Marine Environment from LandͲ BasedActivities.  Currently,theDepartmentofCoastalandMarineZonesManagementoftheEEAAandthedivisionof theMediterraneanwereestablished.AttheLocal/Governoratelevel,EEAAhaveestablishedregional branchesofficescoveredthecoastalgovernorate.Although,theseRBO'shavenospecificdepartments forICZMintheirorganograms,theyareinchargeofallaspectsrelatedtoICZM   TheapproachusedtodeveloptheICZMplanforNileDelta    IntheframeofPEGASOproject,aCoastalGroupofNileDeltacasehavebeenestablishedbyDecree No"1' and comprises specialists from the coastal provinces, coastal development, the previous stakeholderstostudyanddiscussthekeyissuesandputtheplantodeveloptheICZMplan    

306   ThemandatesofthiscoastalGroupare:  1. Identifythekeyissues(pressure)experiencedbythestudyarea 2. Compilationofdevelopmentplansandprogramsinthestudyarea 3. Analysisandevaluationofplansandprogramsandidentifyconflictsbetweenthem 4. Participationinthepreparationofintegratedcoastalmanagementplanforthestudyarea 5. Developmentofpoliciesproposedtoimplementtheplan 6. ApprovedtheFinalproductofPEGASOproject(proposedNileDeltaIntegrationCoastalzone ManagementPlan)  TheGeographicCoverageoftheICZMPofNileDelta  Thecoastalgroupconductsseveralmeeting,inthefirstone,theyidentifiedthegeographiccoverage areas for case study which include the shoreline for the three coastal governorates (Dakahlia ,KafirElShaiekhandElBohera)withlandwardlimited2Ͳ5kmortilltheinternationalcoastalroadand thentheyidentifiedthefollowings: 1. Reviewasmuchaspossibleallplananddecreeissuedforstudyarea 2. Reviewasmuchaspossibleallpreviousworkdone 3. Identifiedthegapsandconflictsinplanamongstockholders 4. Identifiedtheopportunitiesforeconomicdevelopment. 5. Proposethemodificationneededtolanduseplan  Forthispurposefoursubgroupshavebeenformulatedfromthecoastalgroupeachoneresponsible forafieldinrelationtooneofthekeyissue.Thesesubgroupsare: 1. Landusesubgroup 2. Shorelinemanagementsubgroup 3. Naturalresourcessubgroup 4. Waterqualitysubgroup

307    TheAimofICZMPlan TheoverallaimoftheICZMPlanistoprogressfromthecurrentcoastalplanningandmanagement, which can be described as GovernmentͲdriven, towards an effective coastal governance. Coastal governanceishereinunderstoodasthemodelwhichenablestheinvolvementofinterͲorganisational networks, made up of governmental and societal stakeholders, and seeks out new means of cooperationsoastoachievespecificpolicy  ThemainObjectiveoftheplanis:  ƒ Tosustaintheexistingcoastaleconomicopportunitiesanddevelopnewonesthatsustainable contributetobothlocalandnationaldevelopmentanddiversifyemploymentopportunitiesfor coastalcommunities; ƒ To create a consensus on the envisioned development model for the region and forge partnershipsbetweenthegovernmentandallothersegmentsofthe3DeltaGovernorates.  TheoverallaimoftheICZMPlanistoprogressfromthecurrentcoastalplanningandmanagement, which can be described as GovernmentͲdriven, towards an effective coastal governance. Coastal governanceishereinunderstoodasthemodelwhichenablestheinvolvementofinterͲorganisational networks, made up of governmental and societal stakeholders, and seeks out new means of cooperationsoastoachievespecificpolicy.  TheRationaleoftheICZMPlan  a. BarcelonaConvention  In 1975, Mediterranean countries adopted the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP), the firstͲever RegionalSeasProgrammeunderUNEP'sumbrella.In1976thesePartiesadoptedtheConventionfor the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution (Barcelona Convention), amended and renamedasConventionfortheProtectionoftheMarineEnvironmentandtheCoastalRegionofthe Mediterraneanin1995.SevenProtocolsaddressingspecificaspectsofMediterraneanenvironmental conservation complete the MAP legal framework. Although MAP's initial efforts were focussed at marinepollutioncontrol,overtheyears,itsmandategraduallywidenedtoincludeintegratedcoastal zoneplanningandmanagement.  b. TheProtocolonICZMintheMediterranean  The ICZM Protocol is the seventh Protocol in the framework of the Barcelona Convention, this Protocol is to encourage the Mediterranean countries to better manage and protect their coastal

