8.CycladesArchipelago(Greece) 1.BriefintroductionoftheGreekCASE CycladesIslandsenteredGreeksovereigntyin1833.TheCycladesisanislandgroupinthe AegeanSea,southeastofmainlandGreeceandconstitutesoneoftheadministrativeentities ofGreece.Intermsofadministrationtheyaredividedin9provinces,20municipalitiesand 11 communities. They form one of the island groups which constitute the Aegean archipelago.TheCycladescompriseabout220islands,themajoronesbeingAmorgos,Anafi, Andros,Antiparos,Ios, Kea,Kimolos,Kythnos, Milos,Mykonos,Naxos, Paros,Folegandros, Serifos,Sifnos,Sikinos,Syros,Tinos,andTheraorSantorini.Mostofthesmallerislandsare uninhabited.Ermoupoliscity(37°27N24°54E),onSyros,isthecapitalandadministrative centeroftheprefecture(Fig.1).Theislandsarepeaksofasubmergedmountainousterrain, withtheexceptionoftwovolcanicislands,MilosandSantorini(Thera).Thetotalareaofthe islandsis2572km²with120000inhabitants. $(*($16($ *UHHFH Figure1.1.MapshowingCycladesregionwithcapital TheGreekcoastalzoneisofparticularimportance,bothoneconomicͲdevelopment,aswell asonenvironmentalͲculturalterms.ThevalueoftheGreekcoastalzoneisproven,among others,bystatistics,e.g.itsareaofsome132,000km²andcoastlinelengthof15,000km, with40%thereofbelongingtoislands.Every1km²correspondsto113mofshore,whenthe globalaveragedoesnotexceed5m. However,thesituationisasfollows(adoptedfromTEE,2009): 193 x Greece does not have a comprehensive legal framework in place for integrated/sustainable coastal zone management. These issues are currently addressedinafragmentedmannerthroughregulationsmainlyonlanddevelopment and environmental policy level and individual space and sectoral policies (tourism, urbandevelopment,industry,environment,etc.). x ThedevelopmentandimplementationofcoastalpolicyinGreeceisstillweak. x Coastal environment management plans are not effectively implemented, while a largenumberofregulationshasnotbeenimplementedorhasbeendisplacedaftera shortimplementationperiod. x Ontheadministrativelevel,thereisnomechanismresponsibleforthecoͲordination andarbitrationofinitiativesandactionsregardingcoastalmanagement.Thecoastal planning system is fragmented between national, regional and local bodies. It is characterized by many gaps and duplication, resulting in conflicts of jurisdiction in decisionmaking.Itisoftenorientedtoaddressingproblemsofthepastandcannot foresee future needs and problems. The achievement of governance and interͲ sectoral coͲordination in all levels constitutes a condition for the rational managementofGreekcoastallife. x Local communities, research bodies, environmental and social organisations and professionalassociationsdonotparticipatesystematicallyandjointly,togetherwith the central government, in the development of a policy for sustainable sea and coastalresourcesmanagement. x Thelackof informationandeffectiveinformationcollectionandexchangesystems, the insufficiencies in environmental awareness and the low public participation in almost all decision making levels constitute additional obstacles to resolving the problemsandtoanticipatingandpreventingseriousconditionsinthefuture. The preparation of Greek authorities for the drawing up of a national programme on the sustainable development of coastal areas and islands (Ministry of Environment, Physical, 2008)includesthefollowingmainobjectives(adoptedfromTEE,2009): x Settingofgeneralandspecialtargetsforcoastalareassustainabledevelopment. x Demarcation of the coastline and the critical coast area as an area of national responsibilityfortheprotectionofnaturalecosystemsandthesecuringoffreeand unimpededaccess. x Identificationanddemarcationinallcoastalareasofawiderzoneinordertoexercise coastalmanagementpolicy. x In areas under significant pressure for development, the purpose of development must identify the application rules of development plans, ensuring preservation of naturalresourcesandecosystems. x Inareasfacingenvironmentaldegradationproblemsduetoextensivedevelopment, the management purpose must be environmental upgrading through the improvementofnaturalresources,theprotectionofecosystems'operationandthe upgradingofhumanactivities. x In areas free of severe impact due to human activity, the purpose of management mustbetosecuretheirprotectionasnationalreserves. x Foreverytypeofcoastalarea,thedesiredandpermittedusesmustbedetermined, 194 onconditionthatsufficientpublicaccesstothecoastisensured. x Preparation of a certain procedure for the approval and licensing of all significant projectsandactivitiessitedincoastalzones. 