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UDAYANA-DISSERTATION-2013.Pdf Copyright by I Nyoman Udayana 2013 The Dissertation Committee for I Nyoman Udayana Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Voice and Reflexives in Balinese Committee: Stephen Wechsler, Supervisor John Beavers, Co-Supervisor I Wayan Arka Patience Epps Richard Meier Voice and Reflexives in Balinese by I Nyoman Udayana, Sarjana; M. Letters Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2013 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I thank Professor Stephen Wechsler as the chair of my dissertation committee and Professor John Beavers as my co-chair. They are very generous and willing to discuss issues that I find with Balinese syntax. I have benefitted a lot from the discussion I had with them either having to do with the classes that they taught or with the dissertation. I also thank Professor Wechsler for allowing me to be his TA. I am grateful to Professor Beavers for the moral support that he has always given to me. It was he who helped me and encouraged me to present our work on Indonesian middles at the annual meeting of the LSA in Boston on January 3, 2013. Again I thank both Professor Wechsler and Professor Beavers for their time and patience in supervising me, without which I am sure this dissertation would not be possible. My gratitude also goes to Professor Patience Epps for not only being on my dissertation committee but also for the critical comments that she always had when I took the classes that she taught on Historical linguistics, Linguistic Typology, and Language Contact. I always had the opportunity of writing issues on Balinese for each of her classes’ assignments and benefitted a lot from the comments and critical questions on the papers. I also thank Professor Richard Meier for his willingness for being a member of my dissertation committee, replacing Professor Tony Woodbury, and for giving me the opportunity of being a TA for two semesters. iv My thanks are also due to Dr. I Wayan Arka who is willing to serve as a dissertation committee member. It was he who helped me to find my way to UT Austin and introduced me to Professor Wechsler. He told me that Professor Wechsler is interested in Balinese linguistics. Indeed it was difficult deciding which university to go to in the US. Some days before I came to the decision, I received a telephone call from Dr. Arka who was at the Australian National University as a research fellow. To my surprise, it was a coincidence that Dr. Arka also asked me about what university in the US I had been planning to go to. With the three choices I had in mind (the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the University of Kansas, and the University of Texas at Austin) I finally decided to go to UT Austin. A network of friends also deserves my gratitude here. I thank Vijay John and Ryan Sullivant for discussing issues in linguistics when we took the same courses. I thank Ryan Sullivant and Gerald Tilma for helping me with the proofreading of my dissertation. I also thank Soohe Kim who has always encouraged me and shared her experiences since my first semester here at UT Austin. I owe thanks to UT Linguistics Department staff Leslie Crooks, Gina Pollard, and Ben Rapstine for their help. Special thanks must go to Ben. Next to administrative issues, Ben is always willing to listen to me and to offer his advice and to talk with me even about the very personal problems I was having with my ups and downs here in Austin. I hardly find words to thank him for his understanding and help. Special thanks are also due to Darcy McGillicuddy and Liz Smith of the International Office of UT Austin who always give me moral support and encouragement. v On an institutional level, I thank Fulbright through AMINEF which sent me to the US and gave me a three-year scholarship for my studies at UT Austin. I also thank the International Office of UT Austin, which granted me an in-state tuition waiver for two years after the Fulbright funding ended. Back home, I thank I Nyoman Suarka, I Made Ray, I Nyoman Suka Sanjaya, I Made Suastika for their help in giving their acceptability judgments on Balinese expressions and sentences. I especially draw a lot of benefit from I Nyoman Suarka for his expertise on Old Javanese and the Balinese speech style system. He helped me quite a lot with his judgment of Balinese sentences and was always ready to skype either morning or evening time. I thank Bu Nova for sending me books of Balinese stories for the data of the dissertation. My heartfelt thanks also go to Ketut Supartha who always helps me when I am in trouble and shows me a good direction in life. Thank you for reminding me to strike a balance between the school of life and the school of books. Finally I thank my wife Ni Nyoman Giriasih and my daughter Ni Made Ayu Rayna Mulyandari for accompanying me here and I especially thank my wife for her domestic responsibility. I thank my son Putu Agus Ray Karunia for his understanding, continuing his studies in Jakarta rather than being with us here in the US. I thank you all for the moral support shown to me in this great life. I Nyoman Udayana Austin, August 2013 vi Voice and Reflexives in Balinese I Nyoman Udayana, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2013 Supervisors: Stephen Wechsler and John Beavers This dissertation describes the voice system of Balinese, covering the two passives (the ka- and -a passives) and middle voice constructions, as well as reflexives, covering clause-bounded reflexives and long-distance reflexives which also serve as logophoric pronouns. Passives in Balinese have the following properties. The -a and ka- passives are subject to volitionality conditions: -a passives are volitional passives while ka- passives are typically non-volitional passives. Ka- passives are also sensitive to social variables, being preferred over -a passives in high register discourse. Finally, only the -a passive can be used in imperatives. As for Balinese middles, previous studies only give a descriptive account of their intransitive properties. This study presents a unified account of Balinese middles. They are classified according to the adicity of the base predicate to which the middle affix attaches. Specifically, they are divided into monadic and dyadic middles. Middles with dyadic base predicates exhibit a syntax-semantics mismatch, wherein they are syntactically monadic (i.e. having one argument) but semantically dyadic (i.e. having two arguments). vii Clause-bounded reflexives consist of simple and complex reflexives. This study offers a comprehensive account of simple reflexives, wherein they must be right-adjacent objects of high transitive verbs, while complex reflexives have no such constraints. The present study also offers binding rules regulating the two kinds of reflexives. Simple reflexives must be locally a-bound (bound by a co-argument within the same nucleus), while complex reflexives must be locally a-bound or else long-distance l-bound (logophorically bound). Logophoric binding is local with respect to the logophoric structure: in an embedded report of a report, a logophoric pronoun must be bound by the most immediate source. viii Table of Contents Acknowledgments ………………………………………………………………..iv Abstract …………………………………………………………………………..vii List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………xiv List of Figures ........................................................................................................xv Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………xvi Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................................................1 1.1. Balinese syntax ........................................................................................2 1.2 Previous studies of Balinese .....................................................................5 1.3 The aim of the present study .....................................................................9 1.3 Data for this study ...................................................................................10 1.4 Dissertation outline .................................................................................11 Chapter 2 The voice system of Balinese ................................................................14 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................14 2.2. Agentive and objective voice .................................................................14 2.3 Subjecthood of the preverbal NP of OV clauses ....................................16 2.4 Passive voice and middle voice ..............................................................20 2.5 LFG parallel architecture for expressing levels of structure ...................22 2.5.1 A-structure ..................................................................................22 2.5.2 C-structure...................................................................................24 2.5.3 F-structure ...................................................................................26 2.6 Mapping ..................................................................................................34 2.6.1 Lexical mapping theory ..............................................................34 2.6.2 Syntacticized a-structure .............................................................40 2.7 Conclusion ..............................................................................................46
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