INTERNET INTERNET User Guide Version 1.0 October 15, 1993
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INTERNET INTERNET User Guide Version 1.0 October 15, 1993 AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OFFICE OF INFORMATION RESOURCES MANAGEMENT HOOE, SA-14 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20523 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER Page 1 INTERNET OVERVIEW 1-3 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 What is the Internet ? 1 1.1.2 Who is on the Internet? 2 1.2 Why is the Internet important to AID ? 3 1.3 What is the cost for the Agency ? 3 1.4 What type of business can an AIDNET user conduct ? 3 2 YOUR INTERNET ID 2.1 Obtaining your own address 2.1.1 How to Obtain Your Internet Address 4 2.1.2 Receipt of your Internet Address 5 2.2 Obtaining additional information about your Internet ID 6 2.2.1 STATS 7 2.2.2 Description 8 2.2.3 Signature 9 2.3 Publication of your Internet address 12 3 INTERNET E-MAIL 13-32 3.1 Obtaining the Internet address of others outside the Agency 13 3.1.1 ASK THEM 3.1.2 Through E-Mail 3.1.3 Through online access 3.2 How to address Internet users from AIDNET 14 3.2.1 Explanantion of the Internet address 3.2.1.1 Optional routing 3.2.1.2 Syntax rules 15 3.2.2 How to send E-Mail to Internet Users 15-17 3.2.3 Addressing the E-mail to Commercial networks 18 3.2.4 Sample of MCI, Compuserve, ATTMAIL 19-20 3.2.5 Other Internet-based Addressing formats Appendix D 3.2.6 Limitations 21 3.3 How to send attachments 22 3.3.1 General Information 3.3.2 · ASCII vs Binary 3.3.3 Limitations i TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPlER Page 3 INTERNET E-MAIL (cont'd) 3.4 How to receive attachments 23 3.4.1 ASCII vs Binary 22 3.4.2 User responsibilities 23-24 3.4.2.1 Standard procedures 3.4.2.2 Reporting problems 3.4.2.3 Virus Protection 3.4.2.4 Software Copyrights 3.4.2.5 Publishers' Copyrights 3.4.2.6 Consideration for AIDNET Performance 3.5 Confirmations 25-26 3.5.1 What Does a confirmation mean to the Internet 3;5.2 Sample of confirmations returned from Internet 3.6 How external users send E-Mail to your AIDNET Internet Address 27-28 3.6.1 Sample addressing formats 3.6.2 Other Internet-based Addressing formats Appendix D 3.7 E-Mail Help 29-31 4 HOW TO ACCESS INTERNET ONLINE Future 11/93 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Various AID Tools 4.1.2 AIDNET Configuration and network considerations 4.2 Terminal Sessions (aka, telnet) 4.2.1 Server configurations/requirements 4.2.2 PC configurations/requirements 4.3 File Transfer sessions (aka, FTP) 4.3.1 Server configurations/requirements 4.3.2 PC configurations/requirements 4.4 GOPHER 4.4.1 Server configurations/requirements 4.4.2 PC configurations/requirements 4.5 WAIS (Wide Area Information service) 4.5.1 Server configurations/requirements 4.5.2 PC configurations/requirements ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER Page 5 OTHER GENERAL INFORMATION Future 11/93 5.1 Internet E-Mail Enabled Applications 5.1.1 Listservers 5.1.1.1 Subscribing to lists 5.1.1.2 Unsubscribing to lists 5.1.1.3 Caveats 5.2 Using remote computing resources 5.2.1 Sample manual that can be retrieved via E-Mail (USDA ALmanac) APPENDICES Page A STANDARD ERROR MESSAGES 32-25 B SUGGESTED READING 36 C WIDELY USED REFERENCES 37 D INTERNET ADDRESSING FORMATS FOR A VARIETY OF NETWORKS 38-57 E GENERAL INTEREST INFORMATION Future iii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page TO BE COMPLETED WHEN ONLINE SECTION DISTRIBUTED iv Chapter 1 INTERNET OVERVIEW 1.1 Introduction QUESTIONS COMMONLY ASKED ABOUT Internet 1.1.l WHAT is Internet? Internet is about 10,000 information networks of all kinds, encompassing approximately 1,000,000 computers, that are linked together through common open protocols to form a vast global network of networks. It includes all kinds of diverse public and private networks, gateways, and backbones, in almost every country and region of the world: from Antarctica to Siberia, from Mongolia to Manitoba. Only the public telephone network exceeds it - in terms of extent and connectivity. WHERE DID Internet COME FROM? Internet is an outgrowth of a research effort on packet switching technology started by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency in 1968. An immediate result of this research was the creation of a network called ARPANET which eventually included packet nodes in the U.S. and sites in the UK and Norway. An extension of this effort led to packet switching experiments using mobile radio and satellite communications. The need to link these systems together led to the Internetting project, the immediate outcome of which was a research Internet to join many autonomous information networks at participating research, academic and government institutions. In the mid-80s, the U.S. DoD separated an operational MILNET from the rest of the experimental ARPANET. In the last half of