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Transformations of Iran Sufism in the 12Th and 13Th Centuries
Journal of Social Science Studies ISSN 2329-9150 2020, Vol. 7, No. 2 Transformations of Iran Sufism in the 12th and 13th Centuries Seyed Mohammad Hadi Torabi PhD Research Scholar, University of Mysore, India E-mail: [email protected] Received: January 10, 2020 Accepted: March 20, 2020 Published: March 28, 2020 doi: 10.5296/jsss.v7i2.16760 URL: https://doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v7i2.16760 Abstract The 12th and 13th centuries are among the most important periods in the history of Sufism in Iran. During this period, the emergence of many great elders of Sufism and the establishment of the most famous ways and organized dynasty in Sufism by them, the formation of some of the most important treasures of Islamic Sufism, such as the dressing gown and the permission document of the dynasty, the systematic growth and development of the Monasteries as formal institutions and the social status of Sufis and the influence of Sufism in the development of Persian and Arabic prose and poetic, which in this study, briefly, the transformation and effects of Iranian Sufism are examined. Keywords: Cultural equations, Political equations, Religion, Sufism 1. Introduction Iranian Sufism, which has formed in the context of Islamic Sufism and its influence on the Sufism of the ancient religions in Iran, such as Zoroastrianism and Manichaean, has seen tremendous transformations over time, which undoubtedly caused cultural, political, social and even economic changes that have arisen in Iran has led to many ups and downs in the path of growth and excellence. Prior to the 12th century, Sufism continued to exist as a belief system based on knowledge and paths and a mystical view of religion, in which many groups and branches were formed, but differences of them were mostly in the field of thought and had little effect on the space of the community. -
Mystical Thoughts of Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti and Chishtiyya Sufi Order
T.C SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ MEVLÂNA ARAŞTIRMALARI ENSTİTÜSÜ MEVLÂNA VE MEVLEVİLİK ARAŞTIRMALARI ANABİLİM DALI MEVLÂNA VE MEVLEVİLİK ARAŞTIRMALARI BİLİM DALI MYSTICAL THOUGHTS OF KHWAJA MUINUDDIN CHISHTI AND CHISHTIYYA SUFI ORDER (MUİNİDDİN ÇİŞTİ- TASAVVUFİ GÖRÜŞLERİ VE ÇİŞTİYYE TARİKATI) Mahir NİRATHİNMEL PUTHİYAPURAYİL KOORANTAKATH YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Danışman Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Hakan KUYUMCU Konya – 2018 II III IV PREFACE The Persian term ‘Khwaja’ carries the meaning of ‘master’. In Indian sub continent, the general usage of the word ‘khwaja’ stands for Khwaja Muinuddin Hasan al Chishti. Similarly we can see the word ‘Moulana’ (in Arabic language the word moula also carries the meaning of ‘master’) represents jalauddin Rumi. The magic of being collective noun, a particular noun in their life is not accidental. Vice versa, it was the result of admiration of the people. When we know the importance of the message that they conveyed to the humanity, we can certainly say that they deserve to be called so. As far as concerning Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti he had heavy responsibilities in Indian subcontinent as the people had degenerated in religious, social, political and cultural facets. By spreading the everlasting messages of love, consideration, charity and broadmindedness he redirected the flow of the history of Indian subcontinent. The records show that by the attraction to his charming personality, about 90 million people had embraced Islam. Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti was the contribution of Chishtiyya Sufi order, a well known and far rooted mystical way in the world established by Abu Ishaq al Shami in Herat, Afghanistan in 930 CE. From the beginning of its formation, it is standing for the spreading of the universal message of Islam. -
Ethnic and Traditional Iranian Breads: Different Types, and Historical and Cultural Aspects
J Ethn Foods - (2017) 1e7 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnic Foods journal homepage: http://journalofethnicfoods.net Original article Ethnic and traditional Iranian breads: different types, and historical and cultural aspects * Vahid Mohammadpour Karizaki Chemical Engineering Department, Quchan University of Advanced Technology, Quchan, Iran article info abstract Article history: Background: Bread making has a long history in Iran. Because of the inseparable relationship between Received 21 December 2016 Iranian people and bread, an increasingly wide variety of this healthy and nutritious food is prepared and Received in revised form consumed throughout the country. The present work aims at documenting and providing information 14 January 2017 about breads of Iranian cuisine. Accepted 20 January 2017 Methods: The required information was obtained via a direct face-to-face questionnaire-based survey Available online xxx among housewives, domestic people, and Iranian bakers. The statistical society was selected by random sampling among people from the top eight most populous cities in the country. Keywords: bread Results: More than 30 types of ethnic and traditional bread of Iranian cuisine are introduced in two main fi ethnic food categories: the rst group includes breads that are consumed all around the country, and the second Iran group consists of those that are prepared in special regions, or by ethnic groups. Conclusion: The historical and cultural aspects of the Iranian foods showed that bread is the most common and popular food in the country. © 2017 Korea Food Research Institute. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). -
A Literary Figure Or a Behavioral Reaction!
Bagh-e Nazar, 17(82), 59-68 /Apr. 2020 DOI: 10.22034/bagh.2019.176139.4049 Persian translation of this paper entitled: اصطﻻح ادبی یا واکنش رفتاری!، »انگشت َگزیدن« در ادبیات و نقاشی ایرانی is also published in this issue of journal. A Literary Figure or a Behavioral Reaction! A Review of “angosht gazidan” * in Iranian Literature and Painting Ahmad Zare Abarghouei1, Seyyed Abbas Zahabi**2, Malek Hosseini3, Hadi Samadi4 1. PhD in Philosophy of Art, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2. Assistant Professor, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 3. Assistant Professor, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 4. Assistant Professor, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Received: 25/03/2019 ; revised: 13/07/2019 ; accepted: 25/07/2019 ; available online: 20/03/2020 Abstract Problem statement: Surprise, shame and guilt are considered to be human emotions. Reactions to these emotions are subject to biological and cultural issues. Looking at the Iranian art and literature in the context of history, it seems that one of the reactions of amazed and regretful people in the Iranian culture has been angosht gazidan, as it can be found numerously in ancient Iranian texts, ancient poetry, and painting. Since this reaction can only be seen in the cultural history of Iran, it should be attributed to the specific culture of Iranians. Research objective: The objective of this research is to find the historical course of angosht gazidan in Iranian literature and painting and examine whether this reaction has been derived from the behavioral reaction of Iranians. -
Why Should Anyone Be Familiar with Persian Literature?
Annals of Language and Literature Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, PP 11-18 ISSN 2637-5869 Why should anyone be Familiar with Persian Literature? Shabnam Khoshnood1, Dr. Ali reza Salehi2*, Dr. Ali reza Ghooche zadeh2 1M.A student, Persian language and literature department, Electronic branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2Persian language and literature department, Electronic branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran *Corresponding Author: Dr. Ali reza Salehi, Persian language and literature department, Electronic branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Literature is a tool for conveying concepts, thoughts, emotions and feelings to others that has always played an important and undeniable role in human life. Literature encompasses all aspects of human life as in love and affection, friendship and loyalty, self-sacrifice, justice and cruelty, manhood and humanity, are concepts that have been emphasized in various forms in the literature of different nations of the world. Poets and writers have endeavored to be heretics in the form of words and sentences and to promote these concepts and ideas to their community. Literature is still one of the most important identifiers of nations and ethnicities that no other factor has been able to capture. As a rich treasure trove of informative and educational material, Persian literature has played an important role in the development and reinforcement of social ideas and values in society, which this mission continues to do best. In this article, we attempt to explain the status of Persian literature and its importance. Keywords: language, literature, human, life, religion, culture. INTRODUCTION possible to educate without using the humanities elite. -
In Yohanan Friedmann (Ed.), Islam in Asia, Vol. 1 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1984), P
Notes INTRODUCTION: AFGHANISTAN’S ISLAM 1. Cited in C. Edmund Bosworth, “The Coming of Islam to Afghanistan,” in Yohanan Friedmann (ed.), Islam in Asia, vol. 1 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1984), p. 13. 2. Erica C. D. Hunter, “The Church of the East in Central Asia,” Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 78 (1996), pp. 129–42. On Herat, see pp. 131–34. 3. On Afghanistan’s Jews, see the discussion and sources later in this chapter and notes 163 to 169. 4. Bosworth (1984; above, note 1), pp. 1–22; idem, “The Appearance and Establishment of Islam in Afghanistan,” in Étienne de la Vaissière (ed.), Islamisation de l’Asie Centrale: Processus locaux d’acculturation du VIIe au XIe siècle, Cahiers de Studia Iranica 39 (Paris: Association pour l’Avancement des Études Iraniennes, 2008); and Gianroberto Scarcia, “Sull’ultima ‘islamizzazione’ di Bāmiyān,” Annali dell’Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli, new series, 16 (1966), pp. 279–81. On the early Arabic sources on Balkh, see Paul Schwarz, “Bemerkungen zu den arabischen Nachrichten über Balkh,” in Jal Dastur Cursetji Pavry (ed.), Oriental Studies in Honour of Cursetji Erachji Pavry (London: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 1933). 5. Hugh Kennedy and Arezou Azad, “The Coming of Islam to Balkh,” in Marie Legen- dre, Alain Delattre, and Petra Sijpesteijn (eds.), Authority and Control in the Countryside: Late Antiquity and Early Islam (London: Darwin Press, forthcoming). 6. For example, Geoffrey Khan (ed.), Arabic Documents from Early Islamic Khurasan (London: Nour Foundation/Azimuth Editions, 2007). 7. Richard W. Bulliet, Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period: An Essay in Quan- titative History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979); Derryl Maclean, Re- ligion and Society in Arab Sind (Leiden: Brill, 1989); idem, “Ismailism, Conversion, and Syncretism in Arab Sind,” Bulletin of the Henry Martyn Institute of Islamic Studies 11 (1992), pp. -
Tadhkirat Al-Sh.U Lara
Mir Dawlatshah Samarqandi Tadhkirat al-sh.u lara Mir Dawlatshah Samarqandi was the son of Amir Ala'uddawla Bakhtishah Isfarayini, one of Shahrukh's courtiers, and nephew of the powerful Amir Firozshah. Unlike his fore- bears, who "passed their time as aristocrats in ostentatiousness and opulence," Mir Dawlatshah, who was of a dervish bent and had some poetic talent, "sought seclusion and contented himself with a life of spiritual poverty and rustication to acquire learning and perfection."! At the age of fifty he began his Tadhkirat al-shu'ara (Memorial of poets), anecdotes about and short biographies of 150 Persian poets, ancient and modern, which he completed in 892/1487. The judgment of Mir Ali-Sher Nawa'i, to whom the work was dedicated, was that "anyone who reads it will realize the merit and talent of the compiler." Although the book deals primarily with poets, since poets generally were inextricably bound to royal patrons, it contains valuable anecdotal information on many pre- Timurid, Timurid and Turcoman rulers. The synopses of rulers' careers and anecdotes illustrative of their characters included by Dawlatshah are translated and given here. * SULTANUWAYS JALAYIR2 out of a greedy poet's house is a difficult task," and gave him the candlestick. That [po288] It is said that one night Khwaja is how rulers rewarded poets in bygone Salman [Sawaji] was drinking in Sultan times.... Uways's assembly. As he departed, the sultan ordered a servant to light the way Dilshad Khatun was the noblest and for him with a candle in a golden candle- most beautiful lady of her time. -
Elementary Persian All UG Compulsory Group
Elementary Persian All UG Compulsory Group Department of Persian Semester – I (Elementary Persian-I) APR 001 Credit- Non Credit Lectures 60 Basic Grammar and Vocabulary Building دﺳﺘﻮرﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ و ﺟﻤﻊ آوری واژه ھﺎ و اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ Maximum Marks: 100 (70 marks for End Semester Exam and 30 for Internal Assessment) Unit-I 15 Lectures Persian Sounds and Alphabet اﻟﻔﺒﺎ و ﺻﺪا ھﺎی ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ Short Vowels, Long Vowels, Dipthong Vowels ﻣﺼﻮت ﮐﻮﺗﺎه،ﻣﺼﻮت ﺑﻠﻨﺪ،ﻣﺼﻮت ﻣﺮﮐﺐ Consonants ﺻﺎﻣﺖ ھﺎ Alphabetic Order ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﻔﺒﺎ Numbers: Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers- Noun اﻋﺪاد:اﻋﺪاد اﺻﻠﯽ و اﻋﺪاد وﺻﻔﯽ Singular Plural واﺣﺪ و ﺟﻤﻊ Unit-II 15 Lectures Word Order ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ واژه ھﺎ Simple Sentence ﺟﻤﻠہ ﺳﺎده Interrogative, Negative, Affirmative ﻣﺜﺒﺖ، ﻣﻨﻔﯽ،ﺳﻮاﻟﯽ Definite-Indefinite ﻣﻌﺮﻓہ و ﻧﮑﺮه Demonstrative Pronoun, Demonstrative Adjectives ﺿﻤﯿﺮھﺎی اﺷﺎره،ﺻﻔﺖ ھﺎی اﺷﺎره Unit-III 15 Lectures Personal Pronouns and Conjugational Endings ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ھﺎی ﺷﺨﺼﯽ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳہ ھﺎی ﻓﻌﻞ Simple Verbs, Compund Verbs ﻓﻌﻞ ﺳﺎده، ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ Possesive Pronouns, Suffixed Pronouns ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ھﺎی ﻣﻠﮑﯽ،ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ھﺎی ﭘﺴﺎوﻧﺪی Genetive, Self Adjectives and Comparision of Adjectives اﺿﺎﻓﺖ،ﺻﻔﺖ،ﻣﻮاﯾﺴہ ﺻﻔﺖ ھﺎ Unit-IV 15 Lectures Infinitive and Simple Past Tense ﻣﺼﺪر،زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘہ ﺳﺎده Other forms of Past Tense ﺷﮑﻞ ھﺎی دﯾﮕﺮ زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘہ Present indicative ﺣﺎل اﺧﺒﺎری Future tense زﻣﺎن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ Imperative ﻓﻌﻞ اﻣﺮ Note: Students shall be asked to work on vocabulary (Masdar and commonly used words) on a Daily basis Prescribes Book: Dars e Farsi Barai e Farsi Amuzaan e Khariji by Taqipur Namdarian; Pezuhishgaah e Uloom e Insaani wa Motaleaat e Farhangi, Tehran درس ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮای ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ آﻣﻮزان ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ، ﺗﻘﯽ ﭘﻮر ﻧﺎﻣﺪارﯾﺎن،ﭘﮋوھﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ وﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻓﺮھﻨﮕﯽ،ﺗﮭﺮان References: Farsi wa Dastoor by Dr.Zehra Khanlari ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ و دﺳﺗور،دﮐﺗر زھرا ﺧﻧﻠری AZFA, Part-1 by Yadullah Samareh آﻣﻮزش زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ،دﮐﺘﺮ ﯾﺪ ﷲ ﺛﻤﺮه Rehnuma-e- Tarjuma-e- Qawaed-e-Farsi by Shah Razi Ahmad رھﻨﻤﺎی ﺗﺮﺟﻤہ وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ، ﺷﺎه رﺿﯽ اﺣﻤﺪ Simple Colloquial Persian by Ali Janzadeh Zaban-e-Farsi by Dr. -
Central Asia
Central Asia The Library of Dr. Eden Naby including books from the Library of Prof. Richard Nelson Frye 1,041 titles in ca. 1,150 volumes Central Asia The Library of Dr. Eden Naby Dr. Eden Naby (PhD 1975, Columbia University) is a distinguished Iranian-Assyrian cultural historian of Central Asia and the Middle East. A contributing editor on modern Assyria for the "Encyclopædia Iranica," she is the widow of Professor Richard Nelson Frye. Dr. Naby has conducted research, taught and published on minority issues in countries from Turkey to Tajikistan. Her work on Afghanistan and on the Assyrians is outstanding in the field of cultural survival. Dr. Naby was born in the once-important Assyrian village of Golpashan, near Urmia, in Iran. After taking her undergraduate degree at Temple University in 1964, she served in the Peace Corps in Afghanistan, and on receiving her PhD, she taught in Iran. In 1980 she led a CBS 60 Minutes team for the first ever filming of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Dr. Naby was also featured in Charlie Wilson's War (2008) with Dan Rather. In addition to her scholarly work as a lecturer and publishing writer, Dr. Naby has devoted much of her time since 1979 to establishing endowments at United States universities to promote the preservation of Assyrian archives. These endowments, especially at Harvard University, are providing a basis for the preservation of research materials, especially now in the diaspora. Dr. Naby’s husband, the late Professor Richard Nelson Frye, was a renowned scholar of Iranian and Central Asian Studies, and Aga Khan Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Harvard University. -
13853 Wednesday JANUARY 6, 2021 Dey 17, 1399 Jumada Al Awwal 22, 1442 Iran Can Enrich Karimi Considered As Iran Inks Deal To
WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 8 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 42nd year No.13853 Wednesday JANUARY 6, 2021 Dey 17, 1399 Jumada Al Awwal 22, 1442 Iran can enrich Karimi considered as Iran inks deal to uranium beyond 20% “glimmer of light” by export rail tracks General Soleimani if necessaryPage 2 Iranian football figures Page 3 to Afghanistan Page 4 INTERNATIONAL HERO 176 idle mines revived in 9 months TEHRAN- Through implementing a nine-month period. program for reviving idle small-scale According to the available statistics, the Iran nuclear move aims mines across the country, Iran has re- number of active mines in the country is more vived 176 mines during the first nine than 5,600 mines, from which an average of months of the current Iranian calendar 400 million tons of various minerals are ex- year (March 20-December 20, 2020). tracted annually, and the share of construction See page 3 As announced by the Iranian Mines materials is estimated at 60 to 65 percent. and Mining Industries Development and Currently, 257 mines are being to restore balance Renovation Organization (IMIDRO), 12 equipped as part of a comprehensive mineral processing plants were also set up program for reviving idle small-scale in the country through cooperation with mines across the country. the private sector during the mentioned Continued on page 4 Iran ranks 14th for top universities worldwide TEHRAN – Iran ranked 14th among 102 evaluate and publish scientific productions countries for the highest number of top in Islamic countries. -
Healthy Nutrition in Quran, the Muslim Holy Book
2013 2nd International Conference on Nutrition and Food Sciences IPCBEE vol.53 (2013) © (2013) IACSIT Press, Singapore DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE. 2013. V53. 22 Healthy Nutrition in Quran, the Muslim Holy Book Doralnajaf Peyravi1 , Masoome Moezzi2 1 Doralnajaf Peyravi - Responsible Author - Student of Ph.D. in Quran and Hadith Sciences at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 2 Masoome Moezzi, Ph.D. - Assistant Professor of Department of Social Medicine - Medical Sciences University of Shahre Kord Abstract. Quran is a book by the creator of human and includes the most complete health program for human beings. Therefore, human can obtain perfection and loftiness through reflecting on Quran and conforming their lives to it, as God stated, "Verily this Quran doth guide to that which is most right (stable).", (Bani Isra'il /9) “We send down stage by stage in the Quran that which is a healing and a mercy to those who believe." (Bani Isra'il /7) So, reading this holy book, thinking and mediating on it, guide human in every field. Findings: One of the key concepts in Quran is Quranic medicine that defines the course of human's health in three categories: medicine, health care and maintenance of health and wellbeing. "Invitation to healthy nutrition" is mentioned in Holy book repeatedly. The examples of invitation to healthy nutrition are paying attention and looking to foods which we use, eating pure and clean foods, introducing the foods which our body needs, introducing illegitimate and harmful foods according to the effect of healthy nutrition on the prevention of diseases, especially diseases that are not contagious. -
From the Mystical Unity to the Pantheism (Oneness of Existence)
Journal of Politics and Law; Vol. 9, No. 2; 2016 ISSN 1913-9047 E-ISSN 1913-9055 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education From the Mystical Unity to the Pantheism (Oneness of Existence) Fatemeh Hakima1, Naser Moheseni Nia2, Mohammad Shafi Saffari2 & Syed Esmail Ghafelehbashi2 1 Persian Language and Literature, Subject of Gnosis, International University of Imam Khomeini, Qazvin, Iran 2 Department of Persian Language and Literature, International University of Imam Khomeini, Qazvin, Iran Correspondence: Fatemeh Hakima, Persian language and Literature, subject of Gnosis, international university of Imam Khomeini, Qazvin, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] Received: January 21, 2016 Accepted: February 16, 2016 Online Published: March 31, 2016 doi:10.5539/jpl.v9n2p64 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n2p64 Abstract In the gnostic literature of Iran and in the Islamic Gnosis, gnosis has been interpreted as an effort to save the individual by accessing to the real unity. The unity, mystical journey (conduct) and the relation of God with creature are considered as three main axes under the theme of unity or the gnostic unity until before the pantheistic gnosis of Ibn Arabi, the concept's explanation and the definition of unity in terminological and lexical terms, expression of unity concept in the non-Islamic gnosis, explanation of unity concept in the Iranian-Islamic gnosis until the period of Ibn Arabi, expression of the way of mystical journey, explanation of mystics' attitude on the subject of mystic unity based on the belief of Gnostics of Khorasan school, expression of God's relation with creature in the Iranian and Ibn Arabi's gnosis are considered as the most fundamental under considering instances of this research work; in addition, a brief explanation on pantheism of Ibn Arabi is also under consideration.