308   zones,aswellastodealwiththeemergingcoastalenvironmentalchallenges,suchasclimatechange. The Protocol is forwardͲlooking and proactive, since it aims at preventing and not only reacting to coastalproblems.Infact,theContractingPartiesaretodeveloptheirnationalICZMstrategiesasan outsetforallotherICZMactivitiesandpreparecoastalimplementationplansandprograms.  c. NationalICZMStrategyforEgypt(underadoption).  NationalICZMStrategyforEgypt(fromnowontheICZMStrategy),whichwasstartedtodeveloped during 2009 and the draft was completed by 2011, it is still pending of approval. The strategy identifiedthreemajorstrategicobjectivesareretainedthatdeservededicatedattentionoverthenext years.ThesearestrengtheningICZMpolicybybetterpolicycoordination,planningasustainableuseof coastalresourcesandpromotingstakeholdersawareness.  d. AnalysisofSectoralPlans  TheanalysisoftheexistingSectoralPlanswascarriedouttounderstandwhichissuesalreadyplanned andhowtheyareaddressedbytheseplans.Foursubgroupswereestablishedtoprovidethepolicy baselineinformationandallowedtobettercomprehendwhichspecificactionsareneededandwhich coordination mechanisms between the different administrations are to improve effective coastal management.TheAnalysisoftheSectoralPlansaimstoevaluatethelevelofintegrationbetweenthe differentsectoralplansandtoidentifiedtheconflictsbetweenthedifferentplans.  e. TheLegalFramework  The Law No. 4 of 1994 and its amendment law No.9 of 2009 the protection of environment constitutesthemainlegislativebodyinthefieldofenvironmenttoformulatethegeneralpolicyand prepare the necessary plans for the protection and promotion of the environment, including the managementofthecoastalzone,definitionsofcoastalzone,,coastalecosystemandcoastalplan,.The lawprovidesfortheuseofenvironmental managementmechanisms.  Law102of1983providesthelegislativeframeworkforestablishingandmanagingprotectedareasin Egypt.  ThestructureoftheICZMPlan  ThestructureoftheICZMPlanareinspiredbytheICZMProtocolandtheNationalICZMStrategyand basedonthespecificneedsofthestudyareaandthecontributionoflocalStakeholders ThestructureoftheICZMPlanestablishesthreedifferentlevels:StrategicObjectives,Activities,and Actions. The objectives are based on the objectives of the National ICZM Strategy to ensure the

309   vertical coherence and coordination between national and regional policies. The three different objectivesaredevelopedthroughActivities,whichtargettheprioritiesofthestudyarea,asfollows:     StrategicObjectives Activities     A. MaximizingCoordinationandCooperationbetweenadministrations 1. Strengthening ICZM andagencies Policy   B. ReconsideringexistingLawsAndRegulations   C. EnsuringstakeholderInvolvement   2. PlanningaSustainable A. Implementingpoliciesandmeasures Use of Coastal  Resources B. ImplementingtheLandUseManagementPlan    C. ImplementingtheShorelineManagementPlan   D. DevelopingWaterManagementPlan   3. Promoting  Stakeholders A. Promoting Institutional Capacity Building in ICZM to strengthening Awareness effectivecoastalmanagement   Table1.Prioritiesofthestudyarea  TheActivitiesaredevelopedthroughActions,whichbetterdefinethespecificneedsofthestudyarea. TheseActivitiesarefulfilledthrough23proposedActions,whicharetargetingtheseneeds.Therefore, theICZMPlandefined23Actionswhichareshowninthefollowingtables

