Die Islamische Bewegung Der Hamas in Palästina

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Die Islamische Bewegung Der Hamas in Palästina Die islamische Bewegung der Hamas in Palästina Entstehung, Entwicklung und politische Haltungen zwischen 1989-2007 DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Grades des Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) am Fachbereich Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften – Otto Suhr Institut für Politikwissenschaft der Freien Universität Berlin Vorgelegt von: Bassam Ewaida Heylstr.10 10825 Berlin [email protected] 0176 24037697 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Hans-Joachim Mengel 2. Gutachter: Priv.-Doz. Dr. Charles Elworthy Tag der Disputation: 24. August 2009 Gliederung 1 EINLEITUNG..................................................................................................................1 2 GEGENSTAND DER FORSCHUNG .............................................................................11 2.1 Fragestellung...........................................................................................................11 2.2 Forschungsstand .....................................................................................................11 2.2.1 Gliederung und Vorgehensweise.................................................................. 17 2.2.2 Historischer Abriss der Entwicklung der Hamas........................................... 18 2.2.3 Zum Begriff des Fundamentalismus und des Islamismus.............................. 19 2.2.4 Zum Begriff des politischer Islam und der Muslimbrüder.......................... 22 2.2.5 Der Begriff Hamas...................................................................................... 26 2.3 Untersuchungsmethode...........................................................................................27 2.3.1 Politische Studien, Fachliteratur, Zeitungen und Zeitschriften ..................... 29 2.3.2 Die Medien (Nachrichtenagenturen, Fernsehen, Radio, politische Flugblätter, Graffiti und Internet)................................................................ 31 2.3.3 Interviews .................................................................................................. 35 2.3.3.1 Das problemzentrierte Interview.................................................37 2.3.3.2 Auswertungsverfahren für Interviews..........................................39 2.3.4 Auswertung von Materialien der Experten ................................................... 41 3 DIE MUSLIMBRÜDER...................................................................................................44 3.1 Die Muslimbrüder in Ägypten.................................................................................44 3.2 Die Muslimbrüder in Palästina ...............................................................................48 3.2.1 Die Muslimbrüder in der West Bank ............................................................. 53 3.2.1.1 Aktivitäten der Muslimbruderschaft ...............................................54 3.2.1.2 Entstehung der Fatah-Bewegung ...................................................55 I 3.2.1.3 Die Beziehung zwischen den Muslimbrüdern und der Fatah .......57 3.2.1.4 Die Beziehung zwischen Muslimbrüdern und dem Islamische Dschihad ....................................................................................59 3.2.2 Die Muslimbrüder im Gaza-Streifen........................................................... 60 3.2.2.1 Die Gewerkschaftsarbeit.............................................................60 3.2.2.2 Aufbau des Militärapparates.......................................................61 3.2.2.3 Die „Islamische Vereinigung“ in Gaza.......................................61 3.2.3 Die Organisation der Muslimbrüder in Palästina ........................................ 63 3.2.3.1 Anfänge der politischen Organisation.........................................64 3.2.3.2 Institutionen................................................................................64 3.2.4 Kritik an den Muslimbrüdern ..................................................................... 65 4 DER ISLAMISCHE WIEDERAUFSCHWUNG UND DIE BEDEUTUNG PALÄSTINAS................................................................................................................67 4.1 Der islamische Wiederaufschwung ......................................................................67 4.1.1 Allgemeine Gründe für das Erstarken des Islamismus ................................ 68 4.1.1.1 Fehlschlagen des Säkularisierungsprozesses...............................68 4.1.1.2 Die Niederlage von 1967 ............................................................68 4.1.1.3 Sieg der iranischen Revolution und Zusammenbruch des kommunistischen Lagers.............................................................69 4.1.1.4 Anstieg der Armut und Fehlschlagen des Entwicklungsprozesses 69 4.1.2 Die speziellen Gründe für das Wiedererstarken des Islam in Palästina........ 69 4.1.2.1 Das palästinensische Problem ....................................................69 4.1.2.2 Die Schwächung der Macht und die Exekutive der palästinensischen Befreiungsorganisation (PLO)........................70 4.1.2.3 Die Bereitstellung sozialer Dienste .............................................71 4.1.2.4 Finanzielle Unterstützung aus dem Ausland................................71 II 4.2 Die Bedeutung Palästinas .................................................................................72 4.2.1 Die zentrale Bedeutung des Palästinaproblems....................................... 72 4.2.2 Die Bedeutung der „Befreiung“ Palästinas in der Ideologie der Islamisten............................................................................................... 73 5 GRÜNDUNG DER HAMAS-BEWEGUNG ............................................................74 5.1 Ausbruch der ersten Intifada ...............................................................................74 5.1.1 Ursachen für den Ausbruch der ersten Intifada (1987-1994)....................... 74 5.1.2 Gründung der Hamas (1987) ...................................................................... 75 5.1.2.1 Die Charta und Parolen..............................................................77 5.1.2.2 Die Beziehung zwischen der Hamas und der „Vereinigten Nationalen Führung“ (Organisationen der PLO) .......................78 5.1.2.3 Ziele der Hamas .........................................................................79 5.1.2.4 Die Organisation der Hamas-Bewegung.....................................83 5.1.2.5 Die Finanzierung militärischer und propagandistischer Aktivitäten der Hamas ................................................................84 5.2 Die politische Führung der Hamas in den palästinensischen Gebieten ..............87 5.2.1 Der Gründer der Hamas-Bewegung: Scheich Ahmad Yassin...................... 88 5.2.2 Abd Al- Aziz Al- Rantisi............................................................................ 90 5.2.3 Der Einfluss der Ermordung der Hamas-Führer auf die politische Richtung der Bewegung............................................................................. 91 5.3 Die politische Führung der Hamas außerhalb der palästinensischen Gebiete ...92 5.4 Unterzeichnung der Oslo-Abkommen I und II....................................................94 5.4.1 Beginn des Friedensprozesses in Oslo 1993 ............................................... 95 5.4.2 Die Position der Hamas zum Friedensprozess ............................................ 97 5.4.3 Die Ermordung Yitzhaq Rabins.................................................................. 99 5.4.4 Ausbruch der zweiten Intifada.................................................................... 99 III 5.4.5 Scheitern des Camp-David-Gipfels und Besuch Scharons auf dem Tempelberg.............................................................................................. 100 5.4.6 Der Verlauf der Aqsa-Intifada.................................................................. 101 5.4.7 Die Roadmap und das Genf-Dokument ................................................... 103 5.4.8 Die Haltung der Hamas zum Rückzugsplan Scharons aus dem Gaza- Streifen .................................................................................................... 104 6 DIE IDEOLOGIE DER HAMAS ................................................................................106 6.1 Entwicklung des Konfliktmanagements der Hamas .........................................112 6.2 Die Hamas-Strategie im Konflikt .......................................................................117 6.2.1 Der Waffenstillstand ................................................................................ 119 6.2.2 Die vorläufige Lösung (palästinensischer Staat im Westjordanland und Gaza-Streifen).......................................................................................... 122 6.2.3 Die historische Lösung - ein Islamischer Staat und die Vernichtung Israels ...................................................................................................... 125 7 DIE REALPOLITIK ...................................................................................................129 7.1 Die Moscheen ......................................................................................................129 7.2 Die Flugblätter und die Graffiti .........................................................................130 7.3 Die Medien ..........................................................................................................134 7.4 Die Dienstleistungs- und Wohlfahrtsorganisationen .........................................135 7.5 Frauenorganisationen.........................................................................................137
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