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HONGOS ASCOCIADOS AL BOSQUE RELICTO DE Fagus Grandifolia Var

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HONGOS ASCOCIADOS AL BOSQUE RELICTO DE Fagus Grandifolia Var INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL ESCUELA NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS “HONGOS ASCOCIADOS AL BOSQUE RELICTO DE Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana EN EL MUNICIPIO DE ZACUALTIPAN, HIDALGO” T E S I S QUE PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE BIÓLOGO P R E S E N T A ARANTZA AGLAE RODRIGUEZ SALAZAR DIRECTORA: DRA. TANIA RAYMUNDO OJEDA CODIRECTOR: DR. RICARDO VALENZUELA GARZA CIUDAD DE MÉXICO, MARZO 2016 El presente trabajo se realizó en el Laboratorio de Micología del Departamento de Botánica de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas de Instituto Politécnico Nacional con apoyo de los proyectos SIP-IPN: INMUJERES-2012-02-198333, “EMPODERAMIENTO ECONÓMICO DE LAS HONGUERAS DEL MUNICIPIO DE ACAXOCHITLÁN, HGO. A TRAVÉS DE PROCESOS ORGANIZATIVOS PARA LA ELABORACIÓN DE PRODUCTOS ALIMENTICIOS A BASE DE HONGOS SILVESTRES Y CULTIVO ORGÁNICO DE PLANTAS” “Diversidad de los hongos del bosque mesófilo de montaña en México, ecosistema en peligro de extinción. Estrategias para su conservación y restauración”. SIP-20151530 (IPN) en el período enero-diciembre 2015. “Diversidad de los hongos del bosque mesófilo de montaña en México, ecosistema en peligro de extinción. Estrategias para su conservación y restauración Fase II”. SIP-20161166 en el período enero-diciembre 2015. En el período enero-diciembre 2016. “Hongos de los bosques templados y tropicales de Mexico su ecología, importancia forestal y médica en México” Fase I. SIP-20150540 (IPN) en el período enero-diciembre 2015. “Hongos de los bosques templados y tropicales de Mexico su ecología, importancia forestal y médica en México” Fase II. SIP-20161164 en el período enero-diciembre 2015. 4 INDICE PÁG. RESUMEN.……………………………………………………………………... 1 I. INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………. 2 II. ANTECEDENTES………………………………………………………. 10 III. JUSTIFICACIÓN……………………………………………………….. 18 IV. OBJETIVOS 19 V. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 20 5.1 Revisión bibliográfica………………………………………. 20 5.2 Revisión deherbarios……………………………………… 20 5.3 Trabajo de campo…………………………………………… 20 5.5 Preservación…………………………………………………. 23 5.6 Trabajo de gabinete………………………………………… 23 5.7 Identificación y determinación……………………………. 23 5.9 Evaluación de especieas de importancia económica… 23 VI. RESULTADOS 26 6.1 Lista de especies asociadas a Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana…………………………………………………………………. 27 6.2 Material estudiado………………………………………….. 41 VII. ANÁLISIS Y DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS 75 7.1 Diversidad taxonómica de las especies…………………. 76 7.2 Importancia ecológica ……………………………………. 86 7.3 Tipo de pudrición…………………………………………….. 95 7.4 Fenología………………………………………………………. 96 7.5 Colectas Realizadas……………………………………........ 108 7.6 Importancia económica……………………………………… 111 7.7 Hongos en peligro de extinción…………………………………. 118 5 VIII. CONCLUSIONES……………………………………………………… 121 IX PERSPECTIVAS A FUTURO…………………………………………. 122 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 123 ANEXOS 1. Propiedades nutrimentales de algunos hongos……………….. 137 2. Propiedades medicinales de algunos hongos…………………. 138 ÍNDICE DE GRÁFICOS Gráfico 1. Diversidad de especies a nivel de Phylum…………… 27 Gráfico 2. Diversidad del Phylum Ascomycota a nivel de Clases……………………………………………………………………….. 75 Gráfico 3. Diversidad del Phylum Ascomycota a nivel de Órdenes……………………………………………………………………… 76 Gráfico 4. Diversidad del Phylum Basidiomycota a nivel de Clases……………………………………………………………………….. 80 Gráfico 5. Diversidad del Phylum Basidiomycota a nivel de Órdenes……………………………………………………………………… 81 Gráfico 6. Diversidad del Phylum Myxomycota a nivel de clases…………………………………………………………………........ 84 Gráfico 7.Diversidad del Phylum Basidiomycota a nivel de órdenes…………………………………………………………………….. 85 Gráfico 8. Hábito y hábitat de los hongos colectados en la Mojonera…………………………………………………………………. 88 Gráfico 9.Tipo de pudrición de los hongos Xilófagos colectados en la Mojonera…………………………………………………………….. 95 6 Gráfico 10. Fenología de las especies colectadas en “La Mojonera”……………………………………………………………...... 97 Gráfico 11. Fenología de las especies colectadas en “La 99 Mojonera” considerando el número de ejemplares. Gráfico 12. Número de especies por colecta…………………….. 110 Gráfico 13. Número de ejemplares por colecta…………………. 110 Gráfico 14. Importancia económica de algunas especies de hongos………………………………………………………………………. 111 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura. 1 Ubicación de la zona de estudio…………………………………. 8 Figura. 2 Bosque de Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana ………………….. 9 ÍNDICE DE CUADROS Cuadro 2. Lista de colectas realizadas en el área de estudio……….. 21 Cuadro 3. Diversidad de Ascomycetes por Familia…………………… 77 Cuadro 4. Diversidad de Basidiomycetes por Familia………………… 81 Cuadro 5. Diversidad de Myxomycetes por Familia………………….. 85 Cuadro 6. Hábito de las especies de Ascomycetes estudiadas en 88 “La Mojonera”. Cuadro 7. Hábito de las especies de Ascomycetes estudiadas en 89 “La Mojonera”………………………………………………………………… Cuadro 8. Hábito de las especies de Basidiomycetos estudiadas en“La Mojonera”…………………………………………………………….. 90 7 Cuadro 9. Sustrato de las especies de Mixomycetos estudiadas en “La Mojonera”…………………………………………………………………. 93 Cuadro10.Fenología de las especies de Ascomycetes estudiadas en 98 “La Mojonera”…………………………………………………………………… Cuadro11.Fenología de las especiesde Ascomycetes considerando 99 el número de ejemplares estudiadas en “La Mojonera”…………… Cuadro 12. Fenología de las especies de Basidiomycetos estudiadas en“La Mojonera”……………………………………………… 101 Cuadro 13.Fenología de las especies de Basidiomycetos estudiadas en“La Mojonera”……………………………………………….. 104 Cuadro 14.Fenología de las especies de Mixomycetos estudiadas en “La Mojonera”……………………………………………………………………. 107 Cuadro 15.Fenología de las especies de Mixomycetos 107 considerando el número de ejemplares………………………………… Cuadro 16. Especies comestibles de la Mojonera……………………… 111 Cuadro 17. Especies comestibles de la Mojonera………………………. 114 Cuadro 18. Especies de hongos medicinales de la Mojonera………. 115 Cuadro 19. Especies en alguna categoría de riesgo………………….. 119 INDICE DE LÁMINAS Lámina 1. Especies del Phylum Ascomycota…………………………… 130 Lámina 2. Especies del Phylum Basidiomycota………………………... 131 Lámina 3. Especies del Phylum Basidiomycota………………………... 132 Lámina 4. Especies del Phylum Basidiomycota………………………... 133 Lámina 5. Algunas especies del género Amanita en el área de estudio……………………………………………………………………………. 134 Lámina 6. Algunas especies del género Ganoderma en el área de estudio……………………………………………………………………………. 135 8 RESUMEN El bosque de Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana hoy día conocido como “El Hayal” es un área relicto dentro del Ejido “La Mojonera” en el municipio de Zacualtipán en el estado de Hidalgo. En esta zona se encuentra la población más grande de la especie que se distribuye en unos pequeños parches de bosque mesófilo de montaña a lo largo de la Sierra Madre Oriental. En el presente trabajo se presenta el inventario de los hongos asociados a Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana para lo cual, se efectuaron trece exploraciones micológicas a la zona de estudio y se estudiaron especímenes depositados en la colección de Hongos “Dr. Gastón Guzmán Huerta” del Herbario de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB). Se revisaron 500 especímenes, de los cuales se identificaron 150 especies correspondientes a 44 ascomicetos, 98 basidiomicetos y 8 de mixomicetos, teniéndose 40 nuevos registros para el estado, y 7 se citan por primera vez para México. Los órdenes Agaricales, Polyporales y Boletales fueron los mejores representados con 35, 20 y 19 especies respectivamente. Además, se analizaron algunos aspectos ecológicos, fenológicos y la importancia económica de las especies. Los resultados muestran la gran riqueza de hongos que se asocian a Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana, por lo que se resalta la importancia de conservar este bosque relicto, aunado a la necesidad de dar seguimiento al estudio micológico a través del nuevas recolecciones y del material depositado en ENCB, y contribuir al conocimiento de la diversidad fungica para que pueden servir como base para la propuesta de nuevas alternativas de conservación. 9 I. INTRODUCCIÓN Los hongos representan una de los más grandes acervos de biodiversidad con actividades ecológicas cruciales en todos los ecosistemas y con una gran variabilidad en morfología y ciclos de vida. Los organismos incluidos en la categoría de hongos son tan diversos que es difícil realizar una diagnosis diferencial concisa, pero pueden ser descritos como organismos, en su mayoría, filamentosos con crecimiento apical, eucariónticos, aclorófilos, heterótrofos por absorción, con reproducción asexual y sexual por medio de esporas, y con pared celular principalmente constituida por quitina o celulosa (Herrera y Ulloa, 1990). Con los avances continuos en la investigación de los hongos, la clasificación de estos organismos está cambiando frecuentemente y son actualmente considerados como polifiléticos (esto es con diferentes filogenias), y están referidos a 3 reinos distintos, según Ulloa y Hanlin (2012): 1), reino Fungi, que incluye los phyla Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota (con zoosporas, cuyo flagelo no tiene mastigonemas, y colocados posteriormente en las zoosporas), Zygomycota (con esporas inmóviles y cigosporas), Glomeromycota (especies micorrízicas arbusculares), Ascomycota (con ascomas y ascosporas), Basidiomycota (con basidiomas y basidiosporas), y Microsporidia (formas parásitas, con esporas flageladas, antes relacionado con los Protozoa); 2), reino Chromista, con los phyla Oomycota (con zoosporas biflageladas, con un flagelo de tipo látigo y otro mastigonemado, colocados ventralmente
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