310   StrengtheningICZMPolicy   Activities Actions    Increasing Coordination between the three delta  Governorates and EEAA regional branch and Central 1.A. Maximizing Coordination and Cooperation CZMdept.EEAA betweenadministrationsandagencies  DevelopingaResearchAgendaofappliedresearchto supportpolicymakingandmanagementdecisions

EstablishingLongͲTermFundingmechanisms   ImprovedistributionofCompetencies   DevelopingspecificICZMLawandRegulation 1.B.ReconsideringexistingLawsAndRegulations  SimplifyingRegulationsconcerningresourceuseand exploitation   Developing effective Mechanisms for stakeholders'  involvement  1.C.EnsuringstakeholderInvolvement DevelopingConflictResolutionmechanisms  PromotingCollaborativeManagement  Table2.StrengtheningICZMPolicy(Activities&Actions)   TheexpectedoutcomesofthisStrategicObjectivesare: x EstablishinganinstitutionalandregulatoryframeworktoenableICZMimprovingcoordination andincreasingcooperationbetweenadministrations x EnsuringtheavailabilityoflongͲtermfundingmechanisms x Ensuringstakeholdersinvolvementandreducingconflicts x Promotingthatmanagementoptionsarebasedinsoundscientificknowledge

311    PlanningaSustainableUseofCoastalResources   Activities Actions    CreatingCoastalgroupineachgovernorates   Developing policies and measures reviewing and 2.A.Implementingpoliciesandmeasures updatingmechanisms  DevelopingAguidelinesforcoastaldevelopment   DevelopingConflictResolutionmechanisms 2.B.ImplementingtheLandUse ManagementPlan. Creatingamechanismsforimplementation   DevelopingConflictResolutionmechanisms 2.C.ImplementingtheShoreline ManagementPlan Creatingamechanismsforimplementation   Creating Water CollaborativePlanning group in each  Coastalgovernorate 2.D.DevelopingandImplementingWater ManagementPlan Ensuringtheparticipationofallstakeholdersincluding  Farmerrepresented

Creating a mechanisms for Adoption and implementation  Table3.PlanningaSustainableUseofCoastalResources(Activities&Actions) TheexpectedoutcomesofthisStrategicObjectivesare: x Reducingconflictsofinterestamongallstakeholders x Encouragetheparticipationoflocalstakeholdersin theproblemͲsolvingprocesstoleverage planimplementation x Developingcollaborativeplanning x Implementingcollaborativemanagement  PromotingStakeholdersAwareness   Activities Actions 3.A.PromotingInstitutionalCapacity DevelopingAdministrativeStructurestoICZMprocess BuildinginICZMtostrengthening ImprovingICZMCapacityBuildingtoallworkingstaff effectivecoastalmanagement involving in ICZM process administrative authorities  andpublicagencies 3.B.PromotingPublicEducationand Increasing Education on ICZMsustainable

312   AwarenessProgrammestocreate development(School&University) constituencyforcoastalmanagement ImprovingtheInvolvementofLocalPopulationinthe andensuretheinvolvementofall decisiontakingprocess Stakeholders.  Table4.PromotingStakeholdersAwareness(Activities&Actions) TheexpectedoutcomesofthisStrategicObjectivesare:  x IncreasingcapacitybuildinginICZMatbothindividualandinstitutionallevels x Establishmentsocialandadministrativeconstituenciestoimprovemanagingprocess x EncouragePublicParticipationintheplanning,implementationandmanagementoftheICZM TheInstitutionalstructurerequiredforplanimplementation TheNationalICZMstrategyidentifiedthatthemainICZMchallengesare: a. Institutionalchallenge:coordinateddecisionͲmakingandimplementation b. Leveragechallenge:balancingbetweenmanagement,legalandfinancialmeans c. Capacitybuildingchallenge:developICZMskillsacrosssectorsandlevelsofgovernment For this purpose and to achieve the implementation of the ICZM plan the following intuitional structureproposedtoensurethecoordinationbetweenNational,Regionalandlocalleveltakinginto consideration the two different approachesVertical andHorizontal coordination for better government coordination and cooperation, the proposed administrative and executive structures includetheexistenceofNationalsteeringcommitteeforICZMwithspecificmandateasitismentioned before , with respect to the experience achieved through the coastal group work during the preparationofthisplan.  Nationallevel  1DWLRQDO,&=0  &RPPLWWHH    RegionalLevel  ,&=0&RPPLWWHHLQHDFK  RIWKHJRYHUQRUDWHV    &RDVWDOJURXSLQHDFKRIWKH  JRYHUQRUDWHV   LocalLevel TopdownApproaches