2.CoastalIssueSelectionProcess Whydidyouselecttheidentifiedcoastalissues?.....................................................................................2.1.2.2,9 Whatisthesocial,politicalandeconomicrelevanceoftheidentifiedcoastalissues? (Pleaseprovidedatathatcanconfirmtheirrelevance)..............................................................2.1,2.2,9 Haveyoudeveloped,selectedorcalculatedindicatorsinordertodepictthesituationandthe problemsyouplannedtoconsider?........................................................................................................2.3,2.3,2.5 2.1.SelectedIssues TheselectedissuesfortheGreekCASEwere: x fisheries x tourism x maritimetransportation The selected issues in this case are the core of the economic activity and development objectives for the islands and they exhibit a strong relationship between them. The main economic activity for the islands since ancient times by tradition is primary production (agriculture, livestock and fisheries) while later, tourism became the primary objective for development.TourismdevelopmentisbasedsolelyontheexploitationoflocalresourcesIn ordertosatisfytheneedsofthevisitors(oneofwhichistheproductionoffoodgivenalso the relative isolation of the Cyclades islands from the mainland) and also transportation infrastructure suitable to cover the moving needs of the visitors and raw materials both qualitativelyandwithsafety.Finallymaritimetransportationisthebasisofanydevelopment fortheislandsbecauseitispracticallytheonlyplatformforthetransportationofpeopleand goods interconnecting all the economic activities (those related to the coast and others) creatingalsoanegativeexternality(risk)relatedtomaritimeaccidents. 195 Figure2.1.24hshippingdensityinCentralAegeanSea Intermsoffactsandfigures,wecanhavethefollowing: x fisheries:mainlyimportantforjobandincomesecurityoftheislandsandthesmall ruralcommunitiesdependentonfisheriesthatexisthere.Intermsofusers,wemay estimate that professional fishermen and the dependent persons (family members andfishworkersonboardorondock)are891fishingvesselswith1337fishermen working on board and 3564 dependent persons on average summing up to 4901 people dependent from fisheries (=4.15% of total population). The value of their production (based on national average, National Program for Fisheries Data Collection)forvessels<13m(LOA)is39,383,982.00€(2011). x tourism: a 'trendy' economic activity much preferred by the locals in relation to agriculture.Tourismisthemainobjectivefordevelopmentfortheislands.Intermsof facts and figures, in 2011 almost 570,000 tourists (nationals and internationals) arrivedtoCycladesislands28.Withanaverageof4daysperpersonandanaverage expenditureof79€/day,thevalueoftourismfortheregionis180,120,000.00€per year(2011). x transportation: transportation is a declining sector lately due to the financial crisis andthedecommissioningofmanyvessels(ferries)duetotheirage(accordingtothe law,aferryvesselhasausefulandsafelifespanof35yearsbeforescraping).Interms of facts and figures, arrivals to Cyclades region by ferries in 2006 were 4,039,983 persons and 2,347,665 tn of merchandise giving an estimated value of minimum 941,616,090.00€(averagecostofonlinebookingperpassengerwith1normalcar,no cabin,economy=230€)onlyfromthepassengerswhilefromthemerchandisecanbe upto24,000,000.00€(appx.8Ͳ10€perm³). ʹͺ ʹͲͳͳ 196 2.2.Context ICZM is an extremely complicated localized process with several common characteristics (guidelines) as described in the protocol. Within the Cyclades CASE, six (6) interacting modulesofissueshavebeenidentified: social environmental population business infrastructure planning Allmodulesincludedrivers,pressures,impacts,responsesandstatesandinsomecasesthe sameissuecanbemorethan1(pressure/stateordriver/pressure)atthesametime. Inthespecifictermsthatareexpectedfortheregionalassessment,thereare2important modules: (a) the population module and (b) the environmental module.The population moduleisaffectedprimarilybythesocialstate(aging,labour,povertyandliteracyindicators) andthebusinessmodule(enterprise,shipping,aquacultureandfisheriesindicators)creating pressurealongthecoastlineintermsofincreasednumberofcoastalinhabitantsandurban sprawl (for tourism mainly). At the same time, the coastal habitation and infrastructure buildingincreases(a)theprobabilitiesofhazardfromclimatechanges(sealevelrisemainly) tothepopulation,theecosystemandtheinfrastructureand(b)thedevelopmentofcoast related business such as fisheries29 and aquaculture. Infrastructure hazards feedback and affect the development of businesses while the economic sectors as fisheries and aquaculture have a negative effect on coastal sensitive ecosystems. Finally, administration module interferes in the process providing (a) urban plans and (b) designating protected areas for NATURA 2000 / Birds / Habitats/ Posidonia beds. Of course administration is a major constituent of the network since it affects all issues with (a) the planning, (b) the legislation, (c) the policies/priorities and (b) its capacity to