the 1980s, the National Science Foundation began work on a supercomputer network called NSFNET. When the ARPANET was retired, the NSFNET backbone, together with agencyother networks (e.g. NASA and Department of Energy nets), became the principal backbone nets for the Internet in the U.S. Beginning in the late 80's, similar major internet initiatives were begun throughout the world in dozens of countries, and connections among all these networks were established and are continuously enlarged to meet the global needs for information resource connectivity. Internet User Guide Page: 1 Version 1.0 (10/15/93) 1.1 Introduction (cont'd) WHAT IS Internet's GROWTH PROFILE? With a monthly growth rate of computers hosts averaging 10-15 percent, the Internet is by far the most rapidly growing electronic network in the world. Traffic growth on major backbones has been exceeding 25 percent per month. The growth is without precedent in the field of communications and is invoking major engineering efforts to accommodate the anticipated size, complexity, and traffic. WHAT DOES Internet PROVIDE? The primary applications include electronic mail, file transfer, and remote log-in. Special electronic mail architectures are also used to support news distribution applications. Major backbones presently support transfer rates from Tl (1.5 Mbit/s) to DS-3 (45 Mbit/s). HOW EXTENSIVE IS Internet USE? The magnitude of Internet mail and file transfers constitute by several orders, the most extensive use of these applications in the world. Domestic traffic through one major U.S. Internet backbone alone exceeded one terabyte (10 at power 12) in September 1991. "Super-exponential" traffic growth patterns are being experienced in every country and region. 1.1.2 WHO USES Internet? ISN'T IT JUST AN "ACADEMIC" NETWORK? More than 5 million people worldwide in more than 100 countries who have a need to access and use information or to collaborate rapidly with colleagues use Internet - in whole or in part. Major user groups include: researchers and educators in every professional discipline, government officials and agencies, commercial enterprises. It has spawned entirely new disciplines like collaborative theory. Internet started as an academic network, which was supported and been evolved by most of the world's best universities and institutes. It subsequently attracted commercial service providers, and today, most major electronic research, manufacturing, and operating companies are now active Internet users. It is increasingly being marketed and used for many commercial purposes. Internet User Guide Page: 2 Version 1.0 (10/15/93) WHO "RUNS" Internet? No one! It exists by virtue of cooperation among all the diverse networks and users to follow certain protocols and practices, but otherwise maintain their autonomy. The cooperation centers around an Internet Architecture Board (JAB) with an international composition, and which is the standards making body within the Internet Society. An Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops the standards, and a Research Task Force which fosters and maintains networking nd information science experiments involving internetworking, report to the Board. The IETF develops and adopts the most extensively used open internetworking standards in the world. The Internet Society is now the world's internetworking international organization. It also hosts the annual International Networking Conference, publishes the Internet Society News magazine, and serves as a global mechanism for development, administration, and standards making for internetworking. 1.2 Why is the Internet important to AID ? • AID personnel can electronically exchange mail messages and documents with contractors, vendors, universities, AID missions not directly connected to AIDNET, and other Government Agencies. • Improved information access methods can supplement our OE and project- funded activites. · • Communications with disaster relief personnel can be more complete and complement the capabilities of our internal network 1.3 What does Internet Cost ? AID IRM/TCO has acquired an annual subscription for an Agency membership to the Internet through a Washington area Internet service provider. This annual subscription covers our multiple links in Washington through gateway services and telco lines and will be used to service the Banyan AIDNET user community, domestically and overseas. The subscription covers all E-Mail messaging, as well as interactive telnet and FfP from hosts that allow public access to their information. The subscription does not cover services provided by other commercial services that provide online access to information (such as Compuserve, Down Jones Retrieval, etc.). 1.4 What type of business can a user conduct ? Access to the Internet through AID's facilities is for official and unclassified use only. It is the user's responsibility to follow this guideline.