313    The ICZM committee in each of the three Delta governorates will be established by the governor decree and headed by the governor membered by decision maker in line ministries within the governoratesandtheworkingNGOsinthegovernorateswiththefollowingmandate.  x AgreeinguponcommoncriteriaforthedecisionͲmakingprocess x Reducing conflicts and incoherencies between sectorial plans of different agencies and authorities x Ensuringaclosecoordinationthroughjointdecisionmakingproceduresofcoastalstrategies, programmesandplansbetweennationalauthoritiesandregionalandlocalbodies x EnsuringtheavailabilityoflongͲtermfundingmechanisms x InitiationofRegionalICZMprocess x Promoteadministrativecoordinationinspecificcoastalanddevelopmentalissues x Resolvespecificconflicts x RevisionofOperationalPlans  ThecoastalgroupineachofthethreeDeltagovernorateswillbeestablishedbythegovernordecree and headed by the general secretariat of the governorate and membered by the technical officers withinthecoastalcityinthegovernoratesandrepresentativefromsocialandcivilsocietyworkingas advisorgroupfortheICZMcommitteeinthegovernorateswiththefollowingmandate  x Follow up the implementation of the agreed sectorial plan , and work on the Local conflict mediationandresolution x MonitorprogressintheimplementationoftheICZMplananddiffraction x Promotecollaborativeplanninginspecificcoastalissues x MaintaincommunicationchannelwithLocalCompetentAuthority x Evaluation and development of policy measures based on the stakeholders expertise and interest x Definitionofdevelopmentpriorities x Recommendationofasetofpolicyproposalsandcollectiveactions 

314    MonitoringandEvaluation  Monitoring is the continuous or periodic process of collecting and analysing data to measure the performanceofaprogramme,projectoractivity.Itprovidesmanagersandstakeholderswithregular feedbackonimplementationandprogresstowardstheattainmentofenvironmentalobjectives.  ThefollowingIndicatorsareproposedtouseformonitoringtheprogressintheimplementationofthe ICZMplan.  1. Establishment of the ICZM committee in the each of the three coastal governorate and the Coastalgroup 2. Numberofmeetingsperyear 3. NumberofagreementsperCommitteemeeting 4. Numberofagreementspermeetingtodevelopspecificpriorities 5. Numberofidentifiedconflictcompetencies 6. Ratiobetweenidentifiedconflictsandagreementstoresolvethem 7. QuantifiableobjectivesandprinciplesforICZMformallyadopted 8. Simplifyingexistingregulationconcerningresourceuseandexploitation 9. Developingconflictresolutiontools 10. Development of specific regulations to solve detected problems and in coherencies during CollaborativeManagementimplementation 11. NumberoflocalstakeholdersparticipatinginLocalAgendas 12. Numberandtypeofstakeholdersinvolved 13. Appropriatedindicatorstoassesstheprogressintheimplementationofsectorialplan 14. NumberandcharacterofstakeholdersparticipatingintheWorkshop 15. Numberofseminariesandtrainingcoursesproposed 16. NumberoftrainingactivitiesfortechnicalstaffinCollaborativeManagement 17. Numberofparticipantsintrainingcoursesandworkshops 18. Numberofcarriedoutcampaigns 19. Numberofschoolsinvolved 20. Childrenactivelyparticipatingoncampaignactivities

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