Introducción Al Pensamiento Estético Tradicionalista

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Introducción Al Pensamiento Estético Tradicionalista INTRODUCCIÓN AL PENSAMIENTO ESTÉTICO TRADICIONALISTA Sara Boix Llaveria. 1 ÍNDICE 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ………………………………………………… 4 1. Pertinencia de la investigació ...……………………………….. 4 2. Objetivos ………………………………………………………10 3. Método de trabajo..……………………………………………..10 4. Resultados ....………………………………....………………. 14 5. Posibles líneas de investigación ……………………………… 15 2. LA ESCUELA TRADICIONAL .....…………………………….. 18 2.1 Tradición, Sophia Perennis, civilización tradicional y otras ideas análogas …………………………………………………………. 18 2.2. La Escuela Tradicional. Nacimiento y consolidación ……… 22 2.2.1. Antecedentes lejanos ...………………………………….. 22 2.2.2. Antecedentes cercanos y consolidación de la Escuela …... 25 - René Guénon ………………………………………………….... 26 - Ananda K. Coomaraswamy ....………………………………... 31 - Frithjof Schuon ………………………………………………… 33 2.3. Grupos, tendencias y personalidades ……………………….. 38 2.3.1. “Guénonianos” …………………………………………….. 39 2.3.2. Influidos por Guénon y Schuon …………………………… 44 2.3.3. Tradicionalistas budistas ………………………………….. 48 2.3.4. Esoteristas cristianos ……………………………………… 50 2.3.5. Perennialistas ………………………………………………57 2.3.6. Influidos por A.K. Coomaraswamy ……………………….. 73 2.3.7. Tradicionalistas italianos …………………………………. 75 2.4. La Escuela Tradicional y el arte ...………………………….. 82 2.4.1. Causas del interés de los tradicionalistas por el arte .......…. 82 - Forma e Intelecto ...…………………………………………… 84 - Belleza e interioridad ...………………………………………. 88 - Arquetipo, símbolo e inmanencia ...………………………….. 93 2 2.4.2. El arte ……………………………………………………. 99 - Raíces ontológicas del arte ………………………………... 100 - El arte tradicional ..………………………………………… 102 - Principios del arte tradicional ...……………………………. 103 - La función del arte ...…………………………………...…… 108 - Los grados del arte ......……………………………………… 111 - El artista, el artesano y el genio ...………………………… 118 3. LA LITERATURA ARTÍSTICA TRADICIONALISTA …… 122 3.1 Antecedentes cercanos y consolidación de la Escuela ....…. 122 - Antecedentes cercanos ...………………………………….….. 122 - Los fundadores de la Escuela ....………………………….…. 127 3.2. “Guénonianos” .……………………………………………. 135 3.3 Influidos por Guénon y Schuon …………………………… 137 3.4 Tradicionalistas budistas ……………….………………... 139 3.5. Esoteristas cristianos .…………………………………….. 140 3.6. Perennialistas ……………………………………………… 155 3.7. Influidos por A.K. Coomaraswamy .……………………….. 176 3.8. Tradicionalistas italianos .………………………………….. 177 4. APÉNDICES DOCUMENTALES ....…………………………… 187 4.1. Recopilación bibliográfica .………………………………… 188 4.2. Índice de revistas …………………….…………………….. 393 4.3. Lista de nombres propios y seudónimos .…………………… 403 4.4. Relación de autores .………………………………………… 406 4.5. Glosario ………….....……………………………………….. 409 5. BIBLIOGRAFÍA GENERAL ……………………………………. 416 3 1. INTRODUCCIÓN. La Escuela Tradicional o Perennialista 1 es una corriente de pensamiento poco conocida en general y especialmente olvidada en ámbitos académicos, a pesar de que en la actualidad cuenta en las más diversas y prestigiosas universidades con autores que participan de sus ideas, y que su impacto se ha dejado sentir en escritores renombrados, que sin ser tradicionalistas comparten muchos de sus conceptos 2 Pero a lo que nos referimos no es al hecho de que haya profesores y eruditos tradicionalistas aquí o allí, sino que sus puntos de vista sobre la estética, el arte y el símbolo, que es nuestro campo de estudio, son prácticamente ignorados en Historia del Arte y Estética, al menos en el panorama español, salvo excepciones como los trabajos de Ananda K. Coomaraswamy y Titus Burckhardt. 1. Pertinencia de la investigación. Sin embargo, creemos que para el estudioso de Ideas Estéticas o para el historiador del arte, en particular los interesados por el arte Antiguo, Medieval y/u Oriental tradicional 3, el conocimiento de las obras de estos 1 Los términos Tradición y Sophia Perennis, de los que derivan Escuela Tradicional y/o Perennialista, incluyen ideas que los hacen casi sinónimos, pero existen matizadas diferencias. Como nuestro trabajo no es del ámbito de la filosofía, usaremos ambos términos indistintamente. Pero queremos advertir que la palabra Tradición fue más utilizada por Guénon que la definía así: “Nada puede ser verdaderamente tradicional si no implica un elemento de orden supra- humano. Este es en efecto el punto esencial, el constitutivo hasta cierto punto de la propia definición de la tradición y de todo cuanto a ella se refiere”, El reino de la cantidad y los signos de los tiempos, Madrid, Editorial Ayuso, 1976, p 216 (Ahora en, Barcelona, Paidós, 1997) Es decir, sería la Norma Primordial revelada por el Cielo, el Orden Universal que rige el fin y los comportamientos humanos, corresponde al sánscrito Sanâtana Dharma. Schuon, aunque emplea el término Tradición, es característico de sus escritos el uso frecuente de la expresión Sophia Perennis, por lo que al sector tradicional particularmente vinculado a este autor se le suele denominar perennialista. 2 Pensamos en un Mircea Eliade o en un Elémire Zolla, por citar solo dos ejemplos. 3 Las definiciones y explicaciones sobre el perennialismo, sus autores y sus conceptos tendrán su lugar en el siguiente apartado de nuestra memoria, aún así, quizás sea útil avanzar alguna noción sobre lo que entiende por arte tradicional, un tradicionalista: “Los fundamentos del arte están en el espíritu, en el conocimiento metafísico, teológico y místico, y no en el simple conocimiento del oficio, ni en el genio, que puede ser cualquier cosa; los principios intrínsecos del arte están esencialmente subordinados a principios extrínsecos de un orden superior. El arte es una actividad, una exteriorización, depende, pues, por definición de un conocimiento que lo excede y lo ordena, so pena de estar desprovisto de razón suficiente: el conocimiento determina la acción, la manifestación y la forma, no inversamente”, Schuon, Castas y razas, Palma de Mallorca, José J. de Olañeta, Editor, 1983, p. 71. 4 autores puede ser una aportación. Y ello por las siguientes razones, principalmente: 1. Lo esencial de los autores perennialistas es la recuperación, revisión, exposición, desarrollo y total afinidad con las doctrinas metafísicas tradicionales y, derivando de ellas su enfoque en los conceptos que conciernen a la estética y al arte. En Ideas Estéticas existe un cierto vacío en el momento de saber lo que el hombre antiguo, medieval, u oriental no occidentalizado pensaba y sentía con relación al arte, pues tenemos pocos escritos explícitos sobre estética propiamente dicha en estos períodos o ámbitos 4 Con los autores que vamos a tratar este vacío queda colmado en parte, pues nos encontramos ante unos hombres y mujeres contemporáneos que por afinidad electiva, participan ideológicamente en una visión del universo muy cercana a la de Platón, Plotino, Dante, o el sabio hindú, portavoz del ‘no dualismo’ Shankara (788-820 d. JC), es decir, comparten con ellos el conocimiento y la aceptación de la Sophia Perennis 5 Los autores simpatizantes con esta tendencia conciben el arte como lo haría un medieval, en esencia al menos pues el peso de los siglos y las experiencias no se puede borrar totalmente. Comparten el punto de vista, las razones y preceptos que animaban las ideas de los antiguos, y rechazan los conceptos elaborados a partir del Renacimiento 6 Pero como contemporáneos, su El arte tradicional es aquel que, obedeciendo unos principios transcendentes revelados que rigen toda una civilización, y expresándolos –he aquí su función-, hace posible la asimilación de tales principios, de manera directa –como el arte sagrado- o indirecta –en manifestaciones artesanales que crean un ambiente apropiado al ser humano para su realización espiritual-, y hace que la Idea-fuerza de la civilización, llegue a impregnar a todo tipo de persona en sus diversos niveles humanos, es decir, su mente, sensibilidad, etc. 4 No olvidamos las importantes obras de eruditos que han recogido textos antiguos y medievales y los han presentado y analizado aportando claridad sobre la visión del arte en esas épocas. Queremos mencionar especialmente la obra de E. de Bruyne, Estudios de estética medieval, Madrid, Gredos, 1958-1959; y sobre estética antigua, y también medieval las obras de W. Tatarkiewicz, Historia de la Estética. I. La estética antigua, Madrid, Ediciones Akal, 1987 e Historia de la Estética. II. La estética medieval, Madrid, Ediciones Akal, 1991. 5 “El término de philosophia perennis, que apareció a partir del Renacimiento, y del que la neoescolástica ha hecho uso ampliamente, designa la ciencia de los principios ontológicos fundamentales y universales; ciencia inmutable como estos mismos principios y primordial por el hecho mismo de su universalidad y su infabilidad. Utilizaríamos de buen grado el término de Sophia Perneéis para indicar que no se trata de ‘filosofía’ en el sentido corriente y aproximado de la palabra –el cual sugiere simples construcciones mentales, surgidas de la ignorancia, la duda las conjeturas e, incluso del gusto por la novedad y la originalidad-, o, también podríamos emplear el término de religio perennis refiriéndonos entonces al lado operativo de esta sabiduría, o sea a su aspecto místico o iniciático”, Schuon, Tras las huellas de la religión perenne, Palma de Mallorca, José J. de Olañeta, Editor, 1982, p. 11. 6 En principio, aunque siempre hay matices, y grados de fidelidad a la idea inicial perennialista; es decir, por un lado, hay valores positivos en obras e ideas posteriores al Renacimiento, por supuesto, y por otro hay diferentes sensibilidades hacia el hecho artístico por parte de los
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