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Égypte/Monde Arabe, 10 | 2013, « Les Élections De La Révolution (2011-2012) » [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 19 Décembre 2013, Consulté Le 23 Septembre 2020

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Égypte/Monde Arabe, 10 | 2013, « Les Élections De La Révolution (2011-2012) » [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 19 Décembre 2013, Consulté Le 23 Septembre 2020 Égypte/Monde arabe 10 | 2013 Les élections de la révolution (2011-2012) Clément Steuer (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ema/3083 DOI : 10.4000/ema.3083 ISSN : 2090-7273 Éditeur CEDEJ - Centre d’études et de documentation économiques juridiques et sociales Édition imprimée ISBN : 978-2-905838-81-0 ISSN : 1110-5097 Référence électronique Clément Steuer (dir.), Égypte/Monde arabe, 10 | 2013, « Les élections de la révolution (2011-2012) » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 19 décembre 2013, consulté le 23 septembre 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/ema/3083 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/ema.3083 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 23 septembre 2020. © Tous droits réservés 1 Le paradoxe des élections égyptiennes de 2011-2012 est qu’il s’agit d’élections « fondatrices », dont les effets institutionnels ont tous été annulés avant terme. Entre les deux séquences révolutionnaires du 25 janvier 2011 et du 30 juin 2013, les électeurs égyptiens se sont en effet rendus cinq fois aux urnes, pour approuver deux textes constitutionnels depuis lors annulés, élire deux assemblées aujourd’hui dissoutes, et choisir un président de la République désormais démis de ses fonctions. Ces différentes opérations électorales n’en demeurent pas moins les premières élections libres organisées au sortir de six décennies d’autoritarisme, et elles ont contribué – plus sans doute que tout autre événement – à renouveler les acteurs du jeu politique égyptien et à bouleverser leurs pratiques. Les contributions rassemblées dans cette livraison d’Égypte/Monde arabe se concentrent surtout sur les élections législatives, qui constituent un enjeu crucial dans la renégociation en cours du pacte liant l’État égyptien à la société. Leurs auteurs – de jeunes chercheurs issus de différentes disciplines des sciences sociales – ont traité durôle des représentations dans la phase de transition, mais aussi de la création de nouveaux partis politiques issus de plusieurs secteurs de la société, et enfin de la reconfiguration des enjeux politiques locaux. Les articles réunis dans ce dossier montrent ainsi comment ces élections, à la fois baromètre et enjeu des transformations en cours, occupent une place centrale dans cette période charnière de l’histoire égyptienne. Paradoxically, even though the Egyptian elections of 2011-2012 are regarded as being “founding elections”, all their results have since been annulled. Between the two revolutionary moments of the 25th January 2011 and the 30th June 2013, five elections were conducted in Egypt: two were held in order to approve constitutional documents, which have since been canceled, two others focused on the election of members to two assemblies, which have since been dissolved, and one was held in order to elect the president of the Republic, thereafter ousted. Nevertheless, these various electoral activities still constitute the first to be organized after six decades of authoritarianism, and they contributed–most probably more than anything else–to the revival of Egyptian political players and to changes in their practices. The contributions gathered in the present volume of Égypte/Monde Arabe focus mainly on the Parliamentary elections, which are a crucial element in relation to the current balance in relations between the Egyptian state and society. The authors–young researchers from many disciplines within the social sciences field–address the role of representations in a period of transition, the creation of several political parties which have stem from numerous sections of civil society, and the reconfiguration of power balances at the local political level. While the 2011-2012 elections represent a barometer of the ongoing political changes, they also constitute the actual heart of the struggle between the various political players during this crucial period of Egyptian history. Égypte/Monde arabe, 10 | 2013 2 SOMMAIRE Des élections révolutionnaires ? Clément Steuer Première partie : Le rôle des représentations dans un paysage politique en recomposition Political Representation and Legitimacy in Egypt: The Making and the Reception of Claims during the Parliamentary Elections 2011 Sarah Wessel Discours présidentiels : Une analyse des prestations de trois candidats à la présidentielle sur le plateau d’un talk show Omneya Nour Eddin Khalifa Deuxième partie : Le passage au politique : succès et échecs d'une politisation de la société civile Le parti Nûr dans les élections parlementaires de 2011-2012 Alaa Al-Din Arafat Les Frères musulmans au sortir de la semi-clandestinité : le parti de la Liberté et de la Justice dans les élections législatives Amal-Fatiha Abbassi Revolutionary, creative, heterogeneous and unorganized: young Egyptians facing elections Azzurra Meringolo Le rôle des confréries soufies durant les élections législatives de 2011 en Égypte : quelques réflexions préliminaires Costantino Paonessa Troisième partie : La révolution dans les urnes : la reconfiguration des enjeux locaux, entre politisation et permanence des anciennes logiques Les stratégies de campagne des partis politiques au niveau local : étude comparée de trois circonscriptions Clément Steuer Les élections législatives de 2011 à Port-Saïd Fayçal Homsy La campagne d’Al-Misriyyîn Al-Ahrâr chez les chiffonniers de Manchiyit Nâsir Gaétan du Roy Entre le savant et le politique : la campagne électorale de ‘Amr Hamzâwî dans les élections législatives égyptiennes de l’automne 2011 Giedre Sabaseviciute Égypte/Monde arabe, 10 | 2013 3 Varia Les femmes algériennes au Parlement : la question des quotas à l’épreuve des réformes politiques Belkacem Benzenine Minorités et liberté religieuse dans les Constitutions des États de l’Orient arabe Nael Georges Le sauvetage des monuments de Nubie par l’Unesco (1955-1968) Chloé Maurel Annexes Baudouin Long et Clément Steuer Égypte/Monde arabe, 10 | 2013 4 Des élections révolutionnaires ? Clément Steuer 1 Tout comme les élections de 2011-2012 présentent des éléments de nouveauté mais aussi de continuité avec les opérations électorales conduites sous Moubarak, le dossier présenté dans ce numéro d’Égypte/Monde arabe se situe à la fois dans le prolongement et dans la rupture par rapport aux travaux qui l’ont précédé1. Dans leur prolongement, car des élections législatives ont été régulièrement organisées en Égypte depuis 1979, et que leur étude a fourni des instruments théoriques indispensables à l’analyse des opérations électorales dans ce pays. Dans la rupture, parce que les scrutins de 2011-2012 se sont tenus dans des conditions différant radicalement du cadre autoritaire qui prévalait auparavant, et qu’ils posent en conséquence des questions jusqu’alors inédites à ceux qui se sont donné pour tâche de les analyser. 2 Les travaux précédents avaient souligné l’importance de la dimension clientéliste du vote dans les élections législatives, même si l’on pouvait déjà observer certains mécanismes de politisation à la marge2. Sans remettre en cause ce cadre théorique, le numéro d’Égypte/Monde arabe consacré aux élections de 20053 avait élargi la perspective en direction d’acteurs des élections auparavant négligés – les médias et les juges – et insisté sur des dimensions de l’acte électoral alors en progression constante en Égypte : les fraudes et les violences. Or, si la révolution du 25 janvier 2011 n’a pas fait disparaître du jour au lendemain les notabilités locales et leurs réseaux, ni les représentations dominantes du rôle du député, elle a néanmoins profondément modifié le contexte politico-juridique dans lequel se sont déroulées les élections auxquelles elle a conduit. La multiplication de nouveaux partis politiques – résultant de la réforme de la loi des partis (28 mars 2011)4, mais aussi de l’anticipation par les acteurs de la tenue d’élections libres et transparentes –, les nouvelles règles électorales5, la quasi- disparition de la police, la baisse du sentiment d’impunité concernant la fraude et les violences électorales, l’augmentation enfin de la participation, ont fait des différents scrutins organisés en 2011-2012 des élections de rupture avec l’ancien régime. C’est pourquoi l’on peut les qualifier – dans le vocabulaire de la transitologie – d’élections « fondatrices »6. Égypte/Monde arabe, 10 | 2013 5 Le bouleversement du cadre juridique 3 De fait, elles ont été conduites dans le but de tourner la page d’un régime autoritaire, afin de transmettre le pouvoir à des civils régulièrement élus. Suite aux manifestations de janvier-février 2011 qui ont entraîné la démission du président Moubarak, le Conseil supérieur des forces armées (CSFA) s’est en effet emparé du pouvoir dans l’objectif explicite de conduire le pays vers la démocratie dans un laps de temps très court (on parle alors d’organiser des élections législatives et présidentielles en six mois). C’est dans cette perspective que le pouvoir militaire a suspendu la Constitution de 1971, dissous les deux chambres élues en 2010 (l’Assemblée du peuple et l’Assemblée consultative), et s’est attribué les pouvoirs législatif et exécutif jusqu’à l’élection d’un nouveau Parlement et d’un président de la République. Une série d’amendements à la Constitution7 a ensuite été présentée au peuple par référendum, dès le 19 mars 2011, et a été approuvée par 77 % des électeurs (soit 14 millions d’individus), avec un taux de participation de 41 %. Ce référendum a ainsi constitué le premier rendez-vous électoral de cette période de transition, et il présentait certaines des caractéristiques qui marqueront les scrutins suivants :
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