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Morphotectonic Analysis Along the Northern Margin of Samos Island, Related to the Seismic Activity of October 2020, Aegean Sea, Greece

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Morphotectonic Analysis Along the Northern Margin of Samos Island, Related to the Seismic Activity of October 2020, Aegean Sea, Greece geosciences Article Morphotectonic Analysis along the Northern Margin of Samos Island, Related to the Seismic Activity of October 2020, Aegean Sea, Greece Paraskevi Nomikou 1,* , Dimitris Evangelidis 2, Dimitrios Papanikolaou 1, Danai Lampridou 1, Dimitris Litsas 2, Yannis Tsaparas 2 and Ilias Koliopanos 2 1 Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (D.P.); [email protected] (D.L.) 2 Hellenic Navy Hydrographic Service, Mesogeion 229, TGN 1040 Cholargos, Greece; [email protected] (D.E.); [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (Y.T.); [email protected] (I.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: On 30 October 2020, a strong earthquake of magnitude 7.0 occurred north of Samos Island at the Eastern Aegean Sea, whose earthquake mechanism corresponds to an E-W normal fault dipping to the north. During the aftershock period in December 2020, a hydrographic survey off the northern coastal margin of Samos Island was conducted onboard R/V NAFTILOS. The result was a detailed bathymetric map with 15 m grid interval and 50 m isobaths and a morphological slope map. The morphotectonic analysis showed the E-W fault zone running along the coastal zone with 30–50◦ of Citation: Nomikou, P.; Evangelidis, slope, forming a half-graben structure. Numerous landslides and canyons trending N-S, transversal D.; Papanikolaou, D.; Lampridou, D.; Litsas, D.; Tsaparas, Y.; Koliopanos, I. to the main direction of the Samos coastline, are observed between 600 and 100 m water depth. The Morphotectonic Analysis along the ENE-WSW oriented western Samos coastline forms the SE margin of the neighboring deeper Ikaria Northern Margin of Samos Island, Basin. A hummocky relief was detected at the eastern margin of Samos Basin probably representing Related to the Seismic Activity of volcanic rocks. The active tectonics characterized by N-S extension is very different from the Neogene October 2020, Aegean Sea, Greece. tectonics of Samos Island characterized by NE-SW compression. The mainshock and most of the Geosciences 2021, 11, 102. https:// aftershocks of the October 2020 seismic activity occur on the prolongation of the north dipping E-W doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020102 fault zone at about 12 km depth. Academic Editors: Ioannis Kassaras, Keywords: swath bathymetry; submarine fault scarp; active fault; submarine canyons; subma- Athanassios Ganas, Paolo Pace and rine landslides Jesus Martinez-Frias Received: 26 January 2021 Accepted: 16 February 2021 1. Introduction Published: 20 February 2021 Samos Island is located at the Eastern Aegean Sea near the coast with Minor Asia along Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral the eastern margin of the Aegean plate (Figure1). The eastern tectonic boundary of the with regard to jurisdictional claims in Aegean plate with the Anatolian plate has been considered as a complex zone with strong published maps and institutional affil- seismicity and E-W graben structures from normal faulting [1–3], which more recently iations. has been characterized as the West Anatolian Shear Zone with left-lateral motion based mainly on GPS data [4] (Figure1b). The GPS displacement rate around the Samos area is 30 mm/yr to the SW [5–7], and the geodetic strain rate displays small extension in the N-S direction without E-W compressive component, as in the areas towards the northeast Aegean Islands such as Lesvos [8]. Seismic activity is known since the ancient times [9] Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. and continues until today as the October 2020 events have shown. This article is an open access article The mainshock occurred on 30 October with magnitude 7.0 [10,11], and its focal distributed under the terms and mechanism indicated an E–W trending normal fault dipping to the north. Its epicenter is conditions of the Creative Commons located about 8–10 km north of Samos Island to the north of Karlovassi, situated at the Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// basinal area of the Samos Basin [12]. The activated fault was assumed to be running along creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ the northern margin of Samos Island, which bounds from the south the Samos Basin as the 4.0/). aftershock distribution also indicated (see fault plane solutions on Figure 6a). A remarkable Geosciences 2021, 11, 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020102 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/geosciences Geosciences 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 16 basinal area of the Samos Basin [12]. The activated fault was assumed to be running along the northern margin of Samos Island, which bounds from the south the Samos Basin as the aftershock distribution also indicated (see fault plane solutions on Figure 6a). A re‐ markable tsunami, reaching a height of 1–3 m, hit the coastal areas around the Samos Basin [13], and co‐seismic uplift of shorelines at the western coastline of northern Samos was observed by 10–20 cm [14]. A tectonic uplift of 10 cm was also detected from co‐seis‐ mic interferometric analysis of SAR and GNSS on Samos Island [15]. Immediately after the seismic activity and during the aftershock period in December Geosciences 2021, 11, 102 2 of 15 2020 a hydrographic survey off the northern coastal margin of Samos Island was con‐ ducted with Hydrographic – Oceanographic Vessel R/V NAFTILOS of the Hellenic Navy Hydrographic Service, using the multibeam SeaBat 7160 RESON. The result of the hydro‐ tsunami,graphic survey reaching is apresented height of in 1–3 this m, paper hit the with coastal a detailed areas around bathymetric the Samos map Basin (15 m [13 grid], and in‐ co-seismicterval and uplift50 m isobaths) of shorelines followed at the by western the morphotectonic coastline of northern analysis Samos of the was obtained observed bathy by‐ 10–20metric cm data [14 ].and A tectonicdiscussion uplift of oftheir 10 cmrelation was alsoto the detected recent fromseismic co-seismic activity interferometric and the active analysistectonics of of SAR the Samos and GNSS broader on Samos area. Island [15]. FigureFigure 1.1. TheThe location location of of Samos Samos Island Island at at the the eastern eastern Aegean Aegean Sea Sea and and the the studied studied area area in green in green frame.frame. Red Red lines lines correspond correspond to to major major tectonic tectonic structures structures and and black black arrows arrows correspond correspond to GPS to vec GPS‐ vectorstors [16]. [16 Orange]. Orange and and blue blue arrows arrows correspond correspond to togeodetic geodetic strain strain rates rates [17]. [17 ].A.E: A.E: Aghios Aghios Efstratios, Efstratios, Al:Al: Alonnissos, Am: Am: Amorgos, Amorgos, Chal: Chal: Chalkidiki, Chalkidiki, Chi: Chi: Chios, Chios, Ev: Ev: Evia, Evia, Ik: Ik:Ikaria, Ikaria, Le: Lesvos, Le: Lesvos, Li: Li: Limnos,Limnos, Patm:Patm: Patmos, Pe: Pelion, Sa: Samothraki, Samothraki, Sam: Sam: Samos, Samos, Sko: Sko: Skopelos, Skopelos, Ther: Ther: Thermaikos, Thermaikos, NAB: North Aegean Basin, SaB: Saros Basin, SkB: Skyros Basin, Iz: Izmir. (a) Insert map: the loca‐ NAB: North Aegean Basin, SaB: Saros Basin, SkB: Skyros Basin, Iz: Izmir. (a) Insert map: the location tion of Samos at the eastern domain III of ENE–WSW neotectonic Aegean arc structure [18]. (b) of Samos at the eastern domain III of ENE–WSW neotectonic Aegean arc structure [18]. (b) Insert Insert map: Geotectonic position of the studied area of Samos at the eastern margin of the Aegean map:plate, Geotectonic adjacent to the position West Anatolian of the studied Shear area Zone of Samos(WASZ) at separating the eastern it margin from the of Anatolian the Aegean plate plate, adjacent[4]. CHSZ: to theCentral West Hellenic Anatolian Shear Shear Zone. Zone (WASZ) separating it from the Anatolian plate [4]. CHSZ: Central Hellenic Shear Zone. Immediately after the seismic activity and during the aftershock period in December 2020 a hydrographic survey off the northern coastal margin of Samos Island was conducted with Hydrographic—Oceanographic Vessel R/V NAFTILOS of the Hellenic Navy Hydro- graphic Service, using the multibeam SeaBat 7160 RESON. The result of the hydrographic survey is presented in this paper with a detailed bathymetric map (15 m grid interval and 50 m isobaths) followed by the morphotectonic analysis of the obtained bathymetric data and discussion of their relation to the recent seismic activity and the active tectonics of the Samos broader area. Geosciences 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 16 Geosciences 2021, 11, 102 3 of 15 Geological Setting of Samos Island Geological Setting of Samos Island Samos Island occurs on the medial tectono‐metamorphic belt of the Hellenides (for‐ mer SamosAttica‐ IslandCyclades occurs massif) on the at medial the eastern tectono-metamorphic segment of the belt Aegean of the arc, Hellenides including (former also Attica-CycladesIkaria Island [19]. massif) It is characterized at the eastern by segment E–W to ofENE–WSW the Aegean oriented arc, including neotectonic also ‐ Ikariamor‐ Islandphotectonic [19]. It structures, is characterized forming by E–Wa wide to ENE–WSWangle with the oriented NW–SE neotectonic structures - morphotectonic of the western structures,segment of the forming Aegean a widearc, observed angle with along the the NW–SE Evia, Andros structures and Tinos of the islands western [18] segment (Figure of1a). the Both Aegean segments arc, comprise observed an along alternation the Evia, of Androstectonic andhorsts Tinos (represented islands [18 by] (Figurethe islands)1a). Bothand grabens segments (represented comprise anby the alternation interfingering of tectonic gulfs horstsand channels) (represented occupying by the a back islands)‐arc andposition, grabens parallel (represented to the frontal by the arc interfingering structures along gulfs the and Hellenic channels) trenches. occupying The a main back-arc off‐ position,shore structure parallel in to the the central frontal eastern arc structures Aegean along Sea theis the Hellenic Ikaria trenches.
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