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Gale No Part of This Work Covered by the Copyright Submit Your Request Via Web at Group, Inc., a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc Volume5HALF 9/30/03 12:30 PM Page 1 EUROPE 1450 TO 1789 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE EARLY MODERN WORLD 66253_DEME_Vol-6_FM.qxd 10/15/2003 1:44 PM Page ii EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR IN CHIEF Jonathan Dewald University at Buffalo, The State University of New York ASSOCIATE EDITORS George C. Bauer Linda F. Bauer University of California, Irvine James J. Bono University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Paul F. Grendler University of Toronto, Emeritus Paul D. Griffiths Iowa State University Donald R. Kelley Rutgers University Nancy Shields Kollmann Stanford University H. C. Erik Midelfort University of Virginia Carla Rahn Phillips University of Minnesota, Twin Cities William Weber California State University, Long Beach Madeline C. Zilfi University of Maryland, College Park Volume6TITLE 10/6/03 5:28 PM Page 1 EUROPE 1450 TO 1789 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE EARLY MODERN WORLD Volume 6 Tasso to Zwingli; Index Jonathan Dewald, Editor in Chief 66253_DEME_Vol-6_FM.qxd 10/15/2003 1:44 PM Page iv Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World Jonathan Dewald, Editor in Chief © 2004 by Charles Scribner’s Sons ALL RIGHTS RESERVED For permission to use material from this product, Charles Scribner’s Sons is an imprint of The Gale No part of this work covered by the copyright submit your request via Web at http://www.gale- Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or edit.com/permissions, or you may download our by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, Permissions Request form and submit your request Charles Scribner’s Sons® and Thomson Learning™ including photocopying, recording, taping, Web by fax or mail to: are trademarks used herein under license. distribution, or information storage retrieval Permissions Department For more information, contact systems—without the written permission of the The Gale Group, Inc. Charles Scribner’s Sons publisher. 27500 Drake Rd. An imprint of The Gale Group Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 300 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10010 Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Europe 1450 to 1789 : encyclopedia of the early modern world / Jonathan Dewald, editor in chief. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-684-31200-X (set : hardcover) — ISBN 0-684-31201-8 (v. 1) — ISBN 0-684-31202-6 (v. 2) — ISBN 0-684-31203-4 (v. 3) — ISBN 0-684-31204-2 (v. 4) — ISBN 0-684-31205-0 (v. 5) — ISBN 0-684-31206-9 (v. 6) 1. Europe—History—15th century—Encyclopedias. 2. Europe—History—1492–1648— Encyclopedias. 3. Europe—History—1648–1789—Encyclopedias. 4. Europe—Intellectual life—Encyclopedias. 5. Europe—Civilization—Encyclopedias. I. Title: Encyclopedia of the early modern world. II. Dewald, Jonathan. D209.E97 2004 940.2—dc22 2003015680 This title is also available as an e-book. ISBN 0-684-31423-1 (set) Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information. Printed in United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 66253_DEME_Vol-6_FM.qxd 10/15/2003 1:44 PM Page v CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME VOLUME 6 Travel and Travel Literature Trent, Council of Triangular Trade Pattern Tudor Dynasty (England) Using the Encyclopedia . xxi Tulip Era (Ottoman Empire) Maps of Europe, 1453 to 1795 . xxiii Tulips List of Abbreviations . xxxi Turkish Literature and Language Tyranny, Theory of T Tasso, Torquato U Taxation Ukraine Technology Ukrainian Literature and Language Teresa of Ávila Uniates Teutonic Knights Union of Brest (1596) Textile Industry Universities Theology Urban VIII (pope) Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) Utopia Thomasius, Christian Utrecht, Peace of (1713) 3 May Constitution Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista Tilly, Johann Tserclaes of Time, Measurement of Time of Troubles (Russia) V Tintoretto Vagrants and Beggars Titian Valois Dynasty (France) Tobacco Van Dyck, Anthony Toledo Vasa Dynasty (Sweden) Toleration Vasari, Giorgio Topkapi Palace Vasilii III (Muscovy) Torture Vaughan, Thomas Tournament Veduta (View Painting) Trading Companies Vega, Lope de v 66253_DEME_Vol-6_FM.qxd 10/15/2003 1:44 PM Page vi CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME Velázquez, Diego Weights and Measures Venice Wesley Family Venice, Architecture in Westphalia, Peace of (1648) Venice, Art in Widows and Widowhood Vermeer, Jan Wieland, Christoph Martin Veronese (Paolo Caliari) Wilkins, John Versailles William and Mary Vesalius, Andreas William of Orange Vico, Giovanni Battista Winckelmann, Johann Joachim Victoria, Tomás Luis de Witchcraft Vienna Witt, Johan and Cornelis de Vienna, Sieges of Wittelsbach Dynasty (Bavaria) Viète, François Wladyslaw II Jagiello (Poland) Vigée-Lebrun, Elisabeth Wolff, Christian Villages Women Vilnius Women and Art Vincent de Paul Wren, Christopher Violence Württemberg, duchy of Virtue Vivaldi, Antonio Vives, Juan Luis Vizier XYZ Voltaire Youth Vouet, Simon Zinzendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig von Zoology Zurbarán, Francisco de Zurich W Zwingli, Huldrych Wages Wallenstein, A. W. E. von Walpole, Horace Wars of Religion, French Systematic Outline of Contents . 267 Warsaw Watteau, Antoine Directory of Contributors . 281 Weather and Climate Index . 303 vi EUROPE 1450 TO 1789 66253_DEME_Vol-6_FM.qxd 10/15/2003 1:44 PM Page vii CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES VOLUME 1 Anabaptism Anatomy and Physiology Ancien Régime Ancient World Using the Encyclopedia . xxiii Ancients and Moderns Preface . xxv Andrusovo, Truce of (1667) Introduction . xxix Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars Maps of Europe, 1453 to 1795 . xxxix Anguissola, Sofonisba Anna (Russia) List of Maps . xlvii Anne (England) List of Abbreviations . xlix Anne of Austria Chronology . li Anne of Brittany Anticlericalism Antwerp Apocalypticism A Apothecaries Absolutism Archaeology Academies, Learned Architecture Academies of Art Arctic and Antarctic Accounting and Bookkeeping Aristocracy and Gentry Acoustics Aristotelianism Addison, Joseph Armada, Spanish Advice and Etiquette Books Arnauld Family Africa Art North Art Exhibitions Sub-Saharan The Art Market and Collecting Agriculture Art Theory, Criticism, and Historiography Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duke of Artistic Patronage Alchemy The Conception and Status of the Artist Aldrovandi, Ulisse Artisans Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’ Asam Family Alexis I (Russia) Asia American Independence, War of (1775–1783) Assassination Amsterdam Astrology vii 66253_DEME_Vol-6_FM.qxd 10/15/2003 1:44 PM Page viii CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES Astronomy Bodin, Jean Atheism Boehme, Jacob Atlantic Ocean Boerhaave, Herman Augsburg Bohemia Augsburg, Religious Peace of (1555) Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas Augustus II the Strong (Saxony and Poland) Bordeaux Austria Boris Godunov (Russia) Austrian Succession, War of the (1740–1748) Borromeo, Carlo Austro-Ottoman Wars Borromini, Francesco Authority, Concept of Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne Autocracy Boston Avvakum Petrovich Boswell, James Botany Boucher, François Bourbon Dynasty (France) B Bourbon Dynasty (Spain) Bach Family Bourgeoisie Bacon, Francis Boyle, Robert Balkans Brahe, Tycho Balloons Brandenburg Baltic and North Seas Brant, Sebastian Baltic Nations Britain, Architecture in Banditry Britain, Art in Banking and Credit British Colonies Bankruptcy The Caribbean Barcelona India Barometer North America Baroque Brittany Basque Country Browne, Thomas Bassi, Laura Bruegel Family Bavaria Bruno, Giordano Baxter, Richard Budapest Bayle, Pierre Budé, Guillaume Beaumont and Fletcher Buenos Aires Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, marquis of Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc Behn, Aphra Bullinger, Heinrich Belarus Bunyan, John Bellarmine, Robert Burgundy Benedict XIV (pope) Burke, Edmund Berkeley, George Burney, Frances Berlin Buxtehude, Dieterich Bernini, Gian Lorenzo Bérulle, Pierre de Bèze, Théodore de Bible C Interpretation Cabala Translations and Editions Cádiz Biography and Autobiography Calderón de la Barca, Pedro Biology Calendar Black Sea Steppe Callot, Jacques viii EUROPE 1450 TO 1789 66253_DEME_Vol-6_FM.qxd 10/15/2003 1:44 PM Page ix CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES Calvin, John Childhood and Childrearing Calvinism Christina (Sweden) Cambrai, League of (1508) Chronometer Cambridge Platonists Church and State Relations Camera Obscura Church of England Camisard Revolt Churchill, John, duke of Marlborough Camões, Luís Vaz de Cisneros, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Canova, Antonio Cities and Urban Life Capitalism Citizenship Caravaggio and Caravaggism City Planning Caricature and Cartoon City-State Carnival Class, Status, and Order Carracci Family Classicism Carriera, Rosalba Claude Lorrain (Gellée) Cartesianism Clergy Cartography and Geography Protestant Clergy Casanova, Giacomo Girolamo Roman Catholic Clergy Castiglione, Baldassare Russian Orthodox Clergy Catalonia Clocks and Watches Catalonia, Revolt of (1640–1652) Clothing Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) Clouet, François Catherine II (Russia) Cobos, Francisco de los Catherine de Médicis Coins and Medals Catholic League (France) Colbert, Jean-Baptiste Catholic Spirituality and Mysticism Coligny Family Catholicism Cavendish, Margaret Caxton, William Cecil Family VOLUME 2 Cellini, Benvenuto Censorship C (CONTINUED) Census Cologne Central Europe, Art in Colonialism Ceramics, Pottery, and Porcelain Columbus, Christopher Cervantes, Miguel de Comenius, Jan Amos Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Commedia dell’Arte Charity and Poor Relief Commerce and Markets Charles I (England) Communication, Scientific Charles II (England) Communication and Transportation Charles VIII (France) Comuneros Revolt (1520–1521) Charles V (Holy Roman Empire) Concubinage Charles